应用盆腔脏器联合切除术治疗局部复发型直肠癌

目的 评价盆腔脏器联合切除术对局部复发型直肠癌的治疗意义。方法 对我院33例局部复发型直肠癌应用盆腔脏器联合切除术治疗的病例进行回顾性总结。结果 33例患中17例接受全盆腔脏器切除术治疗，14例接受后盆腔脏器切除术；2例为直肠癌合并输尿管下段切除。29例（87．9％）手术为根治术，手术死亡率3．0％。盆腔受累最多的器官是骶前组织和阴道。术后约88．9％的患疼痛症状消失。8例（24．2％）再次复发，并再用手术。全组2、3、4年生存率分别为36．4％、21．2％、18．2％。结论 积极的盆腔脏器联合切除术可以明显改善局部复发型直肠癌的预后，提高术后生活质量。     

新辅助治疗联合盆腔脏器切除术治疗复发直肠癌

目的 探讨新辅助治疗联合盆腔脏器切除术对复发直肠癌的临床治疗价值。方法 对35例复发直肠癌患者,采用新辅助治疗方案。常规分次放疗,放疗总剂量（DT）46Gy,每周5次,每次2Gy。全身化疗2个疗程,每次予以奥沙利铂130mg／m^2,第1天静脉点滴;甲酰四氢叶酸钙（CF）200mg／m^2,第1～3天静脉点滴;氟脲嘧啶（5-Fu）500mg／m^2,第1～3天静脉点滴。治疗结束后4～6周进行盆腔脏器切除手术。结果 经新辅助治疗后,病理完全缓解6例,肿瘤平均缩小38．4％,65．7％的病例T期下降。全组无手术死亡,R0切除率为88．5％,手术并发症发生率为13．3％。本组总的3年生存率为82．8％;5年生存率为48．5％;其中获得R。切除的患者,3年生存率为90．3％,5年生存率为54．6%。结论 新辅助治疗联合盆腔脏器切除术是治疗复发直肠癌的有效方法。通过降低肿瘤病期,提高手术切除率,从而提高患者生存率。     

新辅助放化疗联合盆腔脏器切除术治疗45例复发性直肠癌

目的：探讨新辅助放化疗联合盆腔脏器切除术在复发性直肠癌治疗中的价值。方法：对45例复发直肠癌患者采用新辅助放化疗方案治疗常规分割放疗,治疗结束后4～6周进行盆腔脏器切除手术。结果：经新辅助放化疗后,病理完全缓解9例,肿瘤平均缩小38.4%,68.9%的病例T期下降。全组R0切除率为82.2%,手术并发症为20.0%,3年生存率为80.0%,5年生存率为44.4%。结论：新辅助放化疗联合盆腔脏器切除术是治疗复发性直肠癌的有效方法,通过降低肿瘤病期,提高手术切除率,从而提高患者生存率。     

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目的 评价盆腔脏器联合切除术（PE）对局部进展期直肠癌的疗效。方法 对12年中79例局部进展期直肠癌PE术后结果进行回顾性总结。结果 全盆腔脏器切除术（TPE）46例，其中保肛TPE5例，TPE联合骶骨切除1例，TPE联合半骨盆切除1例，后盆腔脏器切除术（PPE）33例。根治性切除65例（82．8％），合并症发生率48．6％，手术死亡2例（2．5％），根治术后再复发36例（58．1％），术后1、3、5年生存率75．8％、39．3％、35．8％。根治性切除与大体根治切除术后3年、5年生存率分别为44．2％、40．8％与11．1％、0。结论 PE是目前治疗局部进展期直肠癌有效的方法，积极的根治性切除病灶，可以有效提高其治愈率，改善生活质量。     

局部复发直肠癌187例手术疗效及预后因素分析

目的探讨局部复发直肠癌（LRRC）患者的手术疗效及预后影响因素。方法回顾性分析1985年1月至2009年12月北京大学第一医院手术治疗的187例LRRC患者的病例资料。结果行局部切除术34例,腹会阴联合切除术35例,后盆腔脏器切除术17例,全盆腔脏器切除术（TPE）98例,TPE联合骶尾骨切除2例,TPE联合半骨盆切除1例。R0、R1、R2切除分别为87、60、40例;手术根治性与初次手术方式及盆壁受侵固定程度有关（P〈0．05）。手术并发症发生率为47．5％（89／187）,围手术期死亡率2．7％（5／187）,术后局部复发率44．4％（64／144）。144例术后3、5年生存率分别为42．2％和30．7％,手术根治性和淋巴结转移是影响预后的独立危险因素（P〈0．01）。R0、R1与R2切除者5年生存率分别为42．6％、17．2％和0（P〈0．01）;淋巴结转移阴性与阳性者5年生存率分别为40．5％与5．6％（P〈0．01）。结论术前准确评估肿瘤固定范围、提高R0切除率是提高LRRC患者手术疗效的关键。     

