脊柱侧凸胸椎椎弓根形态学分型系统的可信度与可重复性研究

【摘要】 目的：探讨脊柱侧凸胸椎椎弓根形态学分型系统在临床应用中的可信度与可重复性。方法：1998年1月~2009年1月手术治疗脊柱侧凸患者60例,术前均行胸椎CT扫描、椎弓根轴位薄层重建。根据椎弓根松质骨管腔的形态特征将脊柱侧凸胸椎椎弓根分为正常型、狭窄型、峡部硬化型、完全硬化型（包括凹陷硬化和平直硬化两个亚型）和缺如型。应用64排CT多层重建技术,测量、分析60例常见类型脊柱侧凸患者1440个胸椎椎弓根CT轴位扫描结果,由3位不了解本研究目的的脊柱外科高年资住院医师,在同一时间分别对1440个胸椎椎弓根CT轴位扫描结果进行分型。间隔1个月后,再次由这3位住院医师对这1440个椎弓根进行分型。应用Stata 10.0软件,运用多类别多评估者的Kappa分析方法进行统计学分析,评价观察者间的可信度及观察者内的可重复性。结果：3位医师之间首次分型结果相同的百分比分别为88%、84%、92%,可信度的Kappa系数分别为0.7647、0.6590、0.8292;同一医师前后两次分型结果相同的百分比分别为95%、97%、96%,可重复性的Kappa系数分别为0.9227、0.9513、0.9117。结论：脊柱侧凸胸椎椎弓根形态学分型系统具有中、高度的可信度和极好的可重复性。     

胸椎椎弓根髓腔内径CT分型在严重僵硬性脊柱畸形矫形中的临床意义

目的探讨基于胸椎椎弓根髓腔内径CT分型在对严重僵硬性脊柱畸形行经后路全脊椎切除术(posterior vertebral column resection,PVCR)矫形徒手植钉中的临床意义。方法 2004年10月-2010年7月对56例严重僵硬性脊柱畸形患者一期行PVCR矫形,T2～12共植入1 098枚椎弓根螺钉。于CT片测量胸椎椎弓根髓腔内径,并划分为4个区间:区间1(0～1.0 mm),区间2(1.1～2.0 mm),区间3(2.1～3.0 mm),区间4(3.1 mm);对各区间椎弓根螺钉植钉成功率进行统计学分析。根据结果将无统计学意义的区间合并,再次行统计学分析。根据Lenke的椎弓根形态学分型,行各型植钉成功率统计学分析。结果 1 098枚胸椎椎弓根螺钉中,826枚(75.23%)植钉成功。根据髓腔内径分区,除区间3与区间4椎弓根植钉成功率比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=2.540,P=0.111)外,其余各组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.008)。区间3、4合并后,区间1、2、3植钉成功率分别为35.05%、65.34%、88.32%,两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.017)。根据Lenke的椎弓根形态学分型,A、B、C、D型植钉成功率分别为82.31%、83.40%、80.00%、30.28%,D型植钉成功率显著低于其余各型(P0.008),其余各型间差异均无统计学意义(P0.008)。基于胸椎椎弓根髓腔内径CT分型标准,Ⅰ型椎弓根占总数的17.67%,凹、凸侧椎弓根分别为24.59%、10.75%;Ⅱa型占总数的16.03%,凹、凸侧分别为21.13%、10.93%;Ⅱb型占总数的66.30%,凹、凸侧分别为54.28%、78.32%。各型凹、凸侧分布比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.001)。结论基于胸椎椎弓根髓腔内径提出了量化分型标准,Ⅰ型为无髓腔型,椎弓根内径0～1.0 mm;Ⅱ型为有髓腔型,其中Ⅱa型椎弓根内径为1.1～2.0 mm,Ⅱb型2.1 mm。该分型标准可在行PVCR时指导徒手植入胸椎椎弓根螺钉,但其有效性需进一步临床观察验证。     

