显微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛(附106例分析)

目的总结显微血管减压术(MVD)治疗面肌痉孪(HFS)的经验。方法回顾性总结106例MVD治疗HFS的临床经验。术前三维时间飞越法磁共振血管成像(3D-TOF-MRA)检查发现责任血管的阳性率为91.5%(97例),术中显露面神经入脑干区(REZ),明确责任血管后将其推移,在血管与脑干之间放置Teflon棉。结果术中均发现明确的责任血管压迫面神经REZ区,其中与小脑前下动脉(AICA)相关占66.0%(70例),复合血管压迫者占36.8%(39例)。MVD术后总有效率为100%。结论术中面神经REZ区的充分显露,责任血管的识别,面神经REZ的充分减压,减压棉片的大小和放置位置等,均是影响手术效果的重要因素。     

微血管减压治疗面肌痉挛的手术探讨

目的分析面肌痉挛病人是否有颅内责任血管压迫,为面肌痉挛微血管减压术(MVD)术中处理提供手术依据。方法回顾性分析108例经MVD治疗面肌痉挛病人的临床资料,术前通过影像学检查了解面神经是否存在责任血管,采用枕下乙状窦后入路显露面神经出脑干端面神经根区(REZ)至进内听道全程,在压迫点放置Teflon减压垫棉。结果术中发现单纯面神经REZ区有明确责任血管压迫88例,既有REZ区压迫又有面神经桥前池段被责任血管袢推拉成角6例,单纯面神经桥前池段被责任血管袢推拉成角5例,动脉血管与面神经之间蛛网膜黏连增厚但未见血管压迫或推拉神经9例。术后抽搐症状立即消失92例,症状明显缓解16例,3个月后延迟治愈,总有效率100%。结论血管压迫面神经REZ区是面肌痉挛的主要原因,但血管袢直接推拉桥前池段或者间接通过蛛网膜牵拉面神经主干也可引发相关症状,术中责任血管的准确辨识、面神经全程减压松解,才能达到手术疗效。     

显微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛的临床体会(附23例临床报道)

目的探讨面肌痉挛微血管减压治疗的术前评估和手术技巧。方法 23例共21例经MRTA检查确认面神经REZ存在责任血管的面肌痉挛患者,采用乙状窦后入路微血管减压治疗,对比观察术中发现责任血管情况,并随访分析手术疗效。结果 21例经MRTA检查术中20例在面神经REZ发现了责任血管并进行了充分减压,术后21例病人抽搐症状完全消失,2例术后症状减轻,1月后症状消失;术后出现1例患者在术后5d出现迟发性面瘫,经针灸、理疗、药物治疗等处理,1月后治愈;无死亡病例;无脑脊液漏、颅内感染及颅内血肿等严重并发症。结论微血管减压术是血管源性面肌痉挛有效的治疗方法,术前MRTA评估、术中准确判定责任血管并充分减压有助于提高手术疗效。     

不同类型三叉神经痛与神经压迫位置的关系

目的探讨不同类型三叉神经痛与神经压迫位置的关系。方法对21例典型三叉神经痛及16例非典型三叉神经痛患者进行微血管减压术,术中探查责任血管压迫位置。结果与非典型组比较,典型组动脉进出脑干端区域(REZ)压迫率显著升高(P0.01)。典型组责任血管为动脉的三叉神经REZ压迫率显著高于非典型组(P0.01)。结论典型三叉神经痛责任血管大多压迫REZ,非典型三叉神经痛大多压迫非REZ,责任血管是否压迫REZ与三叉神经痛类型密切相关。     

