消瘤颗粒中丹皮酚的提取及其β-环糊精包合物的制备研究

目的优选消瘤颗粒中丹皮酚的提取及包合的最佳工艺。方法用水蒸气蒸馏法提取丹皮酚，用β-环糊精饱和水溶液法包合丹皮酚，并用正交试验法进行工艺筛选。结果丹皮酚最佳提取工艺为采用牡丹皮粗粉，加入氯化钠10g，温浸1h，收集12倍蒸馏液；丹皮酚最佳包合工艺是，丹皮酚与β-环糊精的比例为1：12，包合时间为2．0h，包合温度为50℃。结论确定了丹皮酚的最佳提取工艺和包合工艺。     

正交试验法优选清脉颗粒中丹皮酚提取工艺

目的：优选清脉颗粒中丹皮酚的提取工艺。方法：采用正交试验法,以丹皮酚得率为指标。考察加水量、加氯化钠量和温浸（40℃）时间对转移率的影响。结果：最佳提取工艺为10倍加水量、10％氯化钠、温浸2h。结论：该提取工艺简便、快速、准确。     

徐长卿中丹皮酚水蒸气蒸馏法提取工艺研究

目的 研究徐长卿中丹皮酚水蒸气蒸馏法提取的最佳工艺条件。方法 以镏出液中丹皮酚含量为指标,采用正交设计将水蒸气蒸馏法工艺条件进行优化。结果与结论 徐长卿中丹皮酚水蒸气蒸馏法提取工艺的最佳技术条件为徐长卿饮片加15倍量水,加入药材量10％的氯化钠．浸泡8h。     

县级医院药师下临床如何开展临床药学服务

目的：对牡丹皮中丹皮酚的提取工艺进行研究，考察超声辅助水蒸气蒸馏提取的效果，改进提取工艺。方法：采用中国药典HPLC方法测定丹皮酚的含量，系统比较蒸馏水用量、乙醇加入量和超声时间等3个主要因素，计算馏出液中丹皮酚的提取结果。结果：确定水蒸气蒸馏提取牡丹皮中丹皮酚的工艺为药材加10倍量蒸馏水，超声20min后，蒸馏，收集至蒸馏液不再浑浊时为止。结论：本工艺采用超声对药材进行预处理，可以极大的提高丹皮酚的提取效率，操作简单、成本低、毒性小，可用于丹皮酚的大规模制备。     

丹皮酚对秀丽隐杆线虫毒性筛选研究

目的通过检测丹皮酚对线虫的急性毒性、运动行为、摄食行为和生殖能力指标的影响,为丹皮酚相关功能性保健品开发利用提供毒理学安全性评价数据。方法采用水蒸气蒸馏法工艺(15倍加水量,5%氯化钠,浸泡2 h,蒸馏提取2 h)从牡丹根皮中提取丹皮酚,以0、100和200 mg/L丹皮酚处理线虫24 h后检测线虫急性毒性,以0、25、50和100 mg/L丹皮酚处理线虫5、10和15 d后检测线虫运动行为(头部摆动和身体弯曲)、摄食行为及生殖能力毒效指标。结果水蒸气蒸馏法提取丹皮酚提取率达到80%以上。浓度为100及200 mg/L的丹皮酚处理线虫,均无急性毒性效应;线虫运动能力显著提高,差异有统计学意义(P0.01),100 mg/L丹皮酚效果最佳;线虫摄食行为和生殖能力无显著变化,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论丹皮酚对线虫无急性毒性效应,并能提高线虫的运动能力,不影响摄食和生殖能力。     

蒸馏法提取丹皮中丹皮酚的工艺研究

目的优选蒸馏法提取丹皮酚的最佳提取工艺。方法采用HPLC法测定丹皮酚蒸馏过程中每份蒸馏液中的丹皮酚含量和4℃时丹皮酚的溶解度(可测出蒸馏液在4℃时析出丹皮酚的最低浓度),从而得出蒸馏法提取丹皮酚的最佳加水量和蒸馏液最佳收集量。结果蒸馏法提取丹皮酚时的加水量以药材量的12.5倍量,收集11倍量的蒸馏液为最佳。结论优选出的工艺稳定可行。     