新辅助治疗联合盆腔脏器切除术治疗复发直肠癌

目的探讨新辅助治疗联合盆腔脏器切除术对复发直肠癌的临床治疗价值。方法对35例复发直肠癌患者,采用新辅助治疗方案。常规分次放疗,放疗总剂量(DT)46Gy,每周5次,每次2Gy。全身化疗2个疗程,每次予以奥沙利铂130mg/m2,第1天静脉点滴;甲酰四氢叶酸钙(CF)200mg/m2,第1~3天静脉点滴;氟脲嘧啶(5-Fu)500mg/m2,第1~3天静脉点滴。治疗结束后4~6周进行盆腔脏器切除手术。结果经新辅助治疗后,病理完全缓解6例,肿瘤平均缩小38.4%,65.7%的病例T期下降。全组无手术死亡,R0切除率为88.5%,手术并发症发生率为13.3%。本组总的3年生存率为82.8%;5年生存率为48.5%;其中获得R0切除的患者,3年生存率为90.3%,5年生存率为54.6%。结论新辅助治疗联合盆腔脏器切除术是治疗复发直肠癌的有效方法。通过降低肿瘤病期,提高手术切除率,从而提高患者生存率。     

全盆腔脏器切除术治疗直肠癌术后盆腔局部复发

目的评价全盆腔脏器切除术(total pelvic exenteration，TPE)治疗盆腔局部复发直肠癌(locally recurrent rectal cancer，LRRC)的疗效。方法对1989-2003年行TPE治疗的35例直肠癌患者的临床资料进行分析。结果行TPE30例、保肛TPE2例、TPE联合骶、尾骨切除2例、TPE联合半骨盆切除1例。根治性切除率80％，手术死亡率3％，术后盆腔再复发率48％。全组术后5年生存率16％，根治性切除组为19％，无淋巴结转移者5年生存率24％，有淋巴结转移者为0。结论TPE手术成功的关键在于严格的适应证选择和作到真正的根治性切除。     

直肠癌术后局部复发综合治疗的疗效分析

目的：分析直肠癌根治术后局部复发的类型、综合治疗的疗效及预后。方法：对直肠癌术后局部复发、以往未接受过放疗的66例病人进行疗效分析。原手术方式为经腹直肠切除术45例(Dixon术40例，Parks术5例)，腹会阴直肠切除术21例。经腹直肠切除术后复发以吻合口为主(37／45，82．2％)，腹会阴直肠切除术后复发则以盆腔或会阴为主(19／21，90．5％)。复发后盆腔放疗中位剂量为40(20—64）Gy，临床症状缓解中位剂量26(10～52)Gy。其中26例在放疗过程中或之后接受过中位7个(2～12)疗程以5-FU为主的化疗。有22例放疗后获补救手术机会。结果：全组中位生存期24个月。Kaplan-Merier法计算生存率，放疗后1、3年总生存率分别为72．2％、17．9％。单因素分析并Log rank检验生存率差异，显示生存率与原发病变的期别、术后复发时间、复发部位及是否加用化疗无关，而仅与是否再次行补救手术有关。放疗后加用补救手术者3年生存期明显较长，为36．0％比8．8％(P=0．016)。结论：直肠癌根治术后局部复发者，放疗具有良好的姑息减症的作用；对部分经腹直肠切除术后的复发病例，放射治疗加补救手术能明显延长生存期。     

结、直肠癌联合脏器切除68例分析

目的 探讨联合脏器切除对浸润邻近脏器的结、直肠癌的意义。方法 1989-1999年我院普外科共进行了926例结、直肠癌切除手术，其中79例行联合脏器切除，68例获得随访，对其进行回顾分析。结果 5年生存率达46．6％，手术并发症发生率19．0％，围手术期死亡2例。结论 联合脏器切除对浸润邻近脏器的结、直肠癌患者提供了手术切除的机会，提高了这类患者的生存率。对尚无明显远处转移而局部毗邻脏器浸润的结、直肠癌宜行联合脏器切除，可获得较好的疗效。     

