乳腺电阻抗扫描的频率特性初步分析

利用电阻抗扫描技术,对正常人体乳腺进行多个激励频率的测量,用于研究在其他条件相同的情况下,频率改变对测量所得的复电导的影响.获得了同一个体以及不同个体的正常乳腺的电阻抗扫描数据的频率特性曲线,分析了其一般特征,并对比了个体之间的差异情况.同时,还获得了乳头组织的频率特性曲线,并与其周围正常组织对比,揭示了这两种不同性质组织的频率特性具有显著区别.     

连体乳腺正常与病变组织微观结构变化的AR倒谱分析

乳腺组织微观结构的准周期性可以利用散射体平均间距来描述,本文利用ＡＲ倒谱方法对连体正常与病变乳腺组织的散射体平均间距进行了估计,得到了正常乳腺组织的散射体平均间距约为１２５±０２１ｍｍ,各类病变组织的平均间距较正常组织有明显的特异性,所得结果与乳腺组织的微观结构特征相符     

基于乳腺电阻抗特征参数的成像方法

研究多频电阻抗扫描测量数据的分析方法,以提高识别乳腺恶性肿瘤的效果。从由最小二乘法拟合的cole模型圆弧中提取多个可以表征其特征的参数,使用典型相关分析选出合适的参数,并提取正常组织的参数作为参考,再将病例的参数分布与参考参数的分布作多元分析,获取衡量组织异常程度的指标用于成像。结果表明：典型相关分析去除了一些误差较大的参数,通过对三种多元分析方法结果的比较,选择了相关系数法以衡量乳腺的异常程度。该方法综合考虑多个特征参数的识别作用,且能易于成像,有助于辅助诊断乳腺恶性疾病。     

乳腺良性和恶性病变的计算机辅助数字图像分析

本文以细胞核六项参数为指标，对正常乳腺和乳腺良性和恶性病变进行模式识别分析，结果证明细胞核形态参数的模式识别分析为乳腺疾病的鉴别诊断提供了简便而准确的手段     

人乳腺病变组织乳腺癌耐药蛋白及细胞角蛋白8和嗜铬蛋白A的表达 可能与多向分化潜能干细胞相关?

背景:多数学者认为正常乳腺组织中无神经内分泌细胞,乳腺病变后出现神经内分泌细胞是乳腺上皮干细胞分化过程中受局部微环境和激素水平影响所发生的突变、异常分化结果。目的:通过检测人乳腺病变组织中乳腺癌耐药蛋白、细胞角蛋白8及嗜铬蛋白A的表达,从干细胞多向分化的角度探讨人乳腺病变中出现神经内分泌细胞的可能机制。方法:用乳腺癌耐药蛋白作为SP干细胞标记物,用细胞角蛋白8作为腺上皮分化标记物,用嗜铬蛋白A作为神经内分泌分化指标标记物,采用免疫组化方法分别检测这3种蛋白在89例人乳腺组织中的表达情况,并分析3者间的相关性。结果与结论:乳腺癌耐药蛋白与细胞角蛋白8在正常乳腺组织、乳腺增生组织、乳腺病变组织中均有表达,乳腺癌耐药蛋白在病变组织中的表达呈上升趋势,细胞角蛋白8的表达则随乳腺组织异常分化程度的降低呈逐渐减少,嗜铬蛋白A只在乳腺病变组织中有表达。在正常乳腺组织、乳腺增生组织和乳腺病变组织中,乳腺癌耐药蛋白与嗜铬蛋白A的阳性表达呈显著相关(P0.01),与细胞角蛋白8的阳性表达无明显相关(P=0.069)。上述结果表明正常及增生乳腺组织中未发现神经内分泌细胞,乳腺病变组织中发现神经内分泌细胞,其机制可能与多向分化潜能干细胞的分化有关。     

