脑电反馈训练在高性能战机飞行员中的应用与分析

目的通过研究脑电反馈训练在高性能战机飞行员中的应用,探讨高性能战机飞行员脑电反馈训练中放松度、专注度与和谐度的水平,使飞行员运用此方法更好地调节自身的注意力与放松度达到和谐统一。方法选取2015年2—7月来我院参加航空医学训练的10 7名高性能战机飞行员,采用脑电反馈仪进行训练并检测,检测出高性能战机飞行员专注度指数、放松度指数及和谐指数状态分布情况;分析不同年龄、不同飞行时间的飞行员放松度、专注度及和谐度水平。结果高性能战机飞行员的专注度指数、放松度指数及和谐度指数状态分布要高于常人平均水平;30岁以下的飞行员在专注度及和谐度方面要好于30岁及以上的飞行员,而在放松度方面要略差于30岁及以上的飞行员;飞行时间在1 000 h以下的飞行员专注度及和谐度好于1 000 h及以上的飞行员,而在放松度方面要略差于1 000 h及以上的飞行员,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论脑电反馈训练真实有效地反映了高性能战机飞行员注意力分配及放松度和谐统一的特性,可作为评估飞行员平时与战时紧张度与放松度是否和谐的依据,是调节飞行员专注度及放松度和谐统一的有效措施,可提升飞行员的飞行状态。     

不同水平冰壶运动员投壶动作表象时的脑电变化特征

目的:分析不同水平冰壶运动员安静状态及投壶表象时的脑电信号特征及差异,为冰壶运动员专项技能训练的中枢机制提供理论参考.方法:选取高水平冰壶运动员(运动技术等级为健将级)与北京市某机构一般水平运动员(运动技术等级为二级或以下)各8名,对其闭眼安静和表象投壶状态下各脑区各频段脑电功率百分比进行测量、分析.结果:1)闭眼安静...     

261名歼击机飞行员脑波α频段涨落图特征的研究

为探讨飞行员脑波α频段涨落图特征，应用脑功能脑电－涨落图（ＥＥＧ－ＥＴ）评价技术，研究了２６１名歼击机飞行员脑波α频段的涨落图特征。结果显示：飞行员的脑波α频段频率涨落竞争结构的主涨落成分为９Ｈｚ，次涨落成分为１０Ｈｚ，７Ｈｚ在涨落优势序排列占第三位。频率涨落竞争结构相对熵值平均为（７２±１４）％，枕区的导联Ｏ１、Ｏ２的相对熵值低，分别为（６９±１７）％和（６７±１８）％。脑波α频段功率涨落功率谱     

急性缺氧条件下轻运动负荷脑电的变化及分布特征

本文实验研究了不同高度急性缺氧条件下运动状态脑电的变化,观察了低压舱内轻体力负荷对人体脑电的影响。结果表明,急性缺氧下轻体力负荷脑电的变化特点是:在以快波节律为主,α波普遍被阻抑的背景下,脑电图随缺氧高度的增加慢波(δ、θ)增加,α波出现并增加,而快波相对减少。经计算处理,δ、θ、α频段功量及分配指数随高度和时间的增加而增加。β频段功量相对稳定,但其分配指数呈降低趋势。这些变化在6000m缺氧高度具有统计学意义。     

飞行人员生物反馈放松训练效果评价

目的评价航空心理训练中对飞行人员实施生物反馈放松训练的效果。方法分别采用渐进性肌肉放松、呼吸调整放松、意向放松和音乐放松等四种方法进行反馈训练,对训练中心率、压力指数和PNN50生理指标进行统计分析。结果训练前、中和后期各生理指标变化的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01);四种训练方法之间生理指标变化无差异(P>0.05);低年龄组心率变化在训练前和训练中、训练后与中间和高年龄组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论飞行人员生物反馈放松训练效果明显,不同放松方法的训练效果比较差异无统计学意义;不同年龄组训练效果差异有统计学意义,低年龄组训练效果好于中间和高年龄组。     