低位Ⅰ期直肠癌患者的外科治疗与预后分析

目的探讨低位Ⅰ期直肠癌的外科治疗效果及影响复发和预后的因素。方法回顾性分析166例低位Ⅰ期直肠癌患者的临床资料。结果本组根治性手术138例，均按直肠全系膜切除（TME）手术原则进行；其中93例行腹会阴联合根治术，45例行保肛手术；肿瘤局部切除术28例。局部复发率根治性手术者为5．1％（7／138），其中腹会阴联合根治术组为6．5％（6／93），保肛术组为2．2％（1／45）；局部切除术组为17．9％（5／28）。X^2检验显示，肿瘤分化程度（P=0．009）和手术方式（P=0．039）与局部复发相关。腹会阴联合根治术组5年生存率为90．4％，保肛术组为95．5％。局部切除术组为82．6％。单因素分析显示，肿瘤分化程度（P=0．000）和局部复发（P=0．000）与预后相关；多因素分析显示，局部复发是影响预后的主要因素（P=0．000）。结论低位Ⅰ期直肠癌根治性手术切除复发率低、预后好。局部切除术的选择应严格把握指征。     

Total Pelvic Exenteration for Primary and Recurrent Malignancies

Introduction  Complete resection is the most important prognostic factor in surgery for pelvic tumors. In locally advanced and recurrent pelvic malignancies, radical margins are sometimes difficult to obtain because of close relation to or growth in adjacent organs/structures. Total pelvic exenteration (TPE) is an exenterative operation for these advanced tumors and involves en bloc resection of the rectum, bladder, and internal genital organs (prostate/seminal vesicles or uterus, ovaries and/or vagina). Methods  Between 1994 and 2008, a TPE was performed in 69 patients with pelvic cancer; 48 with rectal cancer (32 primary and 16 recurrent), 14 with cervical cancer (1 primary and 13 recurrent), 5 with sarcoma (3 primary and 2 recurrent), 1 with primary vaginal, and 1 with recurrent endometrial carcinoma. Ten patients were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and 66 patients with preoperative radiotherapy to induce down-staging. Eighteen patients received IORT because of an incomplete or marginal complete resection. Results  The median follow-up was 43 (range, 1–196) months. Median duration of surgery was 448 (range, 300–670) minutes, median blood loss was 6,300 (range, 750–21,000) ml, and hospitalization was 17 (range, 4–65) days. Overall major and minor complication rates were 34% and 57%, respectively. The in-hospital mortality rate was 1%. A complete resection was possible in 75% of all patients, a microscopically incomplete resection (R1) in 16%, and a macroscopically incomplete resection (R2) in 9%. Five-year local control for primary locally advanced rectal cancer, recurrent rectal cancer, and cervical cancer was 89%, 38%, and 64%, respectively. Overall survival after 5 years for primary locally advanced rectal cancer, recurrent rectal cancer, and cervical cancer was 66%, 8%, and 45%. Conclusions  Total pelvic exenteration is accompanied with considerable morbidity, but good local control and acceptable overall survival justifies the use of this extensive surgical technique in most patients, especially patients with primary locally advanced rectal cancer and recurrent cervical cancer.     

选择性动脉灌注化疗在直肠癌术后盆腔复发再治疗的应用

目的评价选择性动脉灌注化疗对于直肠癌手术后盆腔复发患者的疗效。方法104例患者随机分为两组,动脉灌注组(57例)采用FAM化疗方案(氟尿嘧啶500～750mg/m2,丝裂霉素15mg/m2,阿霉素40mg/m2)作髂内动脉灌注化疗后再接受手术;直接择期手术组47例。对比两组再次手术的成功率、标本病理变化特征和5年生存率。结果再手术成功率:动脉灌注组87.7%,直接择期手术组59.5%,两组比较,差异有显著性意义(P<0.001)。5年生存率:动脉灌注组40.3%,直接择期手术组14.9%,两组比较,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。动脉灌注组手术切除标本其病理特征主要表现为癌细胞固缩、凋亡、坏死,组织水肿减轻和供应血管栓塞;直接择期手术组手术标本则无特异性改变。结论对直肠癌术后盆腔复发的患者予以选择性动脉灌注化疗后再手术,能提高手术切除率、延长生存期。     

Total pelvic exenteration and rectal cancer. Apropos of 20 cases]

STUDY AIM: The report of a series of 20 patients with the aim of trying to specify the implications of pelvic exenteration for rectal cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From 1986 to 1996, 20 total pelvic exenterations were performed for rectal adenocarcinoma. This retrospective study included locally extended carcinomas (n = 10), and recurrences (n = 10) after anterior resection (n = 7), and after abdominoperineal resection (n = 3). The subjects included 13 men and seven women with a mean age of 54 years (34-74 years). Complaints were major and serious: pain (n = 20), rectal syndrome (n = 17), recto-vesical fistula (n = 5) recto-vaginal fistula (n = 5), urinary infection (n = 13), and hematuria (n = 6). Preoperative radiotherapy was performed in 11 patients and preoperative radio chemotherapy in six. The surgical procedure included a total pelvic exenteration with perinectomy in 12 patients, and a total pelvic exenteration with preservation of levator ani and perineum in eight, associated in two cases with a partial resection of the sacrum, and in two other cases with partial hepatectomy for a single liver metastasis. Urinary diversion was a trans ileal ureterostomy in 17 patients and a direct double ureterostomy in three. RESULTS: The mean duration of surgery was 6 h. The mean preoperative blood loss was 1,200 L. Nine patients received blood transfusion. There was no postoperative mortality but in contrast, the morbidity rate was high with mainly urinary and digestive complications, pelvic sepsis and thromboembolic complications. After pathological examination, tumoral resections were classified R0 in 19 cases, and R1 in one. All tumors were T4 with tumoral invasion of the bladder (n = 15), prostate (n = 6), seminal vesicles (n = 4), ureter (n = 3), vagina (n = 7), urethra (n = 1), and sacrum (n = 1). Lymph node involvement was present in four patients. The 3 and 5 year actuarial survival rate was respectively 47 and 18%. Thirteen patients died of their cancer, nine from metastases, and four from local recurrence with a mean survival of 29 and 32 months respectively. Seven patients were alive at the time of this study, six without actual recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of its aggressive aspect, total pelvic exenteration seems justified in rectal carcinoma when extended to the urinary tract, when it causes major functional disorders, when there are no detectable metastases, and when the tumor has no posterior or lateral fixation. Local tumoral evolution can usually be controlled by pelvic exenteration but prolongation of survival is not demonstrated.     

浸润其他器官及局部复发结、直肠癌的手术治疗

目的：探讨浸润其他器官及局部复发大肠癌手术治疗的效果及手术治疗的要点。方法：回顾性分析本院１９７５年～１９９８年收治的浸润其他器官及局部复发大肠癌的局部浸润情况及合并切除率,直接法统计生存率。结果：①联合切除情况： １１６６例结肠癌中属Ｄｕｋｅｓ Ｄ期者１２３例,占１０．６％,行联合切除者４１例,占全部病例的３．５％,Ｄｕｋｅｓ Ｄ期病例的３３．３％;２ ３５６例直肠癌中属Ｄｕｋｅｓ Ｄ期者３０５例占１２．９％,行联合切除者１１７例,占全部病例的５．０％,Ｄｕｋｅｓ Ｄ期病例的３８．３％。②４１例结肠癌病人合并切除后的５年生存率为５３．８％。③１１７例直肠癌病人合并全盆腔器官切除者２７例,５年生存率为３３．３％（９／２７）,９０例联合部分器官切除后病人的５年生存率为４６．７％（４２／９０）。结论：对浸润其他器官及局部复发大肠癌病人,不论初发或复发,只要病人全身条件具备,应积极采用手术治疗的方法,对延长病人的生存期有重要意义。     

A 10-year experience of total pelvic exenteration for primary advanced and locally recurrent rectal cancer based on a prospective database

Aim The study was conducted in a dedicated centre treating the majority of Danish patients with intended curative total pelvic exenteration for primary advanced (PARC) or locally recurrent (LRRC) rectal cancer. We compared PARC and LRRC and analysed postoperative morbidity and mortality, and long‐term outcome. Method There were 90 consecutive patients (PARC/LRRC 50/40) treated between January 2001 and October 2010, recorded on a prospectively maintained database. Results The median age was 63 (32–75) years with a gender ratio of 7 women to 83 men. All patients were American Society of Anesthesiologists level I or II. Sacral resection was performed in five patients with PARC and 15 with LRRC (P = 0.002). R0 resection was achieved in 33 (66%) patients with PARC and in 15 (38%) with LRRC, R1 resection in 17 (34%) with PARC and 20 (50%) with LRRC and R2 resection in five (13%) with LRRC. R0 resection was more frequent in PARC (P = 0.007). Forty‐four (49%) patients had no postoperative complications. Fifty‐five major complications were registered. Two (2.2%) patients died within 30 days, and the total in‐hospital mortality was 5.6%. The median follow‐up was 12 (0.4–91) months. The 5‐year survival was 46% for PARC and 17% for LRRC (P = 0.16). Conclusion Pelvic exenteration is associated with considerable morbidity but low mortality in an experienced centre. Pelvic exenteration can improve long‐term survival, especially for patients with PARC. However, pelvic exenteration is also justified for patients with LRRC.