083 职业接触铬化合物生物标志物的研究进展

铬化合物是已证实可致人类肿瘤的化合物.以铬化合物代谢为基础研究了一系列体内可以测量的指标,并试图寻找铬化合物的生物标志物.理想的铬化合物生物标志物应该既能反映铬的摄入,又能区分不同价态的铬[即Cr(Ⅲ)、Cr(Ⅵ)],因为这两种价态的铬具有不同的生物学效应.本文就职业接触铬化合物的人群接触生物标志物、效应生物标志物进行综述,并对今后研究工作的发展方向进行展望.     

职业接触铬化合物生物标志物的研究进展

铬化合物是已证实可致人类肿瘤的化合物。以铬化合物代谢为基础研究了一系列体内可以测量的指标，并试图寻找铬化合物的生物标志物。理想的铬化合物生物标志物应该既能反映铬的摄入，又能区分不同价态的铬[即Cr(Ⅲ)、Cr(Ⅵ)]，因为这两种价态的铬具有不同的生物学效应。本就职业接触铬化合物的人群接触生物标志物、效应生物标志物进行综述，并对今后研究工作的发展方向进行展望。     

职业接触铬盐生物标志物的研究进展

铬在自然界分布很广，常见铬的价态有二价、三价、四价和六价，铬盐主要有两种价态即三价铬和六价铬。不同价态的铬具有不同的生物学效应。在食物和生物组织中铬多以三价铬存在，是人体必需的微量元素之一。一定剂量的六价铬对健康会产生危害。国际癌症研究机构已将六价铬化合物确定为人类一类致癌物。理想的铬盐生物标志物应该能区分不同价态铬的摄入，它们是进行铬盐暴露评价的必要手段之一。     

评价食品中致癌物作用的生物学标志物

膳食因素与人类癌症密切相关。对膳食中致癌物作用的危险性评估需要考虑人群暴露水平、生物效应和个体易感性 ,而发展特异的生物标志物对正确评估机体暴露水平和探讨生物效应和个体易感性具有重要意义。生物标志物包括暴露标志物、效应标志物和易感性标志物。暴露生物标志物又包括体内剂量生物标志物和有效剂量生物标志物。本文拟就膳食中重要致癌物的危险性评估中的潜在生物标志物研究进展进行综述。     

121 评价食品中致癌物作用的生物学标志物

膳食因素与人类癌症密切相关.对膳食中致癌物作用的危险性评估需要考虑人群暴露水平、生物效应和个体易感性,而发展特异的生物标志物对正确评估机体暴露水平和探讨生物效应和个体易感性具有重要意义.生物标志物包括暴露标志物、效应标志物和易感性标志物.暴露生物标志物又包括体内剂量生物标志物和有效剂量生物标志物.本文拟就膳食中重要致癌物的危险性评估中的潜在生物标志物研究进展进行综述.     

职业暴露二甲苯的生物监测指标研究近况

二甲苯为无色透明、具有芳香气味的挥发性液体,工业用二甲苯为三种异构体(m-xylene、o-xylene、p-xylene)的混合物.二甲苯对中枢神经系统具有慢性毒性作用,长期接触可使神经系统功能紊乱,还可引起强烈的眼、皮肤、黏膜刺激症状[1].吸入高浓度的二甲苯可导致食欲缺乏、恶心、呕吐和腹痛,有时可引起肝肾可逆性损伤[2].许多国家颁布了二甲苯的职业接触限值以保护劳动者的健康,定期对劳动者进行生物监测以评价二甲苯的暴露程度.生物监测具有降低传统的暴露评价方法不确定性的潜力,还可以求得多途径和来源的暴露的总和.因此,生物监测很快成为环境暴露评价的金标准[3].生物标志物是生物监测的指标,应用灵敏、特异性的生物标志物能准确地反映机体从接触危险因素至发病的连续过程中的暴露水平、生物学效应和遗传易感性[4],生物标志物主要分为接触标志物、效应标志物和易感性标志物.目前,二甲苯的生物标志物研究主要集中在接触标志物领域,而效应标志物及易感性标志物的研究报道较少.     

多环芳烃化合物生物监测的研究进展

环境与人类健康密切相关。多环芳烃化合物是一类存在于环境中的有机污染物,因其具有很强的致癌、致畸、致突变作用而受到全球广泛关注。对环境中多环芳烃作用的危险性评估需要考虑人群暴露水平、生物效应和个体易感性,而发展特异的生物标志物对正确评估机体暴露水平和探讨生物效应和个体易感性具有重要意义。本文拟就环境中多环芳烃化合物的生物标志物研究进展进行综述。     

有机磷酸酯阻燃剂暴露的毒性效应及生物标志物研究进展

有机磷酸酯(OPEs)作为多溴联苯醚等传统溴代阻燃剂(BFRs)的替代品在全球范围内广泛应用,由此带来的环境影响和人群健康效应广受关注。本文对OPEs的常见种类及其代谢产物、环境赋存、人群暴露途径及水平、毒性效应和生物标志物的研究进行系统综述,以期为探索人群OPEs的暴露与生物标志物之间的关系,初步揭示暴露导致健康效应的潜在机制,为研究我国OPEs暴露对人群的健康影响提供参考和科学依据。     

007 多环芳烃化合物生物监测的研究进展

环境与人类健康密切相关。多环芳烃化合物是一类存在于环境中的有机污染物，因其具有很强的致癌、致畸、致突变作用而受到全球广泛关注。对环境中多环芳烃作用的危险性评估需要考虑人群暴露水平、佳物效应和个体易感性，而发展特异的生物标志物对正确评估机体暴露水平和探讨生物效应和个体易感性具有重要意义。本文拟就环境中多环芳烃化合物的生物标志物研究进展进行综述。     

生物标志物在低剂量致癌物暴露危险度评价中的作用

利用生物标志物高灵敏的特性,可以直接测量人群长期低剂量的暴露水平及其效应水平,能够较准确地估计生物标志物水平与特定危险性之间的关系,这的研究尚属赴阶段,但在环境健康危险度评价中具有很好的发展前景,对生物标志物的选择,其在低剂量致癌物暴露危险度评价中的作用,评价方法或途径问题进行了总结。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.