心理技巧训练在航空兵部队的应用

按心理学的原则和方法，制定了一套飞行人员心理训练方案：双重任务训练作为心理模拟训练；生物反馈放松训练作为情绪一行为控制训练；表象训练作为飞行程序和知觉一运动的认知训练。以声像教材和仪器训练形式在军事飞行员中试用。83名飞行员分为三个实验组和一个对照组。实验组每天接受30min训练，共15次。心理训练结束半年以后，四个组的飞行成绩有显著性差异（P＜0．01），其中生物反馈放松训练＋表象训练组的成绩与其它二组（生物反馈放松圳练组、双重任务训练组）及对照组相比有显著性差异；放松训练达标人数与飞行成绩的点双列相关系数为0．6；放格趋势一周后逐渐平稳。此结果为军事飞行员的心理训练提供了有益的启示。     

不同运动方式下划船运动员状态焦虑及血乳酸的变化

测定30名划船运动员在划船测功仪测验、力量训练测验以及安静状态下状态焦虑及血乳酸的变化，结果显示与运动状态相比，安静状态的焦虑反应是非常短暂的；划船测功仪测验状态下焦虑反应在运动后1小时显著降低(与基础值比较P＜0.05)，而在力量测验状态下状态焦虑变化与训练强度无关。     

优秀射击运动员脑电α波类型分析

目的:了解优秀射击运动员脑电α波类型,为射击运动员选材和训练控制提供初步参考。方法:采用高级运动训练状态监控仪采集19名国家射击队运动员不同训练阶段的脑电信号,并对其α波类型进行分析。结果:优秀射击运动员脑电α波类型偏向认知型;优化型和认知型的优秀射击运动员的脑电α波主频与其熵值呈显著负相关。结果提示:脑电α波类型可作为监控射击运动员训练状态的参考指标。     

歼击机噪声对人听力及工效的影响

目的 研究歼击机噪声对人听力及工效的影响.方法 ①检查103名歼击机飞行员和62名地勤人员的听力.②测试18名歼-8D飞行员在飞机噪声暴露前、噪声暴露（40 min）后0.5 h、1.5 h和15 h的听力.③用汉语话音短语作为工效学指标,测试30名受试者在3种条件下,识听56个歼击机座舱显示信息汉语话音短语的成绩.结果①103名飞行员中,50名有高频听力损失（占48.5%）,16名有语频听力损失（占15.5%）;62名地勤人员中,43名有高频听力损失（占69.4%）,13名有语频听力损失（占21.0%）.飞行员和地勤人员高频听力损失的“V”型凹陷在6000 Hz.②飞机噪声对飞行员的暂时性听阈偏移有明显作用,噪声暴露后1.5 h,飞行员的暂时性听阈偏移有恢复的趋势,噪声暴露后15 h,飞行员的暂时性听阈偏移已有很大程度的恢复,但大部分频率的听力还未恢复至噪声暴露前水平.③30名受试者在3种条件下识听56个汉语话音短语的成绩：安静环境中佩戴无源耳罩最高,模拟飞机噪声环境中佩戴无源耳罩最低,模拟飞机噪声环境中佩戴有源耳罩居中,其差异均有显著性意义（P＜0.01）.结论 歼击机噪声大,能引起飞行员和地勤人员的听力损伤,并导致工作绩效下降.     

国内飞行员脑功能研究进展

目的 简要概述国内飞行员脑功能研究进展,并对其发展作了展望.资料来源与选择已发表的有关学术论文.资料引用引用文献资料14篇.资料综合按以下主题进行综合：飞行员脑功能（CF）研究概况,招飞脑电图（EEG）与多导睡眠图（PSG）在飞行员脑功能选拔中的应用;服用催眠药、类兴奋/催眠物质后电生理特征及其对飞行员脑功能的影响;神经行为检查在飞行员脑功能鉴定中的应用;飞行员认知疲劳与脑功能相互关系;飞行员脑血管功能评定与脑功能相互关系.结论 脑电生理、神经行为检查,经颅多普勒（TCD）脑血流检测以及脑功能主观评定相结合是飞行员脑功能鉴定与研究的有效途径.     