中国青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者胸椎椎弓根形态学三维CT分析

目的 总结中国青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者胸椎椎弓根形态学特点,与其他人种特发性脊柱侧凸患者胸椎椎弓根形态比较,为手术中胸椎安全置钉提供参考.方法 回顾性分析2007年7月至2012年6月期间56例于我院行术前CT扫描三维重建的青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(右胸弯)患者的资料,男10例,女46例;年龄10～18岁,平均14.8岁.Lenke分型:Ⅰ型28例、Ⅱ型12例、Ⅲ型14例、Ⅳ型2例.术前主胸弯Cobb角平均为55°(36°～90°).测量其胸椎两侧椎弓根在矢状面、冠状面、轴面的置钉长度、椎弓根宽度及角度等形态学指标,总结其变化规律,并与文献报道的其他人种数据进行对比.结果 主胸弯顶椎区凹侧椎弓根宽度小于凸侧,椎弓根置钉长度大于凸侧,椎弓根尾倾角度小于凸侧.椎弓根矢状面宽度自头端向尾端逐渐增加,平均值范围为0.68～1.36 cm;轴面椎弓根宽度平均值范围为0.30～0.70 cm.冠状面椎弓根最小径略小于轴面椎弓根宽度,平均值范围为0.28～0.67 cm.结论 与欧美人种相比,中国特发性脊柱侧凸患者椎弓根宽度较小.顶椎区凹侧置钉难度大、风险高,建议使用直径3.5 mm椎弓根螺钉或采用极外侧置钉法.     

应用AIIMS分型评价脊柱侧后凸畸形胸椎椎弓根螺钉置入的研究

目的:探讨AIIMS(All India Institute of Medical Sciences)分型在评价脊柱侧后凸胸椎椎弓根螺钉置人中的应用价值.方法:1996年6月～2008年1月治疗脊柱侧后凸畸形患者73例,从中选取有完整术后CT资料者25例.其中男10例,女15例,年龄13～25岁,平均17.9岁.特发性脊柱侧后凸14例,先天性脊柱侧后凸5例,神经纤维瘤病伴脊柱侧后凸3例,脊髓空洞伴脊柱侧后凸2例,成骨不全性脊柱侧后凸1例.术前主胸弯冠状面Cobb角75°～1420°,平均93.6°;主弯后凸角50.5°～86.2°,平均65.1°.手术方式采用椎板间开窗法行胸椎椎弓根螺钉置入,后路主弯区附件松解和/或顶椎全脊椎切除,三维矫形和360°植骨融合术.术后根据AIIMS分型统计螺钉置人位置及相关并发症.结果:共置入218枚胸椎椎弓根螺钉,15例出现91枚螺钉偏置(41.74%).AIIMS分型中Ⅰ型(螺钉位置可接受型)占96.33%(210/218),Ⅱ型(螺钉位置不可接受型)占3.67%(8/218),无Ⅲ型(并发症型).术中在凹侧建立椎弓根通道时造成椎弓根骨折5例,未予置钉;术中硬膜撕裂4例,其中2例术后出现脑脊液漏,对症治疗5d后愈合;均无脊髓或大血管损伤.术后平均主胸弯冠状面Cobb角39.7°,平均矫正率57.6%,术后平均主弯后凸角35.5°,平均矫正率45.5%.随访1～5年,平均3.1年,冠状面和矢状面平均矫正度未见明显丢失.结论:AIIMS分型能较全面地评价脊柱侧后凸畸形胸椎椎弓根螺钉置入后的位置和并发症情况,有一定临床应用价值.     

营养不良型和非营养不良型神经纤维瘤病性脊柱侧凸中异常椎弓根发生率的比较

目的:观察Ⅰ型神经纤维瘤病性脊柱侧凸(neurofibromatosis type 1 scoliosis,NF1-S)中椎弓根异常的发生率,并比较其在营养不良型和非营养不良型NF1-S患者中的差异。方法:基于CT图像测量30例营养不良型和30例非营养不良型NF1-S患者的椎弓根,并根据椎弓根最宽平面的最窄距离将这些椎弓根分为5种类型:A型,松质骨通道4mm;B型,松质骨通道2~4mm;C型,松质骨通道2mm且皮质骨通道≥2mm;D型,皮质骨通道2mm且椎弓根存在;E型,椎弓根缺如。B、C、D和E型定义为异常。比较异常椎弓根在不同分型NF1-S患者中的发生率情况及其在侧凸弧范围内的分布情况。结果:NF1-S患者中异常椎弓根的发生率为67.5%(1376/2040),其中B型39.6%(807/2040),C型22.3%(455/2040),D型3.6%(74/2040),E型2.0%(40/2040)。侧凸弧范围内异常椎弓根发生率高达75.3%(975/1294),占全部异常椎弓根的70.9%(975/1376)。对于侧凸弧范围内,营养不良型NF1-S异常椎弓根发生率显著高于非营养不良型(83.3%vs.66.7%,P0.05)。结论:NF1-S患者异常椎弓根主要集中于侧凸弧范围内,且营养不良型异常椎弓根发生率显著高于非营养不良型。     