继发面肌痉挛的显微手术治疗

目的 探讨因肿瘤继发面肌痉挛(HFS)的临床特征和显微手术治疗的要点.方法 回顾性分析1984年10月至2007年3月问作者采用显微手术治疗的小脑脑桥角肿瘤继发的HFS48例的临床资料,并对其中41例进行长期随访.结果 肿瘤大小在1.5～5cm之间,均对面神经出脑干区(REZ)造成不同程度的压迫.肿瘤全切除43例,近全切除3例,部分切除2例.37例(77%)在切除肿瘤后见动脉血管和肿瘤共同压迫面神经REZ,故再以Teflon棉对REZ进行显微血管减压.肿瘤类型为表皮样囊肿37例、脑膜瘤4例、听神经瘤2例、舌咽神经鞘瘤3例及迷走神经鞘瘤2例.41例随访时间4-216个月.HFS症状消失38例,有效2例,复发l例.术后永久并发症8例.结论 除部分表皮样囊肿可以直接压迫面神经导致面肌痉挛外,其他多数肿瘤继发面肌痉挛均由肿瘤和血管共同作用所致.在切除肿瘤后对"责任血管"的探查和有效减压是保证手术疗效的关键.术前影像学检查有助于判定面肌痉挛是否由肿瘤继发.     

显微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛(附82例分析)

目的探讨显微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛的责任血管、手术疗效、并发症以及手术策略。方法回顾性分析采用显微血管减压术的82例面肌痉挛病人的临床资料。术前常规行MRI检查排除继发性病因。术中确认责任血管,以Teflon棉分隔。结果本组术中均能见到血管压迫面神经出脑干处(REZ),均为动脉血管压迫,其中小脑前下动脉43例(52.4%),小脑后下动脉25例(30.5%),椎动脉6例(7.3%),多支血管复合型压迫8例(9.8%)。术后58例症状立即完全缓解,24例明显减轻;术后3个月,仅1例未完全缓解。主要合并症包括眩晕、耳鸣15例,听力下降或消失6例,面瘫4例,脑脊液瘘1例,感染4例。无手术死亡。结论显微血管减压术是严重面肌痉挛的首选治疗方式,术中对责任血管的判断和防止脑损伤是确保疗效的关键。     

显微血管减压术治疗面肌抽搐的疗效观察

目的探讨显微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛的责任血管、手术疗效、并发症以及手术策略。方法回顾性分析行显微血管减压术的28例面肌痉挛病人的临床资料。术前常规行MRI检查排除继发性病因。术中确认责任血管,以Teflon棉分隔。结果本组术中均能见到血管压迫面神经出脑干处（REZ）,均为动脉血管压迫,其中小脑前下动脉15例（53．6％）,小脑后下动脉8例（28．6％）,椎动脉2例（7．1％）,多支血管复合型压迫3例（10．7％）。术后20例症状立即完全缓解,8例明显减轻;术后3个月,1例未完全缓解。主要合并症包括眩晕、耳鸣5例,听力下降或消失2例,面瘫1例。无手术死亡。结论显微血管减压术是严重面肌痉挛的首选治疗方式,术中对责任血管的判断和防止脑损伤是确保疗效的关键。     

微血管减压术治疗168例面肌痉挛临床报告

目的总结微血管减压术MVD在治疗面肌痉挛HFS中的手术疗效及并发症。方法 168例HFS患者行乙状窦后入路面神经根MVD,手术时经绒球小叶显露面神经脑干段,仔细寻找责任血管后,将其推移离开面神经,在血管与脑干之间放置Teflon棉固定。结果术中发现责任血管构成情况:小脑前下动脉94例,小脑后下动脉38例,椎基底动脉15例,椎基底动脉及其分支血管(小脑前下动脉或小脑后下动脉)共同压迫21例。术后随访半年,150例患者抽搐完全消失,10例术后抽搐频率及强度均明显减轻,但仍有抽搐。总有效率为95.2%。4例(2.4%)术后出现听力下降。2例(1.2%)患者在术后7 d以后出现迟发性面瘫。3例(1.7%)皮下积液,无脑脊液漏。1例(0.6%)死亡。结论 MVD是目前HFS最有效的治疗方法。     

