难溶性西药制剂中自微乳化释药的应用研究

自微乳化释药系统是由油相、表面活性剂、助表面活性剂和药物组成的澄清、均一的液体或者固体制剂,是一种脂质给药系统。目前,很多药物在生物体内溶解度比较小,因此,如何增加药物的溶解度,提高生物利用度是西药制剂中的一大难题。本文对自微乳化释药系统的作用机制、处方研究以及在难溶性西药制剂中的应用作一综述。     

固体自（微）乳化释药系统的研究进展

目的：了解固体自（微）乳化释药系统的最新进展。方法：查阅国内外文献,对固体自（微）乳化释药系统的组成、固化技术及近年来固体自（微）乳化制剂的应用新进展进行概述。结果与结论：固体自（微）乳化释药系统能够显著促进难溶性药物的溶解和吸收,提高药物的生物利用度,是一种较理想的药物载体。但是对固体自（微）乳化制剂的研究还不够透彻,尚存在不少亟待解决的问题,如新型固体载体研究、固体载体筛选方法以及其对药物体内外性质的影响、体内外相关性的研究、制剂的产业化等。     

自微乳化释药系统与液固压缩技术在难溶性中药制剂中的联合应用

药物的难溶性严重影响药物的生物利用度,也严重影响药物制成各类制剂。如何增加中药难溶性成分的溶解度,改善其生物利用度,一直是药剂学研究的重要内容。对于难溶性药物来说,药物只有处于溶解状态下,才能表现出较好的溶出和生物利用度。自微乳化释药系统和液固压缩技术均有很好的增溶作用,而且液固压缩技术使药物以无定形或分子状态给药,两者联合应用,可以显著提高药物的溶出度和生物利用度,为中药增溶领域提供一种新的思路与方法。     

口服固体自微乳化给药系统的研究进展

目的对新近发展的固体自微乳化给药系统（S-SMEDDS）文献进行综述。方法查阅近年国内外相关文献并进行归纳和总结。结果对固体自微乳的载体、固化技术以及缓控释制剂进行了探讨,为研究水难溶性药物的生物利用度及适合药物释放特性的S-SMEDDS技术提供相关参考。结论固体自微乳化系统可以显著提高难溶性药物的口服生物利用度,且兼顾了液态自微乳和固体制剂二者的优势,是一个极具潜力的新型制剂。     

自微乳化释药系统在药物制剂中的应用

很多新活性药物在生物体内溶解度很小,如何增加药物溶解度,提高其生物利用度是药物制剂工作中的一大难题.本文介绍了自微乳化释药系统的基本概述,并对其在难溶性西药制剂中的应用进行综述.     

固体自微乳药物递送系统的研究进展

作为一种新型的药物递送系统,固体自微乳药物递送系统可以显著提高水难溶性药物的口服生物利用度,且具有液态自微乳和固体制剂二者的优势。通过设计不同的辅料处方和包衣技术,可以控制药物释放使其具有靶向性,来达到不同的给药目的。固体自微乳药物递送系统的应用前景广阔,具有研究意义。本文对固体自微乳载体、固化技术、固体自微乳新制剂的应用进行了总结归纳,为提高水难溶性药物释放的固体自微乳化技术的研究提供了参考。     

自乳化释药系统的探讨

自乳化药物传递系统可改善药物的口服吸收,增加其生物利用度,是克服某些脂溶性或水难溶性药物制剂吸收困难的一种极具潜力的方法,本文从自乳化释药系统的基本概念、处方设计、质量评价等方面出发,对其在药学方面应用的特殊及质量要求等进行讨论。     

新型自乳化给药系统研究进展

自乳化给药系统因可提高药物的吸收速度和程度,增强难溶性药物的溶解能力,提高生物利用度而成为当前药剂研究的一大热点。本综述就近几年国内外关于自乳化给药系统的最新研究进展作一简要介绍。     

载药脂肪乳剂的研究进展

脂肪乳作为一种给药载体,不论处方组成还是制备工艺已经日益成熟.SolEmul技术给油水均难溶药物的制剂带来希望;自乳化给药系统可提高难溶性药物的生物利用度;阳离子脂肪乳不仅延长药物体内循环时间,还使肺部给药技术得到长足发展;同时脂肪乳在细胞靶向和中药制剂的研究中也呈现出独特的优势.随着载药脂肪乳各项研究的深入和发展,未...     

