超声引导技术在婴幼儿深静脉穿刺置管术中的临床应用

目的对比分析超声引导技术和常规解剖定位技术在婴幼儿深静脉穿刺置管术中的成功率和并发症。方法随机将100例接受择期行手术治疗的婴幼儿分为2组,每组50例。对照组采用超声引导技术行深静脉穿刺置管术,研究组采用常规解剖定位技术进行深静脉穿刺置管术。记录2组患儿的穿刺时间、一次穿刺成功率、总穿刺成功率和误伤动脉、穿刺部位血肿、置管困难、血胸及气胸等并发症发生率。结果与对照组比较,研究组穿刺时间明显缩短(P0.05)。研究组穿刺总成功率、一次性成功率亦明显高于对照组(P0.05)。对照组有10例误伤动脉,8例有穿刺部位血肿,7例有置管困难,而研究组仅有1例误伤动脉,研究组穿刺并发症的总发生率明显低于对照组(P0.05)。2组差异均有统计学意义。结论超声引导技术应用于婴幼儿深静脉术,有助于提高穿刺置管成功率,且穿刺时间较短,可避免多次穿刺,降低并发症的发生率。     

超声引导在深静脉穿刺置管中的应用价值

目的 探讨超声引导在深静脉穿刺置管中的应用价值。方法 超声引导下徒手穿刺经导向器穿刺对65例患行深静脉置管术。结果 超声引导下徒手穿刺23例，成功率87.O％(20／23)；经导向器穿刺45例；成功率97．8％(44／45)；总成功率98．5％(64／65)。结论 超声引导深静脉置管穿刺安全、简便、准确、有效，有较大的实用性价值。     

体表定位穿刺失败后行超声引导下颈内静脉置管23例分析

目的 分析深静脉置管建立血液透析血管通路时,应用超声引导的时机、准确性、成功率,可能出现的并发症.方法 回顾统计2006年8月至2008年11月行颈内静脉穿刺置管建立血液透析血管通路的450例患者,探讨超声介入的时机,寻找体表定位穿刺失败的原因.分析影响穿刺成功率、并发症发生与血流量的因素.结果 共计穿刺450例患者,其中23例常规体表定位穿刺失败,占5.1%;失败者在超声引导下穿刺成功22例,改股静脉置管1例.超声检查发现体表定位穿刺失败的原因包括:①右颈内静脉缺如;②右颈内静脉位置变异:靠外、靠上、靠下,以靠外侧多见,占34.7%,1例位置较深;③重症患者因体位不合适导致穿刺不成功者占21.7%.结论 超声引导下进行颈内静脉穿刺置管简便易行,其临床普及应用可提高穿刺成功率,降低并发症.     

实时双平面超声成像引导下PTCD术的应用价值

目的探讨实时双平面超声成像引导下行经皮肝胆管穿刺置管引流术（PTCD）的应用价值。方法对152例梗阻性黄疸患者行超声引导下PTCD,共穿刺173支胆管,其中57支由实时双平面超声成像引导完成,116支在二维超声引导下操作。对两种引导方法下的穿刺时间、首次穿刺成功率、置管成功率进行比较。结果实时双平面超声引导下PTCD术的穿刺时间短于二维超声引导（P〈0.05）,在胆管内径〈5mm时首次穿刺成功率为92.00%（23/25）,明显高于二维超声引导下穿刺成功率（27/41,65.85%）。置管成功率差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。术后均无严重并发症发生。结论实时双平面超声成像导向PTCD术穿刺时间短,对于胆管内径〈5mm者,首次穿刺成功率高,优于二维超声下导向穿刺,具有较好的临床应用价值。     

超声引导下经皮右颈内静脉穿刺中心静脉置管术35例体会

目的总结超声引导下经皮右颈内静脉穿刺中心静脉置管术的体会。方法将70例拟行经皮右颈内静脉穿刺中心静脉置管术的患者随机分为2组,每组35例。观察组在超声引导下置管,对照组行传统体表定位穿刺置管。观察2组穿刺置管成功率、完成穿刺置管操作时间及误穿动脉、血肿形成和引起气胸等并发症发生率。结果观察组一次性和总穿刺置管成功率均高于对照组,穿刺置管操作时间短于对照组,并发症发生率低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论超声引导下经皮右颈内静脉穿刺中心静脉置管术,成功率高,并发症少,安全性高。     