椎-基底动脉压迫性三叉神经痛微血管减压手术策略及分析

目的探讨微血管减压术治疗锥-基底动脉压迫性三叉神经痛病人的手术策略。方法回顾性分析14例锥-基底动脉压迫性三叉神经痛病人的临床资料,采用微血管减压术。椎动脉直接压迫9例,基底动脉直接压迫5例;同时伴其他小血管压迫,包括小脑上动脉8例、小脑前下动脉3例和静脉3例。压迫点位于三叉神经脑池段9例,位于入髓区(root entry zone,REZ)5例。结果术后症状即刻完全缓解11例,明显缓解3例。随访3~32个月,仅1例病人术后出现面部麻木,其他未见复发和严重并发症。结论遵循恰当的手术策略,微血管减压术是治疗椎-基底动脉压迫所致三叉神经痛最有效的手段之一。     

微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛

目的 探讨微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛的手术疗效、并发症发生率及手术策略.方法 回顾分析46例面肌痉挛患者微血管减压术疗效.结果 手术中可见动脉血管压迫面神经根部出脑干区,其中小脑前下动脉压迫24例(52.17%),小脑后下动脉压迫14例(30.43%),椎动脉和小动脉同时受压7例(15.22%),椎动脉压迫1例(2.18%).38例手术后面肌抽搐症状完全缓解,8例症状显著减轻.主要并发症包括眩晕、耳鸣(9例),听力下降或丧失(5例),脑脊液漏(1例),感染(2例).无一例手术中死亡.结论 微血管减压术是治疗特发性面肌痉挛的首选方法,娴熟的显微外科手术技术及手术中正确识别责任血管并充分减压,是保证微血管减压术成功的关键.     

面肌痉挛显微血管减压术中的面神经根解剖变异

目地 探讨小脑脑桥角面神经根解剖变异与原发性面肌痉挛的关系及手术治疗.方法 采用显微血管减压术治疗的1221例面肌痉挛病例中,10例(0.82%)术中探查发现面神经根存在解剖变异,面神经根出脑干区距离听神经根进脑干区均大于10mm.均采用显微血管减压术治疗,其中4例术中采用责任动脉悬吊法.结果 9例患者术后面肌痉挛立即消失,1例患者术后痉挛减轻但未消失,随访5个月时完全消失.所有患者随访2-96个月,平均26.8个月,复发1例,治愈率90%.术后并发症包括:中度面瘫2例,1例随访期间恢复正常,1例轻度恢复;展神经麻痹致复视3例,2例随访期间恢复正常,1例仅随访3个月,有好转;患侧听力丧失1例,随访21个月未恢复.结论 小脑脑桥角面神经出脑干区异位至距离听神经进脑干区大于10mm者罕见,动脉性血管压迫仍然是此类患者原发性面肌痉挛的主要病因,采用显微血管减压术治疗可获良效,但术后发生面瘫、展神经麻痹、听力障碍的概率升高.应用责任动脉悬吊法有利于提高疗效、减少并发症.     

3D-TOF磁共振血管成像诊断偏侧面肌痉挛的病因

目的　研究 3D TOF磁共振血管成像对偏侧面肌痉挛 (HFS)病因诊断的临床价值。方法　 3D TOF磁共振血管成像脑干薄层扫描 3 4例HFS患者和 3 5例对照 ,盲法诊断面神经根部解剖改变 ,两组对照分析。结果　 ( 1)HFS患者症状侧面神经根部受压迫 3 2侧 ( 94 % ) ,其中血管压迫 3 1侧( 91% ) ,肿瘤压迫 1侧 ( 3 % ) ;无症状侧受血管压迫 6侧 ( 18% ) ;对照组双侧受压迫 3侧 ( 4 % ) ,其中血管 2侧 ,肿瘤 1侧。 ( 2 )常见压迫血管分别为小脑前下动脉 11侧 ( 3 8% ) ,椎动脉单独或与小脑后下动脉联合 9侧 ( 2 9% ) ,小脑后下动脉 8侧 ( 2 5 % )。 ( 3 )面神经根部血管压迫发生HFS相对危险度的估计值为 3 7.2 8。 ( 4 )面肌痉挛侧面神经根部受血管压迫或包绕有 14侧 ( 4 5 % )。结论　研究提示 ,3D TOF磁共振血管成像为目前面肌痉挛病因诊断的最佳影像检查方法 ,HFS的主要病因为患侧面神经根部受血管压迫、包绕或与其紧密接触。     