正交试验法丹皮酚蒸馏工艺探索

目的研究徐长卿中丹皮酚的蒸馏工艺。方法应用L9(34)正交试验法,考察加水量、氯化钠用量、浸泡时间三因素三水平,选L9(34),以丹皮酚为指标。结果以加10倍量水,不加氯化钠、浸泡1h蒸馏出的丹皮酚量最多。结论优选出的蒸馏工艺最佳。     

外加酚法制备牡丹皮饮片配方颗粒

目的研究牡丹皮饮片中丹皮酚的提取工艺和配方颗粒的制备工艺。方法分别采用直接煎煮提取法、回流提取法、水蒸汽蒸馏法提取法进行提取后，再过滤浓缩制备成配方颗粒。结果外加酚法采用将水蒸气蒸馏出的丹皮酚外加入浸膏中所制得配方颗粒中的丹皮酚含量最高。结论在今后研究中药提取制备工艺时，如果遇到药物中含有挥发性的有效成分，可考虑先用水蒸气蒸馏出，再外加入到浓缩的浸膏中，进而制成各种剂型应用于临床。     

徐长卿化学成份的提取分离与含量测定

本实验采用水蒸汽蒸馏法提取丹皮酚，反复重结晶后，经熔点测定，红外光谱分析确定为凡皮酚，选用紫外分光法测定丹皮酚的含量，另外，对徐长卿中其它化学成份也进行了探讨。     

消疣合剂提取工艺研究

目的：优选消疣合剂有效成分丹皮酚、挥发油、甘草酸、水溶性提取物的提取工艺。方法：针对处方中各药物有效成分的不同特性，时提取工艺分步进行考察。第1步，通过对丹皮中丹皮酚两种提取途径考察，优选出最佳方案；第2步，通过考察提油时间及收油率，筛选出野菊花水蒸气蒸馏法的最佳提取条件；第3步，将两药残渣与剩余药材合并，采用L9（3^4）正交试验法，以甘草酸含量和水溶性提取物为考核指标考察影响水提的因素。结果：丹皮酚最佳工艺为加碱酸中和醇提法、加入丹皮粉末6倍量的乙醇、在45℃的温度下提取2h；第2，3步提取备件重合，可合并至多功能提取罐内提取，即丹皮残渣与其余药材浸泡4h后每次加10倍量水，煎煮提取3次，每次1．5h。结论：优选的制备工艺有效成分含量高，工艺稳定可行。     

岗梅根中总皂苷的提取工艺研究

目的优选岗梅根中总皂苷的最佳提取工艺条件。方法采用正交设计L9（34）方法,以齐墩果酸为对照品,通过比色法测定总皂苷的含量,考察乙醇用量、乙醇体积分数和提取时间等因素对提取率的影响。结果水浴提取法的最佳工艺为16倍量40%的乙醇提取1 h,在此条件下,总皂苷的质量分数达到1.355%;超声提取法的最佳工艺为16倍量40%的乙醇提取40 min,在此条件下,总皂苷的质量分数达到1.706%。超声法优于水浴法。结论优选的最佳提取工艺条件,为开发岗梅根的有效部位提供一个科学、合理的理论依据。     

超声波加酶法提取玉米须黄酮的工艺研究

目的采用正交实验法优化玉米须黄酮的提取工艺条件。方法以加酶量、超声时间、酶解温度和pH值为考察因素,黄酮提取率为考察指标,进行4因素3水平设计,获得最佳提取工艺,并进行方差分析。结果主要影响因素依次为:加酶量、超声时间、pH值、酶解温度。超声加酶法提取玉米须黄酮的最佳提取条件为:加酶量0.030g、超声时间60min、酶解温度30℃、pH值为3,所得最佳黄酮提取率为1.26%。结论 3次平行验证实验得到实际平均提取率为1.26%,优选的工艺稳定可行。     

Cardiovascular changes following DOCA-NaCl or conditioning in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats

Two intracisternal injections of 200 μg 6-hydroxydopamine reduced brain catecholamine levels 90% and significantly lowered resting heart rate and blood pressure. In a classical aversive conditioning paradigm, 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats displayed little or no conditioned heart rate response in anticipation of shock, but a potentiated unconditioned response to shock itself. The alteration in heart rate responses may have been due in part to alterations in general activity. Although 6-hydroxydopamine treatment did not abolish the hypertension caused by DOCA/NaCl treatment following uninephrectomy, the increase in blood pressure was significantly less than the blood pressure increase in control rats receiving this treatment. The 6-hydroxydopamine treatment, however, concomitantly reduced the amount of NaCl consumed after DOCA. Since peripheral tyrosine hydroxylase activity and amine levels were not significantly altered by 6-hydroxydopamine treatment, the alterations in cardiovascular responses following 6-hydroxydopamine must result from its central actions. Although 6-hydroxydopamine administration markedly altered the cardiovascular responses to conditioned stimuli, shock, and DOCA/NaCl treatment, it is difficult to ascribe these alterations to ablation of central catecholamine fibers participating directly in cardiovascular control. The link between destruction of catecholamine fibers and changes in cardiovascular responses may be secondary to changes in activity or ingestive behavior.     

In vivo and in vitro characteristics for insulin-loaded PLA microparticles prepared by w/o/w solvent evaporation method with electrolytes in the continuous phase

Insulin-loaded poly(lactide) (PLA) microparticles were successfully prepared by 6% w/v PLA in the organic phase, 10% w/v PVP and varied types of 5%w/v electrolytes in the continuous phase, by using a water-in-oil-in-water emulsion/ solvent extraction technique. Addition of electrolytes such as NaCl, CaCl2 into the external phase significantly improved insulin entrapment efficiency compared to the case of no additives. NaCl was the most effective for obtaining high entrapment efficiency, with microparticle yield 81.2%, trapping efficiencies 49%, insulin-loading level 5.5% w/w and mean particle size 14.8 microm. The distribution (%) of insulin on the PLA microparticles surface, outer layer and core were 8, 37 and 43%, respectively. The cumulative release of insulin had an upper limit of approximately 24% of the insulin load at 24 days. A steady release rate was 0.5 microg insulin/mg microparticles/day of insulin release maintained for 24 days. Total protein-leaking amount was reduced after addition of electrolytes in the continuous aqueous phase. Rabbit glucose levels were evaluated after subcutaneous 20 mg insulin-loaded PLA microparticles or PLA blank microparticles. Study results show that the insulin-loaded PLA microparticles significantly reduced the glucose level than PLA blank microparticles. The insulin-loaded PLA microparticles, physicochemical characterization data and the animal result obtained in this study may be relevant in optimizing the PLA microparticle formulation incorporation and delivery insulin carriers.     

A study of the protective effect of chloride salts on cisplatin nephrotoxicity

In rats NaCl and NH4Cl (25 mmoles/kg, p.o.) were found to be equally effective at preventing nephrotoxicity when administered to rats 90 min before cisplatin (5 mg/kg i.p.) but (NH4)2SO4 did not protect. The severity of nephrotoxicity, taken as the maximum elevation in blood urea concentration, showed a high degree of correlation with urinary chloride concentration, but not with urinary pH or volume. Sodium chloride did not protect against nephrotoxicity when administered 3 or 24 hr after cisplatin. Sodium chloride showed protection against nephrotoxicity caused by cisplatin metabolites only at low doses of platinum. For animals pretreated with NaCl (25 mmoles/kg) or water p.o. the urinary excretion of total platinum, cisplatin and six of the seven metabolites separated by hplc was not significantly different between the two treatments during the 0-5-hr period post dosing. However, one metabolite, possibly a nephrotoxic hydrolysis product, was excreted in significantly smaller amounts in the urine of animals pretreated with NaCl (P less than 0.05). Furthermore, in all cisplatin treated animals the amount of this species excreted correlated with the severity of nephrotoxicity. Whilst this suggests that chloride ions may protect against the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin by inhibiting its rate of metabolism this metabolite accounts for only 2.5% of the platinum excreted. Furthermore, the data do not exclude the possibility that NaCl prevents cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by preventing renal ischaemia, which may normally follow cisplatin treatment, or that the renal uptake or transport of platinum may be inhibited by NaCl.     