青少年特发性胸椎侧凸患者胸椎椎弓根横径的分型及其临床意义

目的 探讨胸椎椎弓根横径的测量及分型在青少年特发性胸椎侧凸患者治疗中的临床意义.方法 对2008年10月至2009年7月收治的30例青少年特发性胸椎侧凸患者(侧凸组)和2008年8月至2009年7月于本院就诊的20例年龄匹配的非侧凸青少年患者(对照组)采用螺旋CT行胸椎连续扫描,在图像编档和通信系统(PACS)上逐层阅片,选择胸椎椎弓根显示最清楚的层面对椎弓根横径进行测量,并根据测量结果将其分为4型.分别对侧凸组凹凸侧和对照组左右侧椎弓根横径进行对比,并对侧凸组与对照组椎弓根分型的构成比进行分析.结果 两组患者胸椎椎弓根横径T1～4逐渐减少,T5～12逐渐增加.对照组同节段双侧胸椎椎弓根横径差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).侧凸组顶椎区凹侧的椎弓根横径明显小于凸侧,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).侧凸组中4型椎弓根的比例明显高于对照组,1型椎弓根的比例低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 青少年特发性胸椎侧凸患者胸椎椎弓根横径常较小,术前应根据CT胸椎椎弓根形态制定置钉策略,以减少经胸椎椎弓根置入螺钉的并发症的发生.     

多节段椎弓根螺钉内固定系统矫正胸椎侧凸畸形的有效性和安全性评价

目的:评价多节段椎弓根螺钉内固定系统矫正胸椎侧凸畸形的有效性和安全性。方法:回顾我院1994年3月～2002年3月应用椎弓根钉-棒系统矫治的118例胸椎侧凸畸形患者的临床资料,分析评价其手术并发症、侧凸矫正率及长期随访结果。结果:胸椎椎弓根总计置入螺钉916枚,术中及术后螺钉松动16枚;螺钉位置不良12枚;椎弓根骨折7例;脑脊液漏3例;1例术后螺钉松动压迫脊髓。术后平均随访5年,脊柱侧凸畸形平均矫正率为75%,平均矫正度丢失率1.2%,1例出现交界性后凸再次手术治疗。结论:多节段椎弓根螺钉内固定系统是矫正脊柱侧凸畸形一种较安全、有效的三维内固定方式。     

青少年脊柱侧凸患者胸椎椎弓根螺钉置入的准确性和安全性评价

目的：探讨青少年脊柱侧凸患者胸椎椎弓根螺钉置入的准确性和安全性，以减少相关手术并发症。方法：32例青少年脊柱侧凸患者术前均对畸形脊柱进行标准俯卧位CT加密扫描，测量进钉点至椎体前缘的深度、进针角度、椎弓根直径和椎体的旋转角度，根据测得数据确定椎弓根螺钉置入的深度和方向，置入螺钉后再行脊柱全长X线片及CT扫描评价置钉的准确性和安全性。结果：32例共置入226枚胸椎椎弓根螺钉，术后CT加密和X线片观察到205枚螺钉（90．7％）完全在椎弓根皮质骨内。10例21枚螺钉（9.3％）发生错置，7枚螺钉（3．1％）偏外，5枚螺钉（2．2％）偏前外侧（其中2枚螺钉靠近节段血管），4枚螺钉（1．8％）偏下，4枚螺钉（1．8％）直径过大导致椎弓根内壁膨胀内移，1枚螺钉（0．4％）误入椎管导致完全性脊髓损伤。T1～T4错置12枚（18．2％），T5～T12错置9枚（6．1％）；凸侧椎根螺钉置入的准确率为93．8％，凹侧为83．1％。结论：脊柱畸形患者术前应常规采用标准俯卧位CT加密扫描，根据扫描图像测得的相关数据可为术中准确置入椎弓根螺钉提供重要参考依据。在青少年脊柱侧凸患者胸椎椎弓根螺钉置入有一定的误置率，螺钉发生错置多见于上胸椎和凹侧．术中应高度重视。     