双波长光耦合功能成像乳腺诊断系统

双波长光耦合功能成像乳腺诊断技术是一种基于两种特征脉冲波的生物医学光子功能成像的新技术。提出这种具有完全自主知识产权的“双波长光耦合功能成像乳腺诊断系统”,是基于人体乳腺癌变组织中含氧血红蛋白和去氧血红蛋白在两种波长分别为760和850 nm的近红外光上具有相反的吸收特性的原理,且诊断过程对人体零损伤,因此具有无辐射、经济、方便的优点。在设计中,依照脉冲光较连续光透过生物组织可以获取更多有效信息的新思路,结合对透射光电信号的功率谱和互相关功能图的分析方法,能从频谱中不稳定的突变信号定性检测出组织癌变后的血氧浓度变化。同时,借助相关性函数和系数的值,判定出两种波长(760/850 nm)透射信号的波形周期等参数的相似程度。经武汉大学人民医院对547例患者所做的临床诊断,分析结果如下:正常乳腺组织的功率谱曲线的单一性比较好,曲线较平稳;良性病变功率谱曲线波动大,且很不平稳;而恶性病变更加严重。正常乳腺组织在两种波长的近红外光照射下,相关系数在0.9左右;良性病变组织在两种波长照射下吸收特性差异大,相关系数普遍低于0.8,相关性较弱;恶性病变组织相关性低于0.5,趋近于零,相关性小。该结果能有力地支撑理论,表明该系统可以对乳腺疾病做初步诊断。     

CT灌注成像在乳腺癌及乳腺炎诊断中的应用

目的探讨CT灌注检查在乳腺癌和急、慢性乳腺炎症诊断中的应用价值。方法对术后病理证实为浸润型乳腺癌(18例)、急性乳腺炎症(11例)、慢性乳腺炎(8例)的CT灌注检查资料,采用GEAW4.1工作站perfusion3体部肿瘤灌注软件行图像后处理,得出各组病变的灌注参数,采用配对样本t检验与对侧正常乳腺组织的灌注参数进行比较,同时采用独立样本t检验对各组病变的灌注参数进行对照分析,以P<0.05作为差异具有统计学意义。结果乳腺癌及急性乳腺炎症的表面通透性(PS)、血容量(BV)、血流量(BF)均高于对侧正常乳腺组织(P<0.05)。急性乳腺炎症的PS、BV高于乳腺癌,而BF低于乳腺癌(P<0.05)。慢性乳腺炎的PS、BV、BF均低于乳腺癌(P<0.05),慢性乳腺炎的PS低于对侧正常乳腺组织(P>0.05)。结论 CT灌注检查可以反映乳腺病变的血流灌注特性,是诊断乳腺病变的可行的辅助检查方法,为诊断及鉴别诊断提供重要的影像学依据。     

乳腺良恶性病变组织端粒长度和端粒酶活性检测

目的　比较乳腺良恶性病变端粒长度改变及其在肿瘤发生发展中的意义 ;探讨端粒酶活性与临床病理参数的关系及其在乳腺癌诊断中的价值。方法　Southern印迹杂交检测TRF长度 ,端粒重复扩增分析 (TRAP)方法检测端粒酶活性。结果　乳腺癌组织平均TRF为 (5 2± 2 8)kb ,与正常组织比较明显缩短 (P <0 0 0 1) ,从正常乳腺组织到乳腺良性病变、乳腺原位癌及浸润性癌平均TRF呈递减趋势。 5 8例乳腺癌中 4 9例端粒酶阳性 (84 7% ) ,端粒酶活性与临床病理参数无相关性 ;癌旁组织端粒酶为阴性 ,而 7例乳腺增生症和 6例乳腺纤维腺瘤中分别有 1例端粒酶阳性 ,与乳腺癌比其差异有显著性 (P <0 0 0 1)。结论　端粒长度在肿瘤发生发展过程中渐进性缩短 ,并最终触发端粒酶的激活 ;端粒酶活性检测有望成为乳腺癌诊断的可靠标记物     

