前臂皮神经,皮神经营养血管与浅静脉的关系和临床意义？…

目的 为设计皮神经营养血管皮瓣和对该类皮瓣与某些局部移转的静脉的的关系的认识提供学基础。方法 用显微解剖法,标本双色透明法观测前臂内侧皮神经血供、贵要静脉与前臂内侧皮神经及其营养血管的关系和前臂外侧皮神经的血供、头静脉与前外侧皮神经及其营养血管的关系。结果 前臂内、外侧皮神经的血供形式不相同,前者由神经旁血管供养,后者由主要动脉和神经旁血管共同供养。头静脉与前外侧皮神经及其营养血管,贵要静脉与前后     

浅静脉皮神经营养血管蒂逆行皮瓣修复手部皮肤缺损

目的报道三种吻合浅静脉的皮神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣转位术的临床疗效.方法从1998年7月～2001年3月应用三种吻合浅静脉的皮神经营养血蒂管皮瓣修复手部皮肤软组织缺损16例,皮瓣最大面积20cm×8cm,最小面积4cm×3cm,其中头静脉桡神经浅内侧支营养血管皮瓣4例,贵要静脉前臂内侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣5例,头静脉前臂外侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣7例.结果 16例皮瓣均顺利成活,皮瓣未出现明显肿胀及瘀血.结论皮神经营养血管皮瓣逆行转位后,吻合一条浅静脉对皮瓣的顺利成活、肢体的静脉回流及皮瓣的超大面积切取具有积极的意义.     

前臂外侧皮神经的血供特点与皮神经营养血管皮瓣的设计

目的：为临床设计带外侧皮神经营养血管筋膜皮瓣提供依据。方法：用显微解剖测量法、标本透明法研究前臂外侧皮神经外科解剖与头静脉的关系及其神经血管皮肤穿支的位置、长度、对皮神经的营养形式等。结果：前臂外侧皮神经共有４支神经血管皮肤穿点，其全程由神经旁血管和主要动脉共同营养。前臂外侧皮神经前支与头静脉紧密伴行。结论：顺沿头静脉，可切聚带外侧皮神经营养血管筋蒂或血管神经蒂岛状皮瓣，用于修复肘部、前臂远端１／     

吻合浅静脉的皮神经营养血管逆行皮瓣转位术

目的　报道 4种吻合浅静脉的皮神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣转位术及应用效果。　方法　用小隐静脉腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复小腿及足踝部软组织缺损 (7例 )、头静脉桡神经浅内侧支营养血管皮瓣 (4例 )、贵要静脉前臂内侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣 (3例 )和头静脉前臂外侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣 (2例 )修复手及腕部软组织缺损 ,皮瓣面积最大 2 4cm× 12cm ,最小 4cm× 3cm。　结果　 15例皮瓣均顺利成活 ,1例因静脉栓塞皮瓣远端部分坏死。　结论　皮神经营养血管皮瓣逆行转位后 ,吻合 1～ 2条浅静脉对皮瓣的顺利成活、肢体的静脉回流及皮瓣的超大面积切取具有积极的意义。     

前臂内侧皮神经的血供特点及其在皮瓣设计中的意义

目的 为临床设计前臂内侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣提供形态学依据。方法 用量微解剖和标本透明法研究３７侧上肢人侧上神经解剖及其与贵要静脉的关系以及营养血管的来源、位置、口径、对皮神经的营养形式等。结果 前臂内侧皮神经全程由神经旁血管营养。神经旁血管由来源于肱动脉与尺动脉的皮肤动脉分支吻合形成。前臂内侧皮神经与贵要静脉在１ｃｍ左右范围内伴行。结论 顺沿贵要静脉,可切取前臂内侧皮神经、神经旁血管或神经皮肤穿支     

前臂外侧皮神经营养血管远端蒂筋膜皮瓣的解剖和临床应用

目的 观察前臂外侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣的血供和临床应用的可行性。 方法 用３７侧成人上肢标本,对前臂外侧皮神经营养血管的来源,行径,分支分布及其与头静脉的关系等进行解剖观察,并设计了前臂外侧皮神经营养血管远端蒂筋膜皮瓣,应用于临床修复手背疱痕切除后遗留创面。结果 前臂外侧皮神经前支与头静脉紧密伴行,其全程由４支节段性皮动脉发支营养。     

前臂外侧皮神经的血供特点与皮神经营养血管皮瓣的设计

目的：为临床设计带外侧皮神经营养血管筋膜皮瓣提供依据。方法：用显微解剖测量法、标本透明法研究前臂外侧皮神经外科解剖与头静脉的关系以及其神经血管皮肤穿支的位置、长度、对皮神经的营养形式等。结果：前臂外侧皮神经共有４支神经血管皮肤穿支,其全程由神经旁血管和主要动脉共同营养。前臂外侧皮神经前支与头静脉紧密伴行。结论：顺沿头静脉,可切取带外侧皮神经营养血管筋膜蒂或血管神经蒂岛状皮瓣,用于修复肘部、前臂远端１／３段和腕部等部位软组织缺损。     