超声引导下颈内静脉置管在婴儿心脏手术中的应用

目的 探讨超声引导下颈内静脉置管术在婴儿心脏手术中的临床应用.方法 选择年龄30d～1岁,体重3.70～12.0 kg行先天性心脏病手术的患儿40例,随机均分为两组.观察组(A组)在超声引导下将颈内静脉置于屏幕中央,用18G BD静脉留置针穿刺血管,置静脉外套管后,放入引导钢丝,然后置入中心静脉导管;对照组(B组)选择右颈内静脉中路或后路,用18G BD静脉留置针穿刺,回血通畅后经静脉外套管置入引导钢丝,最后置入中心静脉导管.记录两组穿刺置管时间、穿刺总成功率、一次穿刺成功率、失败率及并发症.结果 A组穿刺置管时间明显短于B组(P＜0.05).A组穿刺总成功率100%,明显高于B组的80%(P＜0.05);A组一次穿刺成功率90%,显著高于B组的65%(P＜0.01);A组无失败病例,B组失败率20%;A组的穿刺并发症低于B组,但差异无统计学意义.结论 超声引导下婴儿颈内静脉穿刺置管,提高了成功率,能有效降低并发症,并缩短穿刺置管时间,有较高的临床应用价值.     

超声引导经锁骨下静脉穿刺中心静脉置管术的应用

目的探讨超声实时监视下经锁骨下静脉穿刺中心静脉置管术的应用价值.方法将 278例行锁骨下静脉穿刺中心静脉置管术患者随机分为对照组(148例)和观察组(130例).观察组于超声引导下置管,对照组采用传统盲穿法置管.比较两组置管一次成功率及并发症发生率.结果观察组一次成功率(100.0%)显著高于对照组为(90.5%),(P<0.01);观察组并发症发生率显著低于对照组(P<0.05).结论超声引导下行锁骨下静脉穿刺中心静脉置管术可同步动态观察局部解剖结构及操作过程,其效果显著优于传统盲插法.     

超声引导在患儿颈内静脉穿刺置管中的应用

目的 比较超声引导与传统体表标志定位在患儿颈内静脉穿刺置管中的差异.方法 将53例行心脏外科或消化道手术的患儿(0～36个月)随机分成超声引导组(U组,28例)和体表定位组(L组,25例).前者在超声引导下行颈内静脉置管术,后者使用传统的体表标志定位法行颈内静脉置管术.记录两组成功率、穿刺时间、试穿次数及并发症.结果 U组一次成功率为96.43％,明显高于L组的80％ (P＜0.05);穿刺相关并发症U组仅3.57％,明显低于L组28％(P＜0.01),同时U组穿刺时间明显短于L组(P＜0.05),穿刺次数明显少于L组(P＜0.05).结论 超声引导应用于患儿颈内静脉穿刺置管可提高置管成功率,减少并发症的发生.     

超声引导下使用改良塞丁格技术行PICC置管效果观察

目的探讨视锐5超声引导下使用改良塞丁格穿刺技术行PICC置管的可行性和优越性。方法将130例行PICC置管的患者分为对照组和观察组各65例,对照组按传统方法行PICC置管,观察组在视锐5超声引导下使用改良塞丁格穿刺技术行PICC置管。结果对照组一次穿刺成功率、一次置管成功率显著低于观察组,静脉炎、血栓发生率显著高于观察组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论视锐5超声引导下使用改良塞丁格穿刺技术行PICC置管较常规置管具有准确定位靶向血管,提高穿刺成功率,降低局部组织损伤,减少并发症等优势。     

超声引导下腘静脉穿刺在下肢深静脉血栓治疗中的应用

目的 探讨超声引导下腘静脉穿刺在下肢深静脉血栓治疗中的应用.方法 71例下肢深静脉血栓患者,为行接触性溶栓治疗,均行超声引导下患肢腘静脉穿刺术.结果 69例患者均置管成功,无严重并发症发生,经溶栓、抗凝等治疗效果满意.2例患者因血栓机化,导丝置入困难,置管失败.结论 超声引导下腘静脉穿刺安全简便、可操作性强,值得临床应用推广.     