组织蛋白酶D在乳腺癌,恶性病变中的表达及意义

目的：探讨组织蛋白酶Ｄ在乳腺良,恶性病变中的表达及意义。方法：用ＡＢＣ法研究９３例乳腺癌,３１例乳腺良性病变及６例正常乳腺组织Ｃａｔｈ－Ｄ的表达,结果：乳腺癌中４３例（４６．２４％）细胞浆染色阳性,而全部良性病变及正常乳腺组织均阴性,Ｃａｔｈ－Ｄ表达阳性的乳腺癌其肿瘤体积及淋巴结转移率均高于Ｃａｔｈ－Ｄ表达阴性者,结论：Ｃａｔｈ－Ｄ可以作为反映乳腺癌细胞增殖状态的细胞生物学因子,共过度表达提示乳腺     

乳腺导管内增生性病变及浸润性癌中树突状细胞的检测

目的　检测乳腺导管内增生性病变和微小浸润性癌及浸润性导管癌中树突状细胞(dendriticcells,DC)和T细胞的 分布状况和浸润密度,探讨乳腺癌发生、发展中机体免疫状态的变化规律。方法　应用免疫组化S P法和两步法对16例正常 副乳腺、58例导管内增生性病变、4例微浸润导管癌及67例浸润性导管癌乳腺标本进行S 100蛋白+DC、HLA DR+DC、CD1a +DC(DC三参数)及CD45RO+T细胞的浸润密度检测。结果　浸润癌中DC三参数浸润密度均高于其它病变组织(P< 0.05)。导管原位癌、微浸润癌及浸润癌组织中CD45RO+T细胞浸润密度均高于其它病变组织(P<0.05)。DC三参数间及 其与CD45RO+T细胞间均呈正相关(P<0.001)。结论　DC浸润密度随增生性病变加重而逐渐增高,发展为浸润癌时则明 显增高。     

Dielectric properties of female human breast tissue measured in vitro at 3.2 GHz.

Complex permittivities of in vitro diseased and undiseased human female breast tissues have been measured at 3.2 GHz using a resonant cavity technique. Ranges of dielectric properties and water contents of these tissues are presented. Experimental data are compared with models predicted from mixture equations. Measured permittivity data lie within limits set by two-phase mixture theory, but some conductivity data are in excess of those expected for a mixture of saline and protein. At any particular microwave frequency in all tissue of a given type, the relationship between permittivity and conductivity may be parametrized using the Debye relaxation equations. For each breast tissue type a characteristic relaxation frequency was calculated and found to be lower than that of physiological saline at the same temperature. It is concluded that the dielectric relaxation of tissue water is not the only dispersive process occurring at this frequency: dielectric relaxation of bound water and the tail end of a beta-dispersion may also contribute to the dielectric properties. The similarity of the dielectric properties of benign and malignant breast tumours measured in this work suggest that in vivo dielectric imaging methods will not be capable of distinguishing them.     

空间频域成像在皮肤病定量评估中的研究

利用空间频域成像技术搭建的成像系统检测多种皮肤病组织的光学参数和生理参数信息，并对比分析讨论不同类型的皮肤病与光学参数、生理参数之间的关系。实验结果表明，病变皮肤组织与正常皮肤组织之间在光学参数、生理参数上存在较大差异，这将为临床医生对皮肤病诊治提供一种新颖、可靠、科学的评估方法。     

A large-scale study of the ultrawideband microwave dielectric properties of normal, benign and malignant breast tissues obtained from cancer surgeries