Intra-operative neurophysiology during microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm

There is evidence that primary hemifacial spasm (HFS) in the majority of patients is related to a vascular compression of the facial nerve at its root exit zone (REZ). As a consequence, the hyperexcitability of facial nerve generates spasms of the facial muscles. Microvascular decompression (MVD) of the facial nerve near its REZ has been established as an effective treatment of HFS. Intra-operative disappearance of abnormal muscle responses (lateral spread) elicited by stimulating one of the facial nerve branches has been used as a method to predict MVD effectiveness. Other neurophysiologic techniques, such as facial F-wave, blink reflex and facial corticobulbar motor evoked potentials (FCoMEP), are feasible to intra-operatively study changes in excitability of the facial nerve and its nucleus during MVDs. Intra-operative neuromonitoring with the mentioned techniques allows a better understanding of HFS pathophysiology and helps to optimise the MVD.     

面肌痉挛的微血管减压治疗

目的探讨微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛的治疗策略,包括术前诊断评估,手术治疗技巧,并发症防治及疗效等。方法回顾分析52例行微血管减压术治疗原发性面肌痉挛患者的临床资料,所有患者术前有典型面肌痉挛表现,经MRI及MRA检查排除颅内占位性病变及确认责任血管的存在及其与面神经关系。行枕下乙状窦后入路微血管减压术。结果 50例病人术后症状即消失;2例病人术后症状减轻,其中1例半月后消失,另一例3月后消失。术后并发症轻度面瘫3例,耳鸣、听力下降6例,头晕、头痛、呕吐10例,经治疗后恢复,无脑脊液漏、颅内感染、颅内出血等严重并发症,无手术死亡病例。随访期间,1例患者半年后症状复发。结论微血管减压术是治疗原发性面肌痉挛的安全、疗效确切的方式。准确判断责任血管并精细的分离保护神经是关键。     

The mechanism of hemifacial spasm: a new understanding of the offending artery

Abstract

Although neurovascular confliction was believed to be the cause of hemifacial spasm (HFS), the mechanism of the disorder remains unclear to date. Current theories, merely focusing on the facial nerve, have failed to explain the clinical phenomenon of immediate relief following a successful microvascular decompression surgery (MVD). With the experience of thousands of microvascular decompression surgeries and preliminary investigations, we have learned that the offending artery may play a more important role than the effect of merely mechanical compression in the pathogenesis of the disease. We believe that the attrition of neurovascular interface is the essence of the etiology, and the substance of the disease is emersion of ectopic action potentials from the demyelinated facial nerve fibers, which were triggered by the sympathetic endings from the offending artery wall. In this paper, we put forward evidence to support this hypothesis, both logically and theoretically.     

显微血管减压治疗三叉神经痛复发因素探讨(附24例报告)

报告２４例显微血管减压（ＭＶＤ）后复发的三叉神经痛（ＴＮ）患者,分析其复杂的原因主要是：①责任血管错认、漏认;②减压材料选择或使用不当;③“新生”的责任血管;④减压区的炎症反应。首次提出对于术中未发现责任血管及三叉神经远端有血管压迫的患者,也应行三叉神经人脑区（ＲＥＺ）围套式减压或ＭＶＤ。     