自乳化释药系统的应用

目的:介绍自乳化释药系统的应用。方法:通过查阅文献,综述自乳化释药系统。结果:自乳化释药系统可提高药物吸收速度和程度,从而提高药物的生物利用度。结论:自乳化释药系统属于热力学稳定体系,克服了乳剂久置必分层的缺点,便于贮存,此外,自乳化制剂给药方便,工艺简单,因此逐渐成为药剂学研究的重要领域。     

Design of anti-bacterial drug and anti-mycobacterial drug for drug delivery system

Liposome-encapsulated drugs often exhibit reduced toxicity and have also been shown to enhance retention of drugs in the tissues. Thus, encapsulation of drugs in liposomes has often resulted in an improved overall therapeutic efficacy. The results of efficacy of liposome-encapsulated ciplofloxacin or azithromycin for therapy of intracellular M. avium infection show enhanced cellular delivery of liposome-encapsulated antibiotics and suggest that efficiency of intracellular targeting is sufficient to mediate enhanced antimycobacterial effects. The antitubercular drugs encapsulated in lung specific stealth liposomes have enhanced efficacies against tuberculosis infection in mice. These results from stealth liposome study indicate that antitubercular drugs encapsulated in liposome may provide therapeutic advantages over the existing chemotherapeutic regimen for tuberculosis. Liposomes with encapsulated amikacin are able to protect collagen almost completely from adherence of bacterial cells of all strains examined and prevent from invading of bacteria.     

新药研发中的me-too, me-better, me-new

文中根据作者对我国新药研发的认识和理解,提出了新药研发过程中me-too,me-better和me-new类新药的概念,并对新药研发过程中的这3类创新活动之间的关系、新药研发的创新程度与经济效益的关系,以及目前我国新药研发的途径选择做了简要的论述。     

Compliance spectrum as a drug fingerprint of drug intake and drug disposition

Since drug related variability arises from different origins, particularly driven by the behaviour or physiology of the patient, the problems of drug intake and drug disposition are separately presented in general. To overcome the potential drawbacks of this artificial split, we propose in this paper a combined illustrative approach, named compliance spectrum, such that these two subprocesses can be equitably studied and visualized. We construct the compliance spectrum based on the Bayesian decision method we previously developed for the inverse problem of patient compliance within the framework of Population-PK. This spectrum provides an intuitive and interactive way to evaluate the relationship between drug intake and drug disposition along with their consequences on PK profile. As well, it opens a new direction for model quality diagnostic.     

Increased drug sensitivity in the drug discrimination procedure afforded by drug versus drug training

Rats were trained to discriminate norfenfluramine (NF) 1.4 mg/kg from its vehicle or amphetamine (AMPH) 0.8 mg/kg or pentobarbital (PB) 6.0 mg/kg in order to determine the role that drug combination training plays in the rate of learning and sensitivity to lower drug doses. The results suggest that drug versus drug training can increase the rate of drug discrimination learning for some drugs that are learned slowly when trained in a drug versus vehicle training procedure, whereas drug versus drug training does not increase the rate of learning for other drugs that are learned rapidly. Drug versus drug training does, however, appear to increase the level of stimulus control of the training drug for all drugs examined in this study.     

Impact of drug usage review on drug utilisation

Drug use review (DUR) programmes have been a component of efforts to improve prescribing practices in both the institutional and ambulatory care settings in various areas of the world. DUR provides the mechanism for developing standards, assessing current therapy, and implementing a specific intervention followed by reassessment of drug utilisation. A number of interventions aimed at improving drug prescribing practices have been included as components of the DUR process. At this time, face-to-face interaction with the prescriber has been shown to be the most effective intervention. However, DUR interventions have rarely been subjected to quality pharmacoeconomic evaluation. There is a need for future research to evaluate the effects of DUR programmes on overall healthcare outcomes.     