经椎弓根反向截骨矫正胸椎前凸平背畸形合并支气管受钳夹狭窄1例报道

胸椎前凸是指在X线检查中胸椎正常后凸减小或消失,形成平背畸形。特发性脊柱侧凸、综合征性脊柱侧凸（如马凡综合征）等是其常见原因。胸椎后凸减小或消失形成的平背畸形,通常表现为胸腔各脏器受压,出现心肺功能受损、呼吸困难,气管钳夹受压,支气管狭窄,出现反复咳血。目前多通过Ponte截骨矫形联合椎弓根螺钉内固定来矫正胸椎前凸畸形,但其矫形角度较小,此方法不能恢复胸腔前后径和容积,缓解胸腔脏器受压,减轻呼吸困难等症。2021年5月我科曾收治1例马凡综合征合并胸椎前凸、脊柱侧凸、受压支气管狭窄患者,作者采用侧卧位经椎弓根反向截骨的手术方式纠正胸椎前凸,重建矢状面平衡,通过恢复胸椎后凸从而解除支气管受压所致的咯血、呼吸困难,获得良好的临床效果,报道如下。     

胸椎椎弓根螺钉在脊柱侧凸矫形术中的应用效果评价

[目的]评价胸椎椎弓根螺钉在脊柱侧凸矫形术中的应用效果。[方法]2008～2010年采用后路胸椎椎弓根螺钉技术治疗特发性和先天性脊柱侧凸患者26例。根据术后临床表现、矫正率和术后X线片判定胸椎椎弓根螺钉置钉情况,对胸椎椎弓根螺钉在脊柱侧凸矫形术中的应用效果进行评价。[结果]本组病例术后平均矫正率为63.81%,术后患者脊柱长度平均增加6.2 cm;术后X线片判定置入的308枚胸椎椎弓根螺钉中,置钉不良率为16.9%;所有患者术后均无胸部脏器及神经系统损伤表现。[结论]在脊柱侧凸临床治疗中,采用胸椎椎弓根螺钉进行侧凸矫形是有效、安全的方式。     

Analysis of vertebral morphology in idiopathic scoliosis with use of magnetic resonance imaging and multiplanar reconstruction

BACKGROUND: Several studies have provided data on the vertebral morphology of normal spines, but there is a paucity of data on the vertebral morphology in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. METHODS: The morphology of the pedicles and bodies of 307 vertebrae as well as the distance between the pedicles and the dural sac (the epidural space) in twenty-six patients with right-sided thoracic idiopathic scoliosis were analyzed with use of magnetic resonance imaging and multiplanar reconstruction. RESULTS: A distinct vertebral asymmetry was found at the apical region of the thoracic curves, with significantly thinner pedicles on the concave side than on the convex side (p < 0.05). The degree of intravertebral deformity diminished farther away from the apex, with vertebral symmetry restored at the neutral level. In the thoracic spine, the transverse endosteal width of the apical pedicles measured between 2.3 mm and 3.2 mm on the concave side and between 3.9 mm and 4.4 mm on the convex side (p < 0.05). In the lumbar spine, the pedicle width measured between 4.6 mm at the cephalad part of the curve and 7.9 mm at the caudad part of the curve. The chord length and the pedicle length gradually increased from 34 mm and 18 mm, respectively, at the fourth thoracic vertebra to 51 mm and 25 mm, respectively, at the third lumbar vertebra. The transverse pedicle angle measured 15 in the cephalad aspect of the thoracic spine, decreased to 7 at the twelfth thoracic vertebra, and increased again to 16 at the fourth lumbar vertebra. The width of the epidural space was <1 mm at the thoracic apical vertebral levels and averaged 1 mm at the lumbar apical vertebral levels on the concave side, whereas it was between 3 mm and 5 mm on the convex side (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Idiopathic scoliosis is associated with distinctive intravertebral deformity, with smaller pedicles on the concave side and a shift of the dural sac toward the concavity.     