吸入麻醉诱导用于手术患儿静脉穿刺效果观察

目的：提高手术患儿术前静脉穿刺一次成功率，缩短术前准备时间，减轻患儿痛苦，方法：将90例手术患儿分为A，B，C三组各30例，A组于清醒状态下行静脉穿刺；B组经面罩下吸入氧化亚氮和氧气，2．5－3min后行静脉穿刺，C组在B组的基础上再吸入七氟醚后行静脉穿刺。结果：C组所用穿刺时间最短（与A，B组比较，均P＜0．01），一次穿刺成功率高（与A组比较，P＜0．01），B组次之；A组最差。结论：手术患儿静脉穿刺前运用吸入麻醉诱导技术可提高一次穿刺成功率，缩短术前准备时间，尤其适用于术前害怕注射或开放静脉有困难的患儿。     

特殊体位患者颈内静脉置管策略

目的探讨特殊体位患者行颈内静脉置管的可行性和临床效果。方法对47例特殊体位(被动体位9例,强迫体位38例)下行颈内静脉置管的患者作好物品与患者准备,根据不同体位确定穿刺步骤和固定导管。结果 47例颈内静脉置管均成功,其中一次置管成功38例。中心静脉置管留置4~151d,中位数22d。留置过程中无与置管相关的不良反应或并发症发生。结论对特殊体位患者行颈内静脉置管需重视各操作环节,尤其是穿刺点定位、穿刺方向、穿刺深度及角度,以提高置管成功率,减少置管相关并发症的发生。     

体表定位经锁骨下静脉穿刺中心静脉置管的几个操作细节

依据体表定位经锁骨下静脉穿刺中心静脉置管由于局部解剖特殊和易出现严重的并发症而使其应用受到限制,本文根据作者多年的操作经验就穿刺置管过程中如何提高成功率和预防并发症的发生从操作细节给予介绍。     

Limiting Vein Puncture to Three Needle Passes in Subclavian Vein Catheterization by the Infraclavicular Approach

Purpose With central venous catheterization, each additional vein puncture raises the risk of complications. We assessed the rate of failure and complications using a limiting rule whereby the number of needle passes for subclavian vein catheterization was restricted to three. Methods A prospective clinical trial was conducted between September 2001 and December 2003 in a university hospital surgical department. Two hundred and thirty-two adult patients were enrolled to undergo subclavian vein catheterization under non-emergency conditions. The patients were subjected to right subclavian vein catheterization by the infraclavicular approach. Vein puncture failure was defined as such if venipuncture was not accomplished after three attempts. Any arterial puncture was judged to be a failure immediately. Results Vein puncture failure occurred in nine patients (3.9%), and included two arterial punctures (0.9%). No other complications, such as pneumothorax, hemothorax, plexus lesion, mediastinal hematoma or bleeding, or air embolism, were observed. In multivariate analyses, a close to average body mass index (weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters, odds ratio 0.74; 95% confidence interval 0.56–0.97; P = 0.028) was associated with a low risk of failure. Conclusion Limiting the number of needle passes to three may therefore prevent mechanical complications. A low body mass index was predictive of vein puncture failure.     

A Randomized Trial of Ultrasound Image-based Skin Surface Marking versus Real-time Ultrasound-guided Internal Jugular Vein Catheterization in Infants

Background: Ultrasound-guided central venous catheterization has been recommended to increase the procedural success rate and enhance patient safety. However, few studies have examined the potential advantages of one ultrasound technique with another, specifically in small infants.

Methods: The authors randomly assigned 60 neonates and infants weighing less than 7.5 kg to an ultrasound-guided skin-marking method (n = 27) versus real-time ultrasound-assisted internal jugular venous catheterization (n = 33). The times to successful puncture of the internal jugular vein and to catheterization were measured. Attempts at needle punctures for successful catheterization were counted. Procedural complications were recorded.

Results: In the real-time group, compared with the skin- marking group, venous puncture was completed faster (P = 0.03), the time required to catheterize was shorter (P < 0.01), and fewer needle passes were needed. Specifically, fewer than three attempts at puncture were made in 100% of patients in the real-time group, versus 74% of patients in the skin-marking group (P < 0.01). A hematoma and an arterial puncture occurred in one patient each in the skin-marking group.     