Juliana Littbrand-Denekamp (1943-2000)

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of microwaves modulated at different frequencies on human electroencephalographic (EEG) rhythms.

Materials and methods: Thirteen healthy volunteers were exposed to microwaves (450 MHz) pulse-modulated at frequencies of 7, 14 and 21 Hz. The field power density at the scalp was 0.16 mW/cm². Our experimental protocol consisted of two five-cycle (1 min on and 1 min off) series of exposures at fixed modulation frequencies. A relative change in the EEG power with and without exposure was used as a quantitative measure. EEG frequencies recorded in the theta (4 – 6.8 Hz), alpha (8 – 13 Hz), beta1 (15 – 20 Hz), and beta2 (22 – 38 Hz) bands were analyzed.

Results: Modulated microwaves caused an increase in the average EEG alpha (17%) and beta (7%) power but the theta rhythm remained unaffected. Increases in the EEG alpha and beta power were statistically significant during the first half-period of the exposure interval (30 s) at the modulation frequencies of 14 and 21 Hz. Differences were found in individual sensitivity to exposure. Increases in the EEG beta power appeared statistically significant in the case of four subjects.

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the effect of the 450 MHz microwave radiation modulated at 7, 14 and 21 Hz varies depending on the modulation frequency. The microwave exposure modulated at 14 and 21 Hz enhanced the EEG power in the alpha and beta frequency bands, whereas no enhancement occurred during exposure to the modulation frequency of 7 Hz.     

Effect of 7, 14 and 21 Hz modulated 450 MHz microwave radiation on human electroencephalographic rhythms

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of microwaves modulated at different frequencies on human electroencephalographic (EEG) rhythms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirteen healthy volunteers were exposed to microwaves (450 MHz) pulse-modulated at frequencies of 7, 14 and 21 Hz. The field power density at the scalp was 0.16 mW/cm2. Our experimental protocol consisted of two five-cycle (1 min on and 1 min off) series of exposures at fixed modulation frequencies. A relative change in the EEG power with and without exposure was used as a quantitative measure. EEG frequencies recorded in the theta (4-6.8 Hz), alpha (8-13 Hz), betal (15-20 Hz), and beta2 (22-38 Hz) bands were analyzed. RESULTS: Modulated microwaves caused an increase in the average EEG alpha (17%) and beta (7%) power but the theta rhythm remained unaffected. Increases in the EEG alpha and beta power were statistically significant during the first half-period of the exposure interval (30 s) at the modulation frequencies of 14 and 21 Hz. Differences were found in individual sensitivity to exposure. Increases in the EEG beta power appeared statistically significant in the case of four subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the effect of the 450 MHz microwave radiation modulated at 7, 14 and 21 Hz varies depending on the modulation frequency. The microwave exposure modulated at 14 and 21 Hz enhanced the EEG power in the alpha and beta frequency bands, whereas no enhancement occurred during exposure to the modulation frequency of 7 Hz.     

头低位卧床对人EEG的影响

目的探讨短期 - 6°头低位卧床模拟失重对人脑EEG的影响。方法记录 1 2名 1 8～ 2 2岁健康男性卧床前、卧床期间 (第 3、4、6天 )及恢复期 (第 3天 )清醒闭眼安静状态的 1 6导EEG ,进行功谱分析。结果卧床期间 ,EEG峰值频率逐渐慢化 (第 6天 ,P <0 .0 5) ,α段活动增强 (α1 :P <0 .0 0 1 ;α2 :第 3、6天 ,P<0 .0 5;第 4天 ,P <0 .0 0 1 ) ,第 4天最显著 ,α1 /α2 上升 (第 6天 ,C3、C4:P <0 .0 2 ;F4、P4、T3、T4、T5:P <0 .0 5) ;θ活动增强 (P <0 .0 0 1 ) ,额区第 3天最显著 ,枕顶区第 4天最显著 ,同时θ/α明显上升 (第 6天 ,P3、O1 :P <0 .0 5) ;此外 ,β1 活动也显著增强 (P <0 .0 0 1 ) ,第 3天最明显。卧床结束后 3dEEG峰值频率已恢复至实验前水平 ,其余指标尚在恢复中。结论头低位卧床导致人脑EEG频谱结构及活动强度明显改变 ,对脑功能存在潜在影响     