Pedicle morphology of the thoracic spine in preadolescent idiopathic scoliosis: magnetic resonance supported analysis

Although several studies have been reported on the adult vertebral pedicle morphology, little is known about immature thoracic pedicles in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. A total of 310 pedicles (155 vertebrae) from T1 to T12 in 10–14 years age group were analyzed with the use of magnetic resonance imaging and digital measurement program in 13 patients with right-sided thoracic idiopathic scoliosis. Each pedicle was measured in the axial and sagittal planes including transverse and sagittal pedicle width and angles, chord length, interpedicular distance and epidural space width on convex and concave sides of the curve. The smallest transverse pedicle widths were in the periapical region and the largest were in the caudal region. No statistically significant difference in transverse pedicle widths was detected between the convex and concave sides. The transverse pedicle angle measured 15.56° at T1 and decreased to 6.32° at T12. Chord length increased gradually from the cephalad part of the thoracic spine to the caudad part as the shortest length was seen at T1 convex level with a mean of 30.45 mm and the largest length was seen at T12 concave level with a mean of 41.73 mm. The width of epidural space on the concave side was significantly smaller than that on the convex side in most levels of the curve. Based on the anatomic measurements, it may be reasonable to consider thoracic pedicle screws in preadolescent idiopathic scoliosis.     

What is the Difference in Morphologic Features of the Thoracic Pedicle Between Patients With Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis and Healthy Subjects? A CT-based Case-control Study

Background

Describing the morphologic features of the thoracic pedicle in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is necessary for placement of pedicle screws. Previous studies showed inadequate reliability owing to small sample size and heterogeneity of the patients surveyed.

Questions/Purposes

To use CT scans (1) to describe the morphologic features of 2718 thoracic pedicles from 60 female patients with Lenke Type 1 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and 60 age-, sex-, and height-matched controls; and (2) to classify the pedicles in three types based on pedicle width and analyze the distribution of each type.

Methods

A total of 2718 pedicles from 60 female patients with Lenke Type 1 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and 60 matched female controls were analyzed via CT. All patients surveyed were diagnosed with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, Lenke Type 1, at the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, and all underwent pedicle screw fixation between January 2008 and December 2013 with preoperative radiographs and CT images on file. We routinely obtained CT scans before these procedures; all patients who underwent surgery during that period had CT scans, and all were available for analysis here. Control subjects had CT scans for other clinical indications and had no abnormal findings of the spine. The control subjects were chosen to match patients in terms of age (15 ± 2.6 years versus 15 ± 2.6 years) and sex. Height of the two groups also was matched (154 ± 9 cm versus 155 ± 10 cm; mean difference, −1.06 cm; 95% CI, −1.24 to −0.81 cm; p < 0.001). Pedicle width and length were measured from T1 to T12. The thoracic spine was classified in four regions: apical vertebra in the structural curve (AV-SC), nonapical vertebra in the structural curve (NAV-SC), apical vertebra in the nonstructural curve (AV-NSC), and nonapical vertebra in the nonstructural curve (NAV-NSC). Pedicles were classified in three types: pedicle width less than 2 mm as Type I, 2 mm to 4 mm as Type II, and greater than 4 mm as Type III. Types I and II were defined as dysplastic pedicles. Paired t test, independent samples t test, one-way ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test and chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests were used for statistical comparisons between patients and controls, as appropriate.

Results

No difference was found between pedicle width on the convex side (PWv) and in controls (PWn), but pedicle width on the concave side (PWc) (4.99 ± 1.87 mm) was found to be narrower than PWv (6 ± 1.66 mm) and PWn (6 ± 1.45 mm). The variation degree of pedicle width (VDPW) was greatest in the AV-SC region (34% ± 37%), in comparison to AV-NSC (20% ± 25%) (mean difference, 14%; 95% CI, 1.15%–27%; p = 0.025), NAV-SC (17% ± 30%) (mean difference, 17%; 95% CI, 7%–27%; p < 0.001), and NAV-NSC (11% ± 24%) (mean difference, 24%; 95% CI, 13%–34%; p < 0.001). Dysplastic pedicles appeared more in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (22%; 293 of 1322) compared with controls (13%; 178 of 1396) (odds ratio [OR] = 0.51; 95% CI, 0.42–0.63; p < 0.001). In patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, they commonly occurred on the concave side 34% (228 of 661) and on the AV-SC region (32%; 43 of 136).

