GFP转基因小鼠神经干细胞移植治疗大鼠帕金森病的实验研究

目的观察GFP(绿色荧光蛋白)转基因小鼠胚胎神经干细胞植入帕金森病大鼠纹状体后的存活、分化情况及治疗作用。方法建立PD模型大鼠及体外培养神经干细胞,然后将GFP转基因小鼠神经干细胞定向植入帕金森病大鼠毁损侧纹状体内,于移植后不同时间诱发旋转行为,并与对照组相比,观察症状的改善,并用酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)免疫组织化学染色方法检测移植GFP转基因小鼠神经干细胞的存活及分化状况。结果 GFP转基因小鼠神经干细胞脑内移植后,帕金森病大鼠的旋转行为明显改善。移植后2至4周时可检测到成片或散在的TH免疫阳性细胞。结论 GFP转基因小鼠神经干细胞移植至帕金森病大鼠纹状体后,可分化为多巴胺能神经元并能改善旋转症状。     

芳香族氨基酸脱羧酶转基因骨骼肌细胞脑内移植后对纹状体区多巴胺含量的影响

目的探讨帕金森病(PD)大鼠模型脑内移植人类神经元性芳香族氨基酸脱羧酶(AADC)基因对PD的治疗作用及其在左旋多巴(L-dopa)治疗过程中的地位,并检测脑内多巴胺含量的变化.方法将pCDNA3-AADC转染的原代培养的骨骼肌细胞,移植于SD大鼠PD模型毁损侧纹状体,并在此基础上予以外源性 L-dopa 10 mg·kg-1·d-1腹腔内注射,分别观察基因治疗前后以及结合给予外源性L-dopa前后各组动物病理性旋转行为的改善,并行高效液相电化学法检测脑内多巴胺(DA)含量.结果 AADC转基因骨骼肌细胞脑内移植后,实验组PD模型大鼠旋转行为较前明显改善,并可持续15周以上,尤以第11周时最为明显,约为64.6%(P<0.05),结合外源性L-dopa治疗后动物模型的旋转行为有更进一步的改善,达到86.5%;脑内DA含量测定证实,PD模型鼠脑内AADC水平较健康鼠明显降低,仅(2 119.0±47.2) ng/mg,约为健康鼠的31.0%;在补充了AADC后,脑内纹状体区DA含量则显著提高,达到(3 907.5±56.3) ng/mg;结合补充外源性L-dopa后,脑内DA的水平得到进一步提高达(5 443.0±78.7) ng/mg.结论脑内植入AADC转基因骨骼肌细胞,增加了脑内AADC基因的表达,可有效改善帕金森病大鼠的旋转行为,并可通过增加对L-dopa的脱羧作用而提高其治疗效果,有助于在低剂量上长期维持L-dopa的疗效,减轻L-dopa治疗中的不良反应.     

慢病毒介导的三种神经元谱系相关转录因子脑内转移治疗帕金森病的实验研究

目的探讨慢病毒介导的三种神经元谱系相关转录因子(Ascl1-Brn2-Ngn2,ABN)脑内转移治疗帕金森病(PD)的疗效。方法采用SD大鼠单侧纹状体注射6-羟基多巴胺(6-OHDA)法建立PD模型并分为高剂量治疗组(n=11)、低剂量治疗组(n=11)和空载病毒PD模型组(空载病毒组,n=8),另设PBS阴性对照组(n=6)。应用立体定向仪将携带ABN基因的慢病毒(LV)注射至PD模型大鼠纹状体,观察行为学变化并用Western blot方法检测黑质内酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)表达;利用高效液相色谱法检测多巴胺(DA)及二羟苯乙酸(DOPAC)含量。结果 PBS阴性对照组大鼠未出现明显旋转行为;所有PD模型大鼠自术后第7～10d左右开始出现偏侧PD症状,动物自发向右侧旋转,肌内注射APO后出现快速向右侧旋转(10～17次/min)。基因治疗前空载病毒组大鼠与两治疗组相比,平均旋转圈数差异无统计学意义(均P0.05);空载病毒组大鼠在空载慢病毒注射前后未见有明显旋转行为改善(P0.05);而两ABN基因治疗组在治疗后3周有显著的旋转行为改善(均P0.05),其中高剂量治疗组在治疗后2周出现平均旋转圈数减少,趋势较低剂量治疗组更加明显。PBS阴性对照组术侧黑质内TH表达最高,空载病毒组大鼠TH蛋白表达明显降低;经ABN基因治疗后的两组大鼠TH蛋白表达明显高于空载病毒组,但仍低于PBS阴性对照组。移植后12周,空载病毒组DA及DOPAC水平均显著低于PBS阴性对照组(均P0.05);而ABN基因高低剂量组中DA及DOPAC含量均明显高于空载病毒组(均P0.05),但仍低于PBS阴性对照组。结论 ABN基因脑内转移可显著改善PD大鼠的旋转行为,其作用机制可能与促进多巴胺能神经元再生、增加纹状体多巴胺表达相关。     