Drug discrimination procedures: Differential characteristics of the drug A vs drug B and the drug A vs drug B vs no drug cases

Two groups of pigeons with a history of two choice operant drug discrimination tasks (3.0 mg/kg morphine versus 5.6 mg/kg cocaine, and 3.0 mg/kg morphine versus 3.0 mg/kg cocaine, respectively; Swedberg and Järbe 1985) were subjected to three choice tasks in which responses on a third manipulandum were reinforced in the no drug condition. Training drugs generalization gradients in both groups were similar to those normally obtained in two choice drug versus no drug tasks. The salience differences between the training stimuli within the groups observed in the previous two choice task did not differentially affect the three choice discrimination gradients. Tests with novel drugs after the introduction of the no drug condition yielded increased responding to the no drug condition with the exception of the dopamine agonist apomorphine. Results are discussed in terms of a discrimination learning model specifying principles of relative discriminative stimulus control in various discrimination cases.Portions of these data were presented at the International Union of Pharmacology, IUPHAR, 9th International Congress of Pharmacology Satellite Meeting: European Study Group for Internal Stimulus Control by Electrical Stimulation, Drugs and Other Means, ESISC, London, July 29–August 3, 1984 (Swedberg and Järbe 1984). An earlier version of this work appears in the doctoral thesis by the first author (Swedberg 1985).     

抗心律失常药物不良反应分析

目的：探讨抗心律失常药物所致不良反应(ADR)的发生情况,为临床安全、合理用药提供参考。方法130例抗心律失常药物所致不良反应报告,对患者的年龄、性别、基础疾病、用药途径、用药剂量、不良反应史、所用药物、不良反应的临床表现等进行统计分析。结果上报的抗心律失常药物所致不良反应发生在21~97岁;不良反应主要包括致心律失常作用及其他系统损害。结论医疗机构应重视抗心律失常药物引起的不良反应,加强抗心律失常药物的合理应用。     

Evaluation of drug–drug interactions with fesoterodine

Purpose  To assess drug–drug interactions of fesoterodine with cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 inhibitor (ketoconazole), inducer (rifampicin), and substrates (ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel). Methods  Effects of ketoconazole 200 mg twice daily and rifampicin 600 mg twice daily on fesoterodine 8 mg once daily were investigated in CYP2D6 extensive metabolizers (EMs) and poor metabolizers (PMs) based on 5-hydroxymethyl tolterodine (5-HMT) pharmacokinetics (principal active fesoterodine metabolite and CYP3A4 substrate). Effects of fesoterodine 8 mg versus placebo once daily on ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel were investigated based on oral contraceptive pharmacokinetics and on pharmacodynamic effects on progesterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and estradiol plasma levels. Results  Compared with fesoterodine alone, coadministration of fesoterodine with ketoconazole resulted in increases in mean 5-HMT maximum concentration in plasma (C_max; from 3.0 to 6.0 ng/mL in EMs and from 6.4 to 13.4 ng/mL in PMs) and mean area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC; from 38.2 to 88.3 ng h/mL in EMs and 88.3 to 217.2 ng h/mL in PMs). Coadministration of festerodine with rifampicin resulted in decreases in mean 5-HMT C_max (from 5.2 to 1.5 ng/mL in EMs and from 6.8 to 1.9 ng/mL in PMs) and mean AUC (from 62.4 to 14.4 ng h/mL in EMs and from 87.8 to 19.6 ng h/mL in PMs). Fesoterodine did not affect oral contraceptive pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics or the suppression of ovulation. Conclusions  Fesoterodine dosage should not exceed 4 mg once daily when taken concomitantly with potent CYP3A4 inhibitors. Coadministration of CYP3A4 inducers with fesoterodine may produce subtherapeutic 5-HMT exposures. No dose adjustment is necessary for concomitant use of fesoterodine with oral contraceptives. Funding for this study was provided by Schwarz Biosciences GmbH, and Pfizer Inc.