Conclusions

Pedicle width on the concave side was narrower than pedicle width on the convex side and pedicle width in healthy control subjects. The apical vertebra in the structural curve was the most variegated region of the curve with the highest prevalence of dysplastic pedicles.

Clinical Relevance

Our study can help surgeons perform preoperative assessments in females with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, and with preoperative and intraoperative management for difficult pedicle screw placement. In particular, our results suggest that surgeons should exercise increased vigilance when selecting pedicle screw dimensions, especially in the concave aspect of the mid-thoracic curve, to avoid cortical breeches. Future studies should evaluate other Lenke types of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, and males with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

     

Pedicle morphology in thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: is pedicle fixation an anatomically viable technique?

STUDY DESIGN: A radiographic study of thoracic pedicle anatomy in a group of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the anatomic constraints of the thoracic pedicles and determine whether the local anatomy would routinely allow pedicle screw insertion at every level. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: In spite of the clinical successes reported with limited thoracic pedicle screw-rod constructs for thoracic AIS, controversy exists as to the safety of this technique. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-nine patients with right thoracic AIS underwent preoperative thoracic CT scans and plain radiographs. Anatomic parameters were measured from T1 to T12. RESULTS: Information on 512 pedicles was obtained. The transverse width of the pedicles from T1 through T12 ranged from 4.6-8.25 mm. The medial pedicle to lateral rib wall transverse width from T1 through T2 ranged from 12.6 to 17.9 mm. Measured dimensions from the CT scans showed the actual pedicle width to be 1-2 mm larger than would have been predicted from the plain radiographs. Age, Risser grade, curve magnitude, and the amount of segmental axial rotation did not correlate with the morphology or size of the thoracic pedicles investigated. In no case would pedicle morphology have precluded the passage of a pedicle screw. CONCLUSION: Based on the data identified in this group of adolescent patients, it is reasonable to consider pedicle screw insertion at most levels and pedicle-rib fixation at all levels of the thoracic spine during the treatment of thoracic AIS.     

Relative anterior spinal overgrowth in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Results of disproportionate endochondral-membranous bone growth

We undertook a comparative study of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) vertebral morphometry of thoracic vertebrae of girls with adolescent idiopathic thoracic scoliosis (AIS) and age and gender-matched normal subjects, in order to investigate abnormal differential growth of the anterior and posterior elements of the thoracic vertebrae in patients with scoliosis. Previous studies have suggested that disproportionate growth of the anterior and posterior columns may contribute to the development of AIS. Whole spine MRI was undertaken on 83 girls with AIS between the age of 12 and 14 years, and Cobb's angles of between 20 degrees and 90 degrees, and 22 age-matched controls. Multiple measurements of each thoracic vertebra were obtained from the best sagittal and axial MRI cuts. Compared with the controls, the scoliotic spines had longer vertebral bodies between T1 and T12 in the anterior column and shorter pedicles with a larger interpedicular distance in the posterior column. The differential growth between the anterior and the posterior elements of each thoracic vertebra in the patients with AIS was significantly different from that in the controls (p < 0.01). There was also a significant positive correlation between the scoliosis severity score and the ratio of differential growth between the anterior and posterior columns for each thoracic vertebra (p < 0.01). Compared with age-matched controls, the longitudinal growth of the vertebral bodies in patients with AIS is disproportionate and faster and mainly occurs by endochondral ossification. In contrast, the circumferential growth by membranous ossification is slower in both the vertebral bodies and pedicles.     

应用KASS系统前路矫正治疗特发性脊柱侧凸

[目的]探讨应用KASS系统前路矫正治疗特发性脊柱侧凸的临床效果。[方法]应用KASS系统治疗总123例病例。根据King分型法可分为：胸椎侧凸47例（其中Ⅱ型13例，Ⅲ型18例，Ⅳ型16例），胸腰椎或腰椎侧凸76例。所有病例中均对主要侧凸部位行前路矫形手术，平均随访7年7个月（2年～13年6个月）。[结果]所有病例均获骨性融合，胸椎生理性后凸和腰椎生理性前凸基本正常。胸椎侧凸部位矫正率为68％，胸腰椎或腰椎侧凸矫正率为81％。胸椎最底椎水平倾斜改善率分别为78％和83％，顶椎旋转矫正率分别为59％和70％。无神经血管及内置物引发的并发症。[结论]KASS系统可提供强有力的三维矫正效果，且融合节段少。