浊点萃取法提取青蒿中青蒿素的工艺研究

目的优选浊点萃取法提取青蒿中青蒿素的最佳工艺。方法采用浊点萃取法提取青蒿素,并用紫外分光光度法测定含量。用正交试验法确定表面活性剂浓度、离子强度、液固比、平衡时间等因素对提取率的影响,优选最佳提取工艺。结果采用非离子表面活性剂聚氧乙烯脂肪醇醚(Genapol-X 80),浓度为15.0%,液固比为100∶1,NaCl浓度为2.0 mol/L,在60℃下萃取40 min,可达到最高的提取率。相对于传统工艺,浊点萃取法的提取率大大提高。结论该方法稳定易行,且操作简单、绿色环保、避免高温破坏、提取率高。     

In vivo and in vitro characteristics for insulin-loaded PLA microparticles prepared by w/o/w solvent evaporation method with electrolytes in the continuous phase

Insulin-loaded poly(lactide) (PLA) microparticles were successfully prepared by 6% w/v PLA in the organic phase, 10% w/v PVP and varied types of 5%w/v electrolytes in the continuous phase, by using a water-in-oil-in-water emulsion/solvent extraction technique. Addition of electrolytes such as NaCl, CaCl₂ into the external phase significantly improved insulin entrapment efficiency compared to the case of no additives. NaCl was the most effective for obtaining high entrapment efficiency, with microparticle yield 81.2%, trapping efficiencies 49%, insulin-loading level 5.5% w/w and mean particle size 14.8?µm. The distribution (%) of insulin on the PLA microparticles surface, outer layer and core were 8, 37 and 43%, respectively. The cumulative release of insulin had an upper limit of ～24% of the insulin load at 24 days. A steady release rate was 0.5?µg insulin/mg microparticles/day of insulin release maintained for 24 days. Total protein-leaking amount was reduced after addition of electrolytes in the continuous aqueous phase. Rabbit glucose levels were evaluated after subcutaneous 20?mg insulin-loaded PLA microparticles or PLA blank microparticles. Study results show that the insulin-loaded PLA microparticles significantly reduced the glucose level than PLA blank microparticles. The insulin-loaded PLA microparticles, physicochemical characterization data and the animal result obtained in this study may be relevant in optimizing the PLA microparticle formulation incorporation and delivery insulin carriers.     

大蒜蒜酶提取纯化及临床应用研究

目的:研究从鲜蒜中分离纯化蒜酶的方法和临床常用剂对酶活性的影响,为今后工艺的进一步放大、优化和合理临床应用提供必要理论参数。方法:以天然蒜氨酸作底物,采用丙酮酸法测定酶浓度;以牛血清白蛋白为标准,采用考马斯亮兰G-250法测定蛋白质浓度。结果:从鲜蒜中提取纯化蒜酶,其粗酶浸提液的最佳组成为Na2HPO4-KH2PO4缓冲溶液;硫酸铵沉淀酶蛋白的最适饱和度范围为0%~35%;选用超滤技术脱盐;蒜酶最佳调节等电点为4.9。在临床常用溶剂中,含氯化钠的注射液(不含葡萄糖)对蒜酶活力有显著的激活作用,而含葡萄糖的注射液则较强地抑制了蒜酶活力;75%和95%乙醇具有强烈的杀酶作用。结论:本研究为今后工艺的进一步放大与优化和蒜酶合理临床应用提供了指导。     

正交试验法优选化癥止痛巴布剂乙醇提取工 艺简

目的 优选临床中药验方化癓止痛巴布剂的乙醇提取最佳工艺.方法 采用Lg（34）正交试验法,以丹皮酚的含量和浸膏得率为考察指标,考察乙醇浓度、乙醇用量、回流时间和提取次数对提取率的影响.结果 最佳提取工艺为加10倍量的70％乙醇回流提取2次,每次1h.结论 该提取工艺所得丹皮酚和浸膏得率均较高,经验证,稳定、合理可行,适合工业生产.     

正交试验法优选益气膏提取工艺研究

目的优化益气膏最佳提取工艺。方法采用正交试验法,以得膏率和芍药苷的含量为考核指标。对提取时间、提取次数、加水量等因素进行研究。结果最佳提取工艺为加10倍量水,提取3次,每次2h。结论该提取工艺合理。为工业化生产提供了科学依据。