The development of microwave breast cancer detection and treatment techniques has been driven by reports of substantial contrast in the dielectric properties of malignant and normal breast tissues. However, definitive knowledge of the dielectric properties of normal and diseased breast tissues at microwave frequencies has been limited by gaps and discrepancies across previously published studies. To address these issues, we conducted a large-scale study to experimentally determine the ultrawideband microwave dielectric properties of a variety of normal, malignant and benign breast tissues, measured from 0.5 to 20 GHz using a precision open-ended coaxial probe. Previously, we reported the dielectric properties of normal breast tissue samples obtained from reduction surgeries. Here, we report the dielectric properties of normal (adipose, glandular and fibroconnective), malignant (invasive and non-invasive ductal and lobular carcinomas) and benign (fibroadenomas and cysts) breast tissue samples obtained from cancer surgeries. We fit a one-pole Cole-Cole model to the complex permittivity data set of each characterized sample. Our analyses show that the contrast in the microwave-frequency dielectric properties between malignant and normal adipose-dominated tissues in the breast is considerable, as large as 10:1, while the contrast in the microwave-frequency dielectric properties between malignant and normal glandular/fibroconnective tissues in the breast is no more than about 10%.     

Evaluation of x-ray diffraction enhanced imaging in the diagnosis of breast cancer

The significance of the x-ray diffraction enhanced imaging (DEI) technique in the diagnosis of breast cancer and its feasibility in clinical medical imaging are evaluated. Different massive specimens including normal breast tissues, benign breast tumour tissues and malignant breast tumour tissues are imaged with the DEI method. The images are recorded respectively by CCD or x-ray film at different positions of the rocking curve and processed with a pixel-by-pixel algorithm. The characteristics of the DEI images about the normal and diseased tissues are compared. The rocking curves of a double-crystal diffractometer with various tissues are also studied. The differences in DEI images and their rocking curves are evaluated for early diagnosis of breast cancers.     

Design, fabrication, and characterization of a tissue-equivalent phantom for optical elastography

We suitably adapt the design of a tissue-equivalent phantom used for photoacoustic imaging to construct phantoms for optical elastography. The elastography phantom we consider should have optical properties such as scattering coefficient, scattering anisotropy factor, and refractive index; mechanical properties such as storage and loss modulus; and acoustic properties such as ultrasound velocity, attenuation coefficient, and acoustic impedance to match healthy and diseased tissues. The phantom is made of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and its mechanical, optical, and acoustic properties are tailored by physical cross-linking effected through subjecting a suitable mix of PVA stock and water to a number of freeze-thaw cycles and by varying the degree of hydrolysis in the PVA stock. The optical, mechanical, and acoustic properties of the samples prepared are measured by employing different techniques. The measured variations in the values of optical scattering coefficient, scattering anisotropy factor, and refractive index and storage modulus are found to be comparable to those in normal and diseased breast tissues. The acoustic properties such as sound speed, acoustic attenuation coefficient, and density are found to be close to the average values reported in the literature for normal breast tissue.     

Investigation of Somatic NKX2-5 Mutations in Chinese Children with Congenital Heart Disease

The purposes of this study are to investigate somatic NKX2-5 mutations in Chinese children with congenital heart disease (CHD) and assess the reliability of somatic mutation detection in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. The study cohort included frozen and FFPE cardiac tissues as well as blood samples from 85 Chinese children with CHD who had the cardiac operations. The right atrial appendage far from the diseased heart was used as normal control. Genomic DNA was isolated from cardiac tissues and blood samples using TIANamp Blood DNA kit. Two exons and exon-intron boundaries of NKX2-5 were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced by dideoxynucleotide chain termination approach. The acquired sequences were aligned with GenBank sequences to identify the sequence variations. No somatic mutation in the NKX2-5 gene was observed in both frozen and FFPE cardiac tissues in 85 Chinese children with CHD. Nonetheless, a common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), c.63 A > G (E21E), was identified in all the three kinds of DNA samples with the same allele frequency 82.3%. Moreover, another common SNP c.606 G > C (L202L) was found in 2.3% of our patients. There were no significant differences in the allele frequencies of two SNPs between the cardiac diseased tissues and right atrial appendage (P > 0.05). PCR artefact as mutations was not found in the FFPE tissues stored for one year. Our findings demonstrate that somatic NKX2-5 mutations do not represent an important aetiologic pathway in Chinese children with congenital heart disease.     

