内蒙古10年巩固灭鼠达标工作回顾

开展创建大面积基本无鼠害城镇的活动，是我区灭鼠工作的一项改革和创造。10年来巩固灭鼠工作受到了各级政府的重视与支持，广大人民群众拥护和积极参与，取得了十分显著的成就。为了进一步总结10年来的巩固灭鼠成果工作，自治区爱卫会抽调有关业务人员，组成自治区巩固灭鼠达标考核验收专家组，分东、中、西3个小组，历时1个月实地考核。东起呼盟满洲里市，西至阿拉善盟巴彦浩特镇，对全区12个盟市100个旗县（市、区）进行了全面检查。共抽查房IulZ．7万多间，布粉5万多块，有鼠房间率仅占抽查房间总数的0．49％，平均鼠害密度0．32％。抽…     

大型综合性医院灭鼠方法探讨

目的：探讨适合大型综合性医院防制鼠害有效的措施。方法：用观察法和粉迹法摸清鼠类在医院栖息的最佳场所,根据不同场所鼠密度的高低及投药后鼠药被破坏的难易程度,采取不同的投药方法、投药次数及环境治理综合防制措施。结果：灭鼠后３周灭鼠率达９３．２０％,自灭后４～２６个月内灭鼠率一直保持在９７％～１００％。结论：药物灭鼠与环境治理相结合是最有效的防制方法,采取重点场所灭鼠法可取得事半功倍之效。     

浙江省创建灭鼠先进城区考核结果与分析

我省创建灭鼠先进城区工作，在创建卫生城市活动［１］的带动下，１９９０～１９９６年在８个省辖市广泛深入地开展。为综合评价控制鼠害的效果，组织专家组进行了考核鉴定。现将考核结果分析如下：１考核方法与标准１．１粉迹法按常规进行，阳性率低于５％。１．２直观法...     

巩固灭鼠先进城区期间鼠情监测研究

目的 掌握鼠类密度季节消长，为灭鼠先进城区巩固工作提供科学依据。方法 设立48个有代表性的监测点，分别采用粉迹法、夹日法和盗食法。结果 台州城区以褐家鼠为优势鼠种，1999～2004年月平均鼠密度粉迹法为1．00％～2．33％．夹日法为0．13％～0．85％，盗食法为0．28％～1．33％；出现2～3月和9～10月两个密度高峰，重点单位鼠密度显著高于居民区、一般单位和窗口单位。结论 春、秋两季是突击灭鼠的最佳时机，做好重点单位的灭鼠、防鼠是巩固灭鼠先进城区的重点。     

上海市拆迁地区灭鼠质量及防制对策研究

目的：了解拆迁地区灭鼠情况，探讨防制对策。方法：采用回顾性调查法，了解灭鼠状况；采用夹日法和鼠征法，调查鼠密度，进行鼠种分析。结果：市区51个拆迁片．仅66．67％落实了灭鼠，且91．18％灭鼠时间实施于拆迁后3个月以上，使鼠类扩散至周围。51个拆迁片所属街道均知晓动迁，但39．22％因费用缺乏而未考虑灭鼠，有37个拆迁方从接受动迁起从未考虑灭鼠，有52．38％不予配合。结论：动迁前2周实施工地灭鼠．周围鼠密度得到有效抑制；若动迁前2周、拆完、尚未开工（未清理）状态实施3次灭鼠，可使拆迁地区及周围密度得到完全控制。     

创建灭鼠先进城区考核结果分析

目的：考核创建灭鼠先进城区工作效果。方法：粉块法、鼠迹法、鼠夹法等。结果：现场考核６县（市）鼠密度,粉块法０．８２％～２．４９％,鼠迹法０．８４％～１．７３％,鼠夹法０．１７％～０．９９％;不同生境鼠密度以重点单位最高;城区ＨＦＲＳ发病率达标后２年比前２年平均下降３３．７５％。结论：６县（市）均达到“灭鼠先进城区”标准。     