Young onset hemifacial spasm

INTRODUCTION: Hemifacial spasm (HFS) frequently affects middle aged individuals and the clinical features and etiology have been well reported. However, there is limited data on the exact pathogenesis in young-onset HFS. If age is a major determinant of the etiology or influences the presentation of HFS, there may be clinical differences between the young and elderly HFS patients. OBJECTIVES: We determined the prevalence, clinical and imaging features of young-onset HFS (age of onsetor=65 years) HFS patients. METHODS: We examined consecutive patients clinically diagnosed with HFS in a tertiary referral center. The clinical (demographics, clinical presentation, severity of HFS, associated medical conditions and other variables) and imaging findings of young onset patients and old onset patients were tabulated and compared. RESULTS: Amongst 230 consecutive HFS patients, 15 (6.5%) were young-onset HFS and 50 (21.7%) were old-onset HFS. In the young-onset HFS, the mean age of onset of symptoms was 26.5+/-6.5 (6-30) years, with 80% women and 75.0% of young onset HFS having neurovascular compression (NVC) of the root exit zone (REZ) of the facial nerve on the ipsilateral side; 86.7% had initial onset of twitching in the upper eyelids that later progressed to the lower facial muscles. While the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus and other associated vascular disorders in late onset HFS was higher than in young onset groups, the clinical features and frequency of NVC of the facial REZ between the two groups were similar. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated a 6.5% frequency of young-onset HFS in our cohort of HFS and their clinical presentation was similar to the old onset patients. Genetic, anatomic or other unidentified factors may contribute to NVC in young-onset HFS.     

Microvascular decompression of the facial nerve for hemifacial spasm in youth

OBJECTS: The goal of this study was to investigate the differences between clinical findings in youth and in adulthood on microvascular decompression (MVD) of the facial nerve for the treatment of hemifacial spasm (HFS). METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 855 patients who underwent MVD from January 1985 to July 1999. In our series of 33 young HFS patients, all patients had definite offending vessels. Interestingly, pathologic tortuous vertebral artery as a possible etiology was more rarely observed in young HFS patients (1/33 patients, 3.0%) than in adult patients (61/822 patients, 7.4%) (P < 0.05). We did not observe any atomical variations of the vessels or any arachnoidal thickening around the root entry zone and cerebellopontine cistern in youths. Furthermore, young HFS patients did not necessarily have poorer surgical outcomes than adult HFS patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the cause and progress of HFS are the same in youth as in adulthood, even though the pathogenesis of early onset remains unclear.     

显微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛51例临床分析

目的 探讨显微血管减压术治疗特发性面肌痉挛疗效.方法 回顾分析显微血管减压术治疗51例面肌痉挛的临床资料,术中确认责任血管并减压.结果 本组均能见到面神经出脑干处有动脉血管压迫,其中AICA26例(51.0%),PICA16例(31.3%),VA4例(7.8%),复合型5例(9.8%).43例(84.4%)术后症状完全缓解,8例术后减轻(15.6%).其中4例(7.8%)3周内停止抽搐,3例(5.8%)3月后抽搐停止,1例(2%)一直未完全缓解.随访1年以上,复发1例(2.0%).结论 显微血管减压是面肌痉挛的首选方法,术中确认责任血管,充分减压和防止副损伤是手术成功的关键.     

磁共振3D TOF联合3D CISS对面肌痉挛病人的术前评估价值

目的探讨MRI三维时间飞跃法血管成像序列（3D TOF）联合三维稳态构成干预序列（3D CISS）术前对面肌痉挛病人面神经与邻近血管关系的评估价值。方法回顾性分析95例行微血管减压术的面肌痉挛病人的临床资料。术前行3D TOF和3D CISS两种序列扫描并分析面神经与邻近血管关系,然后与术中实际观察结果进行对比。结果术中发现：面神经出脑干区（root exit zoom,REZ）存在动脉压迫或接触94例,面神经外周段受压1例。术前3D TOF联合3D CISS序列检查发现面神经REZ存在动脉压迫或接触94例,未发现责任血管1例,与手术所见完全符合。单纯3D TOF和3D CISS发现面神经REZ存在血管压迫或接触分别为88例和81例。3D TOF联合3D CISS检查阳性率与单独应用这两种检查差异均存在统计学意义（均P〈0．05）。结论3D TOF联合3D CISS序列对于显示面神经和邻近血管的关系可以很好地进行互补,提高检查阳性率．对术前诊断及手术方案有重要意义。