A randomized trial of ultrasound image-based skin surface marking versus real-time ultrasound-guided internal jugular vein catheterization in infants

BACKGROUND: Ultrasound-guided central venous catheterization has been recommended to increase the procedural success rate and enhance patient safety. However, few studies have examined the potential advantages of one ultrasound technique with another, specifically in small infants. METHODS: The authors randomly assigned 60 neonates and infants weighing less than 7.5 kg to an ultrasound-guided skin-marking method (n = 27) versus real-time ultrasound-assisted internal jugular venous catheterization (n = 33). The times to successful puncture of the internal jugular vein and to catheterization were measured. Attempts at needle punctures for successful catheterization were counted. Procedural complications were recorded. RESULTS: In the real-time group, compared with the skin- marking group, venous puncture was completed faster (P = 0.03), the time required to catheterize was shorter (P < 0.01), and fewer needle passes were needed. Specifically, fewer than three attempts at puncture were made in 100% of patients in the real-time group, versus 74% of patients in the skin-marking group (P < 0.01). A hematoma and an arterial puncture occurred in one patient each in the skin-marking group. CONCLUSIONS: The real-time ultrasound guidance method could enhance procedural efficacy and safety of internal jugular catheterization in neonates and infants.     

负压穿刺法在急诊血液病患者输血中的应用

目的探讨静脉留置针负压穿刺法在急诊血液病患者输血中的应用效果。方法将120例急诊输血的血液病患者按随机数字表法分为常规组和负压组各60例。常规组采用0.9%氯化钠注射液连接输血器,以静脉留置针进行常规静脉穿刺;负压组静脉留置针连接一次性使用采血针接头及真空采血管,带负压进行静脉穿刺。结果两组一次性穿刺成功率、一次性回血率及穿刺回血时间比较,差异有统计学意义(均P0.01)。结论静脉留置针负压穿刺法穿刺稳定,回血自然、快速,操作者可尽快做出有效判断,避免反复穿刺损伤血管,从而提高穿刺成功率。     

超声引导下经皮右颈内静脉穿刺置管术在血液透析中的应用

目的探讨超声引导下经皮右颈内静脉穿刺置管术在血液透析中的应用,分析超声引导穿刺的方法、注意事项及并发症预防。方法对297例慢性肾功能不全尿毒症患者进行超声引导下经皮右颈内静脉穿刺置管术,按照提高一次穿剌成功率的技术要点进行操作。结果本组患者均获得穿剌置管成功,其中244例1次穿刺成功（244/297,82.15%）,30例第2次穿刺成功（30/297,10.10%）,23例第3次穿刺成功（23/297,7.74%）。并发症发生率为15.15%（45/297）,31例因导管贴壁导致引血不畅流量不足。结论实时超声引导在右颈内静脉穿刺置管术中的应用,可极大提高穿剌的一次成功率,有效降低并发症的发生。     

两针法股静脉穿刺置管抢救小儿失血性休克

目的为失血性休克患儿快速建立有效补液途径,提高抢救成功率。方法将100例外伤致失血性休克患儿随机分为观察组和对照组各50例。对照组采用传统股静脉穿刺方法;观察组以股动脉搏动内侧0.3～0.5cm或脐部引一直线垂直于腹股沟的垂直交叉点内侧约0.5cm定位为第1针穿刺点,第1针穿刺点垂直下方3.0～4.0cm处为第2针穿刺点留置股静脉置管。结果观察组留置成功率显著高于对照组,操作时间显著短于对照组(均P<0.01)。结论两针法股静脉穿刺置管能保证失血性休克患儿静脉通道及时建立。     

肱动脉穿刺术并发症的预防与处理

目的 总结经皮肱动脉穿刺术的临床经验,探讨相关并发症发生的原因及其预防及处理对策.方法 回顾性分析2001年6月至2009年6月因行血管腔内诊疗而接受超声引导下肱动脉穿刺术87例患者的临床资料,总结发生并发症情况及其发生原因.结果 87例患者在超声引导下行肱动脉穿刺术均成功,成功率为100%,其中超声引导下一次穿刺成功有53例(61%),经多次穿刺成功有34例(39%).16例患者(19例次)发生了并发症,并发症发生率为18.4%.其中导丝进入血管周围间隙4例(4.6%),穿刺局部发生血肿11例(12.6%),其中3例合并局部神经损伤(1例为迟发型神经损伤),假性动脉瘤1例(1.2%).结论 熟悉肱动脉穿刺术部位的解剖特点,掌握相应的操作技巧并对其并发症有足够的认识和处理对策的充分准备可以减少并发症及其不良后果的发生.