铁路车站和旅客列车鼠害防制对策研究

目的探索适合铁路车站和旅客列车鼠害防制的有效措施。方法用夹日法对车站定期进行监测，以进行鼠种分析；旅客列车上以粘鼠板粘捕的鼠类进行鼠种分析。鼠密度调查采用粉迹法。结果新乡车站和旅客列车的鼠种构成均以褐家鼠为主，分别占49．30％和53．45％。采取综合防制措施后，车站的鼠密度由防制前的35．58％降至防制后的5．82％，二者差异有统计学意义（X^2=55．665，P〈0．005）。旅客列车的鼠密度由防制前的31．78％降至防制后的3．83％，二者差异亦有统计学意义（X^2=62．773，P〈0．005）。结论新乡铁路车站和旅客列车鼠害的防制应以优势种褐家鼠为主要防制对象，采取药物灭鼠与环境治理相结合方法，协同、全面地灭鼠。     

中国创建无鼠害口岸回顾与展望

[目的] 为防制国境口岸因鼠害所造成的经济损失与对口岸人民带来的健康危害，我国已有19个口岸将鼠密度降低到不足为害水平。[方法] 根据国境口岸鼠类生物学特征采取综合防制手段，即以改造环境与生态灭鼠为主导，并应用物理的、化学的方法以及各种科学防制手段，选经过试点再逐步推广到全面。[结果] 经过两部一委组织专家考核鉴定19个口岸室内外夹日法鼠密度在1．0％以下，粉迹法不超过2．0％，鼠迹监测法不超过3处。[结论] 被国家授予无鼠害口岸荣誉称号。     

生态学方法在控制城镇居民区家鼠中的作用

目的：继天门城镇居民区采用生态学方法防制家鼠试验后,又在潜江按同一方法进行试验,探讨该方法在家鼠防制中的作用及可行性。方法：比较以生态学方法为主的综合防制与单一药物防制家鼠的效果。结果：试验区鼠密度从１９９７年６月起一直维持在国家标准３％以下,两年间鼠密度在１％以下的有１４个月;药物区每年组织两次灭鼠,鼠密度呈高低波动,两年中仅有８个月在３％以下;空白区两年间有２个月高出试验前鼠密度（７．２５％）     

镇海石油化工总厂灭蟑螂达标工作通过验收

由宁波市爱卫办和市卫生防疫站组成考核验收组,于1993年7月20～21日,对地处东海之滨的特大型企业——中国石化总公司镇海石油化工总厂的灭蟑螂达标工作进行了现场考核验收。考核组按照全国爱卫办(1988)177号文件规定的考核标准和办法,对该厂居民住户、职工食堂、招待所、综合商店和生产区的办公楼房进行了随机抽查,共抽查房屋191间,其中居民住户46户     

Salmonellas in pigs and animal feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark

A comparison has been made between the incidence of salmonellas in pigs and feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark. In Denmark there is veterinary legislation requiring the sterilization of imported and home produced feed ingredients of animal origin. There is no such legislation in England and Wales. In Denmark 0·3% of resterilized imported meat and bone meal was contaminated with salmonellas. This compared with 23% of meat and bone meal in England and Wales and 20-27% of other ingredients of animal origin. In England and Wales salmonellas were isolated from 7% of caecal samples and 6% of lymph node samples, while in Denmark they were isolated from 3% of caecal samples and 4% of lymph node samples. In England and Wales 25 serotypes were found in both pigs and feeds and these included nearly all the most prevalent human pathogens. In Denmark four of the six serotypes in pigs had been found in resterilized feed. One notable difference between the two studies was the very wide range of serotypes found in pigs in England and Wales and the narrow range in Denmark. A second was that Salmonella typhimurium formed 15% of all Salmonella strains isolated from pigs in England and Wales, and 60% of those in Denmark.     

Lunasin is prevalent in barley and is bioavailable and bioactive in in vivo and in vitro studies

Lunasin, a unique 43-amino acid peptide found in a number of seeds, has been shown to be chemopreventive in mammalian cells and in a skin cancer mouse model. To elucidate the role of cereals in cancer prevention, we report here the prevalence, bioavailability, and bioactivity of lunasin from barley. Lunasin is present in all cultivars of barley analyzed. The liver and kidney of rats fed with lunasin-enriched barley (LEB) show the presence of lunasin in Western blot. Lunasin extracted from the kidney and liver inhibits the activities of HATs (histone acetyl transferases), yGCN5 by 20% and 18% at 100 nM, and PCAF activity by 25% and 24% at 100 nM, confirming that the peptide is intact and bioactive. Purified barley lunasin localizes in the nuclei of NIH 3T3 cells. Barley lunasin added to NIH 3T3 cells in the presence of the chemical carcinogen MCA activates the expression of tumor suppressors p21 and p15 by 45% and 47%, decreases cyclin D1 by 98%, and inhibits Rb hyperphosphorylation by 45% compared with the MCA treatment alone. We conclude that lunasin is prevalent in barley, bioavailable, and bioactive and that consumption of barley could play an important role of cancer prevention in barley-consuming populations.     

Lead and cadmium in soil and Isopoda woodlice in Croatia

The aim of the study was to determine lead and cadmium concentrations in Isopoda woodlice and soil and to estimate their relation in the environment and the possibility of the use of isopods as biological indicators of pollution. Samples of isopods and soil were collected at two locations in Northern Croatia and analyzed for lead and cadmium. One location was in the forest, and another in the meadow near the road. Isopods were dry- ashed and soil was extracted with nitric acid. Elements were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Results revealed that the two locations were significantly different in lead and cadmium in extracted soil and isopods. Lead concentration in extracted soil was 34.6 mg/kg dry weight in the forest and 43.3 mg/kg dry weight in the meadow near the road. Respective cadmium values were 0.147 and 0.180 mg/kg. Lead concentrations in isopods were 2.40 and 4.22 mg/kg dry weights, and cadmium 0.757 and 0.411 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. Correlation of lead or cadmium between isopods and soil irrespective of location gave significant and linear relations for both elements.     

环孢素A及其在产科和生殖领域应用的研究

环孢素A(Cyclosporin A,CsA)是一种大环内酯类免疫抑制剂,广泛应用于器官移植后排斥反应和自身免疫性疾病的防治.近年对CsA在产科和生殖领域的应用展开了一系列研究,CsA不仅能从多方面诱导母胎免疫耐受,还能促进滋养细胞增殖、抑制凋亡,增强其运动、迁移和侵袭能力,从而对妊娠起到双重调节作用,有望成为原因不明...     

Prevalence and Trends in Overweight in Mexican-American Adults and Children

Overweight and obesity have been increasing in many countries. Our objective is to describe the trends in overweight and obesity occurring in the Mexican-American population in the United States. Data on measured height and weight for Mexican Americans come from the following surveys: the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES, 1982–84), the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–94), and NHANES 1999–2002. In 1999–2002, 73% of Mexican-American adults were overweight and 33% were obese. Obesity increased between NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2002, from 24% to 27% for men and from 35% to 38% for women. Increases were also seen for children and adolescents. The Mexican-American population in the United States, both children and adults, is showing trends in overweight and obesity over time that are similar to those seen in other segments of the U.S. population and indeed in many countries     

Management of pregnancy and childbirth in England and Wales and in France

This paper reviews national data on obstetric and neonatal practices in England and Wales, and in France between 1970 and 1980. The data have been derived from national statistics and surveys on national samples of births in 1970, 1975 and 1980 in England and Wales, and 1972, 1976 and 1981 in France. The analysis shows that there was no major difference in pregnancy outcome, but wide variations in medical practices, and their trend over time. The main differences were: in England and Wales a higher number of antenatal visits, a higher percentage of inpatient admissions during pregnancy, a higher rate of induction, more episiotomies, a higher rate of resuscitation at birth, and admission to neonatal special care units; in France, a higher rate of caesarean sections before and during labour, some evidence of a more active management of labour, and a longer hospital post-natal stay. These differences in practice reflect differences in objectives and assessment of the effectiveness of care between the two countries: they point out the need for better monitoring and evaluation of obstetric and neonatal practices.     

Research and teaching in social and preventive medicine and in public health

Summary Both public health and social and preventive medicine are characterised by the common goal of promoting, maintaining and improving health and preventing disease, and both are concerned with a population-related, preventive and environmental perspective. But whereas public health is interdisciplinary and goes far beyond the medical focus, social and preventive medicine is medically based and forms a bridge between public health and medical practice. Research in a department of social and preventive medicine serves to support preventive and medico-social activities in medical practice as well as in public health. This is illustrated by results from research conducted at the author's department during the last twenty years. Examples are research in support of smoking cessation activities, and research used for the planning of care for the elderly. Both the research and the teaching activities of the department take into account the population focus of public health as well as the focus on individual medicine in clinical practice.

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Forschung und Lehre in Sozial-und Präventivmedizin und öffentlicher Gesundheit

Zusammenfassung Sowohl das Gebiet der öffentlichen Gesundheit als auch dasjenige der Sozial-und Präventivmedizin sind durch das Ziel der Förderung, Erhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit sowie der Krankheitsvorbeugung gekennzeichnet, und beide beschäftigen sich mit einer bevölkerungsbezogenen, präventiven und umweltbezogenen Perspektive. Aber während die öffentliche Gesundheit stark interdisziplinär ist und weit über den medizinischen Fokus hinausreicht, ist die Sozial-und Präventivmedizin ein medizinisches Fach und stellt eine Brücke zwischen der öffentlichen Gesundheit und der ärztlichen Praxis dar. Die Forschung in einem Institut für Sozial-und Präventivmedizin dient der Förderung präventiver und sozialmedizinischer Tätigkeiten in der ärztlichen Praxis wie auch in der öffentlichen Gesundheit. Dies wird durch die Forschungstätigkeit des Instituts des Autors aus den letzten 20 Jahren illustriert, wobei Beispiele aus den Gebieten der Förderung der Raucherentwöhnung und der Betreuung behinderter Betagter dargestellt werden. Sowohl in den Forschungs-als auch in den Lehrtätigkeiten des Instituts finden der Bevölkerungsbezug der öffentlichen Gesundheit wie auch der individualmedizinische Ansatz der ärztlichen Praxis ihren Ausdruck.

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La recherche et l'ensignement en médecine sociale et préventive et en santé publique

Résumé La santé publique aussi bien que la médecine sociale et préventive sont caractérisées par le but commun de promouvoir, maintenir et améliorer l'état de santé et de prévenir les maladies, et elles s'orientent vers une perspective de population, de prévention et environnementale. Mais la santé publique est interdisciplinaire et va loin au-delà de la médecine, tandis que la médecine sociale et préventive est basée sur la médecine et représente le lien entre la santé publique et la pratique médicale. La recherche d'un institut de médecine sociale et préventive sert à appuyer les activités préventives et médico-sociales au cabinet médical aussi bien qu'en santé publique. Cela est illustré par des résultats de recherches conduites dans les vingt années passées à l'institut de l'auteur, et les exemples sont tirés de la recherche en appui de la promotion de la cessation de fumée et de la planification de la prise en charge des personnes âgées et handicapées. Les activités de recherche et de l'enseignement de l'institut tiennent compte de la perspective de population cacactéristique de la santé publique, aussi bien que de la dimension de médecine individuelle caractéristique de la pratique clinique.

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Paper presented at a symposium on The Public Health Perspective of Social and Preventive Medicine, in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Berne, 25 June 1992 in Berne.