An EEG study that may improve the violence risk assessment in male schizophrenic patients

It has been suggested that aggressive and violent behaviour in schizophrenic patients is associated with dysfunctions in specific brain regions. In this study, we explore the correlation between these abnormal behaviours and brain electrical activity by using electroencephalography (EEG) in male schizophrenics. The subjects of the study were 60 male schizophrenics, 30 with and 30 without violent behaviour. We recorded the waking EEG at 16 electrode sites. The Modified Overt Aggression Scale (MOAS) was used to assess violence in the subjects. The correlations between the MOAS total score and subscale scores and waking EEG variables of male schizophrenic patients were explored. The violent group had significantly more relative theta power in the right frontal (F4) and anterior temporal regions (F8), and more relative delta and theta power in the right prefrontal region (Fp2).The MOAS total scores and subscale scores (the MOAS aggression against people scores and the MOAS aggression against property scores) were correlated significantly with the delta or/and theta power in the right prefrontal region (Fp2). The present results suggest that male schizophrenic patients with violent behaviour have dysfunctions in the prefrontal brain and the EEG data may provide a useful tool for improving the violence risk assessment in schizophrenics.     

Familiarity affects electrocortical power spectra during dance imagery,listening to different music genres: independent component analysis of Alpha and Beta rhythms

Background

Changes in electrocortical activity during motor imagery are among the most interesting findings in the recent neuroscientific studies; existing studies, however, do not focus specifically on Alpha and Beta rhythms, in relationship with the motor experience and verifying if the style of music can influence the cortical activity during motor imagery task. Power spectra analysis was used to compare the EEG activity during dance imagery tasks in a group of dancers and in a control group.

Methods

Twenty-one volunteers performed a dance imagery task listening to three kinds of music. For EEG acquisition an 8-channel headset with wireless amplifier was used. This study used independent component analysis (ICA) to assess EEG frequency spectrum associated with the musical genre. High Alpha (10.0–11.5 Hz) and Low Beta (12.0–15.5 Hz) EEG frequency spectra were analyzed. Considering EEG power spectra analysis, no statistically significant differences were found between groups at baseline.

Results

Statistically significant difference (p < 0.01) emerged comparingthe two groups, during dance imagery task, listening to Classical, Rock and Waltz music, in High Alpha band; whereas listening to Classical music in Low Beta band. Expert group showed a greater power level with respect to control group for both bands. No statistically significant difference emerged in EEG power spectrum, comparing the three kinds of music, for both groups (intra-group analysis). Findings are comparable with previous studies obtained by other neuroimaging modalities, highlighting how high-resolution EEG may prove to be a promising tool for measuring cortex electrical activity during motor imagery. This study successfully applied ICA to decompose the EEG segments recorded during the tasks, finding consistent independent brain processes across multiple subjects.

Conclusions

The statistically significant differences between expert dancers and controls, could indicate a difference in the attentional effort during the dance imagery task. The remarks partially confirm existing findings on the relationship among EEG activity, Alpha rhythm and motor imagery and also extend the knowledge on the EEG response to auditory stimuli during motor imagery in particular for Beta rhythm components, emphasizing specific characteristics in function of the level of familiarity to the dance imagery task.

     

Transient and maintained changes of the spontaneous occipital EEG during acute systemic hypoxia

BACKGROUND: It has been reported that during systemic hypoxia the spectral power of spontaneous EEG (closed eyes) increases, except for the power in the alpha band, which decreases. HYPOTHESIS: It is surmised that after a sudden decrease in inspired oxygen, the EEG parameters and SaO2 show similar temporal characteristics. METHODS: Normobaric acute hypoxia in 14 healthy subjects was evoked by breathing a hypoxic gas. Frequency spectra were calculated from occipital recordings and quantified together with the parameters of the spectral alpha peak. RESULTS: During the first 20 min of exposure, SaO2 decreases exponentially. With eyes open, the frequency bands show a transient increase in power (110-160%). The peak-time of the transient is shorter for the alpha and beta1 bands (4.5 min) than for the delta2 and theta bands (7 min). After the transient, the bands reach sustained power levels ca. 65% higher than the control value. The frequency of the alpha peak decreases with 0.61 +/- 0.16 Hz (mean +/- SE). In contrast to the eyes-closed condition, the peak amplitude increases (41 +/- 12%). CONCLUSIONS: During systemic hypoxia many characteristics of the spontaneous EEG with open eyes differ from those under normoxia, and alpha activity deviates strongly from that during hypoxia with closed eyes. During the first 20 min of exposure changes in power are most prominent and do not follow the change of SaO2. Monitoring total EEG power with open eyes, SaO2 and respiration gives a good impression of the hypoxia-related neurophysiological state of the subject.     

Dose-dependent atropine-induced changes in spontaneous electroencephalogram in human volunteers

Atropine is an anticholinergic drug used in military medicine as an antidote following exposure to cholinesterase-inhibiting nerve agents. However, atropine causes neuropsychologic effects that impair performance. In the present study, we examined electrophysiologic indices that may accompany performance deficits. Quantitative electroencephalographic (EEG) analyses of changes induced by atropine (1.5, 3.0, and 6.0 mg/70 kg, intramuscularly) were assessed in seven male volunteers in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over experiment. Spontaneous EEG recordings were obtained from relaxed subjects before, 2 hours after, and 8 hours after atropine. Atropine significantly increased delta power, decreased alpha power, and tended to increase theta power and reduce beta and theta frequency. EEG indices of vigilance were reduced by the drug. Dose-related increases in sedation and dysphoria were obtained; some subjects liked these effects. Together, these findings confirmed that atropine causes dose- and time-related electrophysiologic and subjective effects that predict impaired performance.     

两种去除脑电信号中眼动伪迹的方法比较及其在脑力疲劳测量中的应用

目的找到更优脑电信号预处理方法和测量脑力疲劳的更佳指标。方法分别采用伪迹减法和独立分量分析法去除原始脑电伪迹,然后采用小波分解与重构的方法将相关信号提取,最后对不同节律能量百分比和能量对比进行分析。结果两种预处理方法得到各节律能量百分比和不同节律之间的能量对比结果基本一致,其中E(alpha)E(beta)、E(theta+alpha)E(beta)、E(delta+theta+alpha)E(beta)这3个指标在脑力疲劳前后有显著差异,采用独立分量分析进行预处理得到的能量指标差异性更显著。结论脑力疲劳前后脑电信号各节律的能量百分比和不同节律之间的能量对比发生了变化,低频段能量百分比增大,高频段能量百分比减小,这些特征的组合可应用到脑力疲劳的监测中。     

视觉记忆负荷对EEG的事件相关同步化与事件相关去同步化的影响

目的：研究视觉空间记忆和抽象几何图形记忆的工作记忆负荷对脑电事件相关同步化和去同步化的影响。方法：采用n-back范式，取n分别等于1、2、3为3种负荷水平下完成视觉空间匹配和抽象几何图形匹配两类记忆任务，并记录其脑电。结果：theta波的ERS总是伴随着alpha波的ERD出现。随着任务难度的增大，6-8Hz的theta波的ERS下降，alpha波的ERD增大，图形匹配任务引出的thetaERS和alphaERD均大于空间位置匹配任务。任务难度和任务类型的效应大多出现在CZ和FZ电极，这与任务所包含的注意和记忆的加工主要激活额叶和顶叶皮层的观点相符合。结论：EEG的ERD（或ERS）随视觉记忆负荷变化，因此可作为反映视觉记忆负荷的有效指标。