吻合浅静脉的逆行皮神经营养血管皮瓣的应用

目的探讨吻合浅静脉的皮神经营养血管逆行皮瓣临床应用的效果。方法1996年6月起对19例肢体远端皮肤缺损采用皮神经营养血管逆行皮瓣移位修复,其中皮肤创伤性缺损10例,慢性溃疡3例,瘢痕挛缩6例。采用腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣9例,隐神经营养血管皮瓣2例,前臂内侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣5例,前臂外侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣3例。术中将皮瓣远端的浅静脉与受区皮下静脉作端端吻合以改善静脉回流。皮瓣范围15cm×24cm～4cm×6cm,血管蒂长6～15cm。结果17例皮瓣完全成活,1例前臂内侧皮神经皮瓣修复手掌创面及1例腓肠神经皮瓣修复足内侧瘢痕创面,术后因吻合的静脉栓塞致皮瓣远端部分坏死。16例获得6～24个月随访,皮瓣质地优良,恢复保护性感觉,外形及功能改善满意。结论吻合浅静脉可以明显改善该类皮瓣的静脉回流,扩大皮瓣成活面积及修复范围。     

皮神经营养血管皮瓣在手和足软组织缺损中的应用

目的应用皮神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复手和足踝部的软组织缺损.方法以前臂外侧皮神经、桡神经浅支和腓肠神经为轴线,分别根据手或足踝部受区大小、部位及供、受区距离设计出逆行岛状皮瓣.[HT5”H结果腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝部创面4例,前臂外侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣修复虎口部创面1例,桡神经浅支营养血管皮瓣修复拇指软组织撕脱伤1例,皮瓣全部成活.结论根据皮神经营养血管与皮肤血管相互交通的关系设计出的皮神经营养血管皮瓣,为手和足踝部软组织缺损的修复提供了血供可靠、简便快捷的新方法.     

手及前臂皮神经营养血管蒂皮瓣的应用解剖

目的：观察手及前臂皮神经营养血管的情况，为设计以皮神经及其营养血管为蒂的岛状皮瓣提供形态学依据。方法：用红色氯仿油画染料灌注的20侧成人上肢标本，在手术显微镜下解剖并观测手及前臂 5条皮神经营养血管的来源、数目、外径，穿出深筋膜的位置，与皮神经及浅静脉的关系等项目。结果；营养动脉多以降支方式伴行在皮神经深面内侧，前臂皮神经的血管网可达神经两侧各2．5cm范围内的皮肤，5条皮神经的营养动脉外径接近，结论：手及前臂皮神经的营养血管血供可靠，可设计相应部位的岛状皮瓣。     

小腿前外侧的皮瓣及筋膜瓣的临床应用

目的介绍小腿前外侧的皮瓣筋膜瓣的应用解剖、手术方式、方法及临床应用。方法在14侧成人下肢标本及1条断腿上,观察了腓浅血管的起始部位、行程及皮支的分布情况,设计了小腿前外侧组织瓣的4种术式。1988年以来,临床应用26例。结果术后皮瓣筋膜瓣全部成活,切口Ⅰ期愈合23例,Ⅱ期愈合3例,20例随访4个月到5年,情况稳定良好,无复发。结论手术操作简单、安全可靠,对供区影响小,是修复小腿及对侧踝及跟部后方创面及治疗胫骨慢性骨髓炎的一种可供选用的方法。     

皮神经营养血管组织瓣的临床应用原则与命名

目的 探讨皮神经营养血管组织瓣的临床应用原则，并提出新的命名方法。方法 总结皮神经营养血管组织瓣的解剖研究和临床经验。结果 皮神经多与皮静脉伴行，在其周围均存在丰富的链式吻合血管丛，显著增加了这类组织瓣的血供。临床以远端(31例)或近端(3例)为蒂，在前臂(26例)和小腿(8例)切取带皮神经和皮静脉营养血管的岛状筋膜皮瓣(20例)和筋膜皮下组织瓣(14例)共34例，长宽比例2．7～5．1：1，平均3．5：1，完全成活。结论 带皮神经营养血管的组织瓣是传统筋膜皮瓣和筋膜皮下组织瓣的特殊范例，临床应用应遵循一定的原则。     

Distally based perforator flaps for reconstruction of post-traumatic defects of the lower leg and foot. A review of the anatomy and clinical outcomes

Study aims

To report the surgical anatomy of the perforator arteries at the lower leg, analyse clinical outcomes in previous studies, and forward methodological recommendations for future studies of post-traumatic perforator flap reconstructions.

Methods

A study sample of 640 human patients drawn from 24 clinical reports was included for review. The sample comprised of four subsets: sural flap reconstructions (n = 257), saphenous flaps (n = 122), supramalleolar flaps (n = 92), and propeller flaps (n = 169).