AADC和NURR1基因联合c17.2神经干细胞移植治疗帕金森病的实验研究

目的研究芳香族氨基酸脱羧酶(AADC)基因和NURR1基因联合c17．2神经干细胞脑内移植后对帕金森病模型大鼠的治疗效果。方法人类神经元性AADC基因和NURR1基因真核表达载体分别转染至c17．2神经干细胞内。将帕金森病(PD)模型大鼠随机分为4组,分别予以脑内毁损侧纹状区移植含空质粒的c17．2神经干细胞(A组),pCDNA3-AADC转染后的c17．2神经干细胞(B组),pCDNA3-NURR1转染后的c17．2神经干细胞(C组)以及含有pCDNA3-AADC和pCDNA3-NURR1转染后的c17．2 神经干细胞(D组)。观察其病理性旋转行为的改善,采用酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)的免疫组化方法研究脑内多巴胺含量的变化,并用荧光示踪方法观察c17．2细胞在PD模型脑内的移行。结果各组动物脑内移植后动物旋转行为较前均有改善(P<0．05),尤以D组改善最为明显,其行为学最大改善达73．7％,且同A、B、C组间差异具有显著性(P<0．05)。免疫组化可见各组移植TH阳性细胞明显增多,TH染色的神经元树突或轴突密集,体内TH阳性区域明显较PD模型组扩大,其中尤以D组病理学改善最为明显。荧光示踪观察c17．2神经干细胞有突触形成,并与临近的细胞建立突触联系。结论 AADC基因联合NURR1基因共转染c17．2神经干细胞脑内移植后改善了动物的旋转行为,增加了脑内多巴胺的表达,且植入的神经干细胞可同宿主神经元形成突触联接,为研究多基因联合神经干细胞移植治疗帕金森病提供了新方法。     

星形胶质细胞在帕金森大鼠中的作用机制研究

目的观察移植星形胶质细胞后的PD大鼠行为学改变和单胺类神经递质含量的时空变化及相互关系,旨在分析星形胶质细胞在帕金森大鼠中的作用机制。方法偏侧两点法建立PD模型大鼠后,将星形胶质细胞移入PD大鼠纹状体中,2 w后对比PD组,观察行为学改变,检测单胺类神经递质(DA、DOPAC、HVA)含量变化。结果 PD+T2As组的行为学从第4周开始较PD组有显著改善(P 0. 01),单胺类神经递质(DA、DOPAC、HVA)含量与PD组比较第2周无明显区别(P0. 05),从第3周开始显著高于PD组(P 0. 01)。结论星形胶质细胞在一定程度上保护了受损的DA能神经细胞,对PD大鼠的黑质-纹状体通路具有修复作用。     

人羊膜上皮细胞侧脑室移植对帕金森病大鼠模型行为、多巴胺能神经元、神经递质影响的实验研究

目的 观察人羊膜上皮细胞(HAECs)移植入帕金森病(PD)大鼠模型侧脑室后的存活及分化情况,及其对PD大鼠模型旋转行为、纹状体区多巴胺及其代谢产物的影响.方法 采用6-羟多巴立体定向脑内注射制作PD大鼠模型,将制模成功大鼠随机分成3组:人羊膜上皮细胞移植组(HAECs组)、磷酸缓冲组(PBS组)和帕金森组(PD组),1w后腹腔注射阿朴吗啡观察各组大鼠旋转行为的变化,连续观察10w,HAECs组5w后用人特异性抗体Nestin和Vimentin检测人羊膜细胞的存活情况,10w后酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)染色观察各组PD大鼠模型黑质部TH阳性神经元的变化情况及HAECs的分化情况,高效液相色谱--电化学仪测定纹状体多巴胺(DA)、高香草酸(HVA)、3,4-二羟基苯乙酸(DOPAC)等神经递质的水平.结果 HAECs在PD大鼠侧脑室内移植可以长期存活达10w,并且可以分化为DA能神经元,HAECs组大鼠旋转数较PBS组及PD组明显降低(P<0.01),黑质部TH阳性神经元数量较PD组及PBS组升高(P<0.01),HAECs组大鼠纹状体区DA及其代谢产物DOPAC、HVA含量较PBS组明显升高(P<0.05).结论 人羊膜上皮细胞移植入PD大鼠侧脑室可以改善PD大鼠的旋转行为,其机制可能与增加纹状体区DA等神经递质有关.     