Development of an antibody proteomics system using a phage antibody library for efficient screening of biomarker proteins

Proteomics-based analysis is currently the most promising approach for identifying biomarker proteins for use in drug development. However, many candidate biomarker proteins that are over- or under-expressed in diseased tissues are found by such a procedure. Thus, establishment of an efficient method for screening and validating the more valuable targets is urgently required. Here, we describe the development of an "antibody proteomics system" that facilitates the screening of biomarker proteins from many candidates by rapid preparation of cross-reacting antibodies using phage antibody library technology. Using two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis analysis, 16 over-expressed proteins from breast cancer cells were identified. Specifically, proteins were recovered from the gel pieces and a portion of each sample was used for mass spectrometry analysis. The remainder was immobilized onto a nitrocellulose membrane for antibody-expressing phage enrichment and selection. Using this procedure, antibody-expressing phages against each protein were successfully isolated within two weeks. The expression profiles of the identified proteins were then acquired by immunostaining of breast tumor tissue microarrays with the antibody-expressing phages. Using this approach, expression of Eph receptor A10, TRAIL-R2 and Cytokeratin 8 in breast tumor tissues were successfully validated. These results demonstrate the antibody proteomics system is an efficient method for screening tumor-related biomarker proteins.     

应用基因芯片分析妇科恶性肿瘤的基因表达

目的应用基因微矩阵芯片研究妇科恶性肿瘤相关基因表达.方法分别提取癌组织和正常对照组织mRNA,经反转录分别用Cy3-dCTP和Cy5-dCTP荧光标记cDNA,获得两组探针,混合后与基因芯片H40s(基因点数为4096点)杂交,经严格洗片后用GenePix4000B扫描仪进行扫描,获得荧光信号图像,用图像处理软件:GenePix Pro3.0对图像进行处理,获得两种组织中差异表达的基因信息.结果在4种癌组织中同时出现表达差异的基因有35条,占0.85%.其中4种癌组织中都下调表达的基因6条,没有均上调表达的基因,在前3种癌组织中都上调表达而在乳腺癌中却下调表达的基因12条,在前3种癌组织中都下调表达而在乳腺癌中却上调表达的基因12条,其它5条.结论 1.肿瘤的发生过程比我们已了解的要复杂的多,它是多种基因表达失衡的结果.每种肿瘤的每个患病个体其肿瘤的发生和发展都具有自己一系列独特的基因表达谱,即使是同一肿瘤的不同个体之间,基因表达谱可能差异也很大.2.子宫颈癌、乳腺癌、卵巢癌和子宫内膜癌这四种癌组织中具有相同表达行为的基因只有6个,它们是:AB023136(编码人类蛋白 KIAA0919)、AF080158(丝氨酸、苏氨酸K激酶基因)、S79522(蛋白质合成延长因子EF-1基因)、NM_000984(核糖体蛋白基因)、M32110(细胞增殖核抗原蛋白P120基因)、NM_000978(核糖体蛋白RPL23)基因,并且均下调表达.3. 子宫颈癌、子宫内膜癌和卵巢癌基因表达谱的一致性较高,而与乳腺癌基因表达谱的差异很大,说明3种内生殖器肿瘤发生的机理与乳腺癌的发病机理可能完全不同,有12个基因在子宫颈癌、子宫内膜癌和卵巢癌中上调表达而在乳腺癌中下调表达;同时另外12个基因在子宫颈癌、子宫内膜癌和卵巢癌中下调表达而在乳腺癌中上调表达.4.基因芯片是筛查妇科恶性肿瘤相关基因表达的有力工具.     

提升小波和平滑滤波在心电信号快速滤波中的研究

利用提升小波将原始心电信号(ECG)按频率特性分解为低频的逼近信号和高频的细节信号,舍弃前几层细节信号,采用自适应平滑滤波器选择合适的阈值对逼近信号进行滤波,从而避免平滑滤波对QRS波的损伤,再用提升小波逆变换重建保留的逼近信号,进而实现对心电信号中三种主要噪声的抑制.实验表明该方法计算量小,实时性强.