Results

Statistical analysis of samples from anatomical studies documents significant differences in the perforator distribution from the tibial and peroneal artery; peroneal perforator arteries are randomly organised whereas tibial artery perforators are clustered at three definite levels. The failure rates in clinical studies ranged from 0% to 6%, being lowest for supramalleolar flap reconstructions and highest for saphenous flaps; however, differences between the four subsets were not statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. Due to methodological flaws, outcome comparisons in the actual study sample should be interpreted cautiously; in most clinical studies both risk variables and outcome indicators are poorly defined. The outcome of Dynamic Infrared Thermography imaging of post-transposition changes of flap perfusion is reported.

Summary

Fasciocutaneous perforator flaps seem to have high survival rates and represent a feasible approach to post-traumatic reconstructions, especially in low-resource settings. A template for data gathering is recommended for higher accuracy in future comparative studies, and for scientific analysis of success and risk factors. New imaging techniques indicate a promising potential of micro-circular angiogenesis during the first two weeks after flap transpose.     

蒂部潜移法增加V-Y筋膜皮瓣的推进距离

目的:为修复上肢中小创面提供一种V-Y推进皮瓣。方法:在邻近创面的健康皮肤,依纵行的筋膜皮下血管丛方向设计V-Y筋膜皮瓣,通过对蒂部在深筋膜下间隙及皮下疏松组织中不同层次的潜行分离,既增加了皮瓣的推进距离,又不影响皮瓣的血供基础。结果:临床修复上肢创面6例,皮瓣面积为3cm×4cm~5cm×8cm,推进距离2.5cm~5.0cm,均完全成活。结论:皮瓣蒂部潜移法能安全有效地增加V-Y筋膜皮瓣的推进距离,是修复中小面积创面的较好方法。     

Deltopectoral flap revisited: Role of the extended flap in reconstruction of the head and neck

The extended deltopectoral flap is still the best choice in selected cases. During the period 1987-2004, 34 patients required reconstruction of the head and neck using this flap. Twenty-nine had had one or more failed attempts at microsurgical reconstruction after excision of cancer. Five were treated primarily. The flap was divided at least three weeks after the primary operation. All 34 survived, and there were no donor site complications. Twenty-seven patients had an uncomplicated outcome, but the remaining seven required later closure or skin grafting, usually under local anaesthesia, for complications. The extended deltopectoral flap has been used successfully to provide stable coverage of defects in the head and neck and should remain in the armamentarium of reconstructive microsurgeons.     

Experience with the forearm septofascial flap

Summary Fascia has a well vascularized surface, and when it is covered with a split skin graft, it provides the thinnest possible flap. The authors present their own experience with the use of the forearm septofascial flap in 23 patients. A free septofascial flap was used in 15 patients and an island flap in 8 patients. Seven days later, only 25% of the patients had complete take of the split skin graft, while in 60% of the cases, there was only partial take of the graft. The results at 6 months, regarding appearance of the flap and donor site, were good. In 2 patients, a composite osteofascial flap was used for reconstruction of the mandible. In those patients, the viability of the bone was assessed with scintigraphy. There were no significant complications with the donor site. The forearm septofascial flap proved to be a good and reliable method of reconstruction in those parts of the body where thin cover was required. Constant anatomy and minimal postoperative complications are great advantages of the forearm septofascial flap when compared with other fascial flaps.     

Distally-based superficial sural flap: Advantages of the adipofascial over the fasciocutaneous flap

Abstract

The distally-based superficial sural flap has proved to be an easy and reliable method of reconstruction in soft tissue cover of the distal third part of the leg. There are two ways to prepare this flap: as a fasciocutaneous flap, which includes the fascia with the subcutaneous tissue including the skin; or as an adipofascial flap, which is made up of both the fascia and the subcutaneous adipose tissue. In the latter case, the flap is covered with a partial thickness skin graft either immediately after or at a later stage. The aim of this study was to assess the advantages and disadvantages of the two flaps. The adipofascial flap seems to be better, as it is associated with less donor site morbidity, improved quality of reconstruction, and fewer complications.     

指背旗形皮瓣的实验研究与临床应用

为探讨指背旗形皮瓣的成活机理,应用恒河猴1只,做了8个指背旗形皮瓣的实验,其中近端蒂6个,远端蒂2个。术后作系统的肉眼摄像、激光多普勒血流测定和组织分段切片观察。结果显示:①与皮瓣的长:宽为10∶1时,仍能成活,且无发紫、水肿出现。②术后前2天皮瓣的激光多普勒测定值较术前水平稍有下降.但不明显(P>0.05),术后第3天开始,血流测定值逐渐上升,于第5天达到或超过术前水平。③皮瓣成活后组织分段切片表明,指背旗形皮瓣的蒂部无知名的动脉血管,但含有丰富的指背静脉。由此认为指背旗形皮瓣实为一种静脉皮瓣,其保留的静脉周围组织中的微动脉血管能给皮瓣以血上供,而指背静脉提供丰富的静脉回流通道。在此基础上,临床应用20个指背旗形皮瓣修复了手指皮肤缺损合并骨、肌腱外露者12例,获得满意效果。