脑内移植骨髓间质干细胞治疗帕金森病模型大鼠的实验研究

目的 探讨骨髓间质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)移植治疗帕金森病(parkinson's disease,PD)大鼠的可行性及可能的机制.方法 移植Brdu标记的MSCs到模型大鼠的纹状体内.术后4个月中,定期对大鼠进行旋转行为学实验测试.并分别在术后2周和4个月时进行脑内针道处及移植区免疫组化检测TH和Brdu的表达.结果 Brdu标记的MSCs移植到模型大鼠的纹状体内,术后2周时移植针道处及针道周围可见Brdu阳性外源MSCs,并有外源性细胞表达TH,术后4个月时移植针道内仍可以看到MSCs存活.MSCs移植的PD模型大鼠症状较PBS注射组行为学明显改善.结论 移植MSCs到大鼠PD模型的纹状体内能成活,且分化细胞能表达TH蛋白,大鼠PD模型行为学症状明显改善.     

基因修饰骨髓源性神经元样干细胞治疗帕金森大鼠的研究

目的 观察大鼠酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosinehydroxylase,TH)修饰的骨髓基质源性神经元样干细胞(neuronoid stem cells derived from bone marrow stem cells,NdSCs-D-BMSCs)在脑室移植途径下对帕金森病(Parkinson disease,PD)大鼠的治疗作用.方法 将酶切鉴定后的新构建质粒pEGFP-C2-TH经电穿孔法转染培养第8天NdSCs-D-BMSCs,注射到PD大鼠模型右侧脑室,观察大鼠行为学变化,移植细胞在大鼠脑组织内的迁移,以及高效液相方法检测脑内DA含量.结果 质粒pEGFP-C2-TH转染NdSCs-D-BMSCs移植后10周,PD大鼠症状显著改善,DA恢复至正常水平33.0%,移植细胞可以在PD大鼠脑内存活,并出现远处迁移.结论 TH修饰的大鼠NdSCs-D-BMSCs经脑室移植对PD大鼠具有明显的治疗作用,为临床中腰椎穿刺干细胞移植的应用提供实验依据.     

GDNF诱导分化骨髓基质细胞对PD大鼠的治疗作用

目的探讨胶质细胞源性神经营养因子（GDNF）诱导分化骨髓基质细胞（BMSCs）脑内移植对帕金森病（PD）模型的治疗作用。方法体外培养、分离和纯化的BMSCs，用5-溴脱氧尿核苷（BrdU）标记和GDNF诱导分化。分别将经GDNF诱导分化（A组）和未经GDNF诱导分化（B组）的BMSCs移植到PD大鼠模型纹状体区。另设生理盐水对照组（C组）和PD模型对照组（D组）。于不同时间点检测大鼠旋转行为变化，运用免疫荧光组织化学方法分析比较各组纹状体内酪氨酸羟化酶（TH）阳性细胞数量。结果①旋转行为检测显示，C组和D组在所有时间点未见明显变化；在移植后7～30d，A组和B组分别与C组和D组比较，旋转行为明显减少（P〈0．05）；A组比B组旋转行为减少更为显著（P〈0．05）。②免疫荧光组织化学检测显示，A组与B组比较，GFAP和TH阳性细胞数量明显增多（P〈0．05）。但各组自身各时程比较数量变化无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论A组的BMSCs脑内移植有效地改善了PD大鼠模型的旋转行为，提高了移植后TH阳性细胞的数量。     

TH基因修饰的神经干细胞移植治疗帕金森病的实验研究

目的 探讨TH基因修饰的神经干细胞脑内移植对帕金森病(PD)的治疗作用。方法 构建pN：ATH逆转录病毒载体质粒，用PA317细胞包装，G418筛选阳性克隆，病毒上清感染神经干细胞，将表达TH的神经干细胞植入：PD大鼠纹状体内，测定：PD大鼠旋转行为改善，DA和DOPAC含量变化，以及TH在纹状体的表达。结果 TH基因修饰的神经干细胞移植8周时能显著降低PD大鼠旋转行为，增加纹状体DA和DOPAC含量，TH在纹状体内的表达增加，疗效好于单纯神经干细胞移植组。结论 TH基因修饰的神经干细胞移植对PD大鼠有明显的治疗作用，可望为PD治疗提供新的途径。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Summary of Legislation of 1933 of interest to the Department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -