齐氏姬鼠-大绒鼠鼠疫疫源地内鼠疫主要宿主动物和指示动物携带非鼠疫耶尔森菌的调查研究

目的 探讨齐氏姬鼠-大绒鼠鼠疫疫源地内鼠疫的主要宿主动物(鼠类)和指示动物(家犬)携带小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌的情况,掌握小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌在鼠疫自然疫源地内的生态学分布特征方法 采集的啮齿动物和犬类标本分离小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌,并进行血清分型、生物分型及毒力基因检测结果 从62份啮齿动物标本检出43株小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌,携带率35.5％;从171份犬类标本检出96株小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌,携带率26.3％;138株小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌为生物1A型;1株小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌为生物3型、血清O∶3型结论 啮齿动物较犬类小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌的携带率高。非致病性小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌菌株为优势菌型。在鼠疫疫源地内研究小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌的分布及生物学特征对该病的预防控制具有重要意义,也有助于探讨致病性耶尔森菌在自然界长期保存、变化的机理以及相互关系。     

喜马拉雅旱獭鼠疫自然疫源地牧羊犬耶尔森菌感染和携带状况初步调查

目的了解喜马拉雅旱獭鼠疫自然疫源地牧羊犬耶尔森菌感染和携带状况,探讨3种致病性耶尔森菌在自然界是否存在替代或拮抗关系,为鼠疫防控提供新方法。方法采集喜马拉雅旱獭鼠疫疫源地牧羊犬血清、肛拭子标本进行致病性耶尔森菌的检测与分析。结果检测阿克塞县、肃北县、肃南县、天祝县牧羊犬血清分别为88、94、70、64份,阳性率分别为31.82%(28/88)、32.98%(31/94)、2.86%(2/70)、1.56%(1/64)。采集阿克塞县、肃北县、肃南县、天祝县的牧羊犬肛拭子共171份进行致病性耶尔森菌分离,动物间鼠疫流行猛烈的阿克塞、肃北分别分离出1株克氏耶尔森菌和2株非致病性小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌。结论喜马拉雅旱獭鼠疫自然疫源地动物间鼠疫流行猛烈地区的牧羊犬感染和携带非致病性小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌。     

广东鼠疫静息期小肠结肠炎、假结核耶尔森氏菌流行病学调查

目的查明广东省鼠疫静息期动物间及蚤小肠结肠炎、假结核菌感染情况。方法采集鼠类回盲部内容物和猪、牛粪便分别放入改良PBS缓冲液中,置4℃增菌3周,经KOH溶液处理后,涂布IN培养基; 蚤类直接拉胃接种IN培养基,置28℃24 h,挑取可疑菌落鉴定。结果疫源地从鼠、猪粪、蚤、死猪分离出小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌61株,血清型0：3（40株）,0：9（21株）和假结核耶尔森氏菌1株。非疫源地从鼠分离出小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌2株、中间型耶尔森氏菌1株。结论广东目前动物间小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌感染普遍,猪感染率最高,局部已暴发流行,假结核耶尔森氏菌偏低,鼠疫处于静息期。     

吉林省家畜耶尔森氏菌分布调查

目的调查在吉林省家畜中耶尔森氏菌的分布情况。方法采集家畜的粪便,进行细菌分离培养。结果检出致病性小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌66株,未检出假结核耶尔森氏菌。结论在吉林省存在致病性小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌。     

广东省鼠疫静息期鼠形动物耶尔森氏菌调查

目的查明广东省鼠疫静息期鼠形动物3种致病性耶尔森氏菌感染情况。方法鼠血清56℃30min灭活供试，取肝、脾压印和增菌3周后分离培养；取舌、回盲部内容物放入PBS缓冲液中在4℃增菌3周经KOH溶液处理后涂布IN培养基28℃24h，挑取可疑菌落鉴定。结果未检出鼠疫菌和假结核菌。检出小肠结肠炎菌2株，中问型耶尔森氏菌1株。结论广东省鼠疫处于静息期。     

小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌在达乌尔黄鼠鼠疫疫源地分布及特征研究

目的了解小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌在达乌尔黄鼠鼠疫疫源地动物中的种间带菌分布情况及其特征,为我国小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌的研究提供科学的参考数据。方法在达乌尔黄鼠鼠疫疫源地内选择牧区、半农半牧区和农区3个不同生态环境,分别采集鼠类、家畜家禽动物的粪便、舌根、咽拭子及肠道内容物等样本,进行小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌的分离、鉴定和毒力基因检测。结果共检测各类样本3 260份,检出小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌65株,总检出率为1.99%;猪的带菌率最高,其携带O∶3/3、O∶5/1A、O∶4/4 3个血清生物型;其中O∶3/3型致病性菌株携带ail、ystA、yadA、VirF、rfbc毒力基因;且在牧区、半农半牧区、农区的样本均可检出阳性菌,以农区最高,检出率为9.95%。结论小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌在内蒙古达乌尔黄鼠鼠疫疫源地中分布较广,以农区为重;猪是致病性小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌的主要携带者。     

基于核酸预混室温储运技术的荧光定量PCR快速检测鼠疫耶尔森氏菌

目的 实现荧光定量PCR技术在鼠疫现场和基层的应用。方法 本试验将已建立的基于核酸预混室温储运技术的荧光定量PCR方法应用于我国各鼠疫疫源地野生菌株的检测,进行特异性评价。选取分布于我国境内不同鼠疫疫源地野生鼠疫耶尔森氏菌株、鼠疫减毒菌株、耶尔森菌属近缘菌株假结核菌及小肠结肠炎菌进行荧光定量PCR检测。结果 55株鼠疫耶尔森氏菌及鼠疫减毒菌株扩增阳性,假结核耶尔森氏菌、小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌无阳性扩增,冻干试剂在室温25 ℃和37 ℃条件下可保存6个月,敏感性与冷冻保存无差异,核酸扩增诊断可在1 h内完成。结论 应用基于核酸预混室温储运技术的荧光定量PCR方法对我国各鼠疫疫源地55株鼠疫耶尔森氏菌检测呈现高度特异性,本试验冻干试剂具有可室温保存、便于运输、检测结果精准、快速等特点,具有较好的鼠疫现场应用前景。     

鼠疫耶尔森氏菌外膜蛋白研究进展

耶尔森氏菌属中致病性细菌有3种，即鼠疫耶尔森氏菌、小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌和假结核耶尔森氏菌。其中鼠疫耶尔森氏菌是致病性最强的一种。随着分子生物学的研究进展，人们对鼠疫菌有了深入的了解。鼠疫菌外膜蛋白（Yops）是近些年对鼠疫菌的基础研究内容焦点之一。国内在世界上首先发现鼠疫菌锡林郭勒高原型病原体缺少32Kd外膜蛋白和40Kd蛋白位于膜内，     

两种培养基分离鼠疫耶尔森氏菌的效果比较

上世纪80年代,美国、芬兰、日本相继报道小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌病的暴发流行而引起国内外医学界高度关注,各种耶尔森氏菌培养基纷纷问世,使用耶尔森氏菌选择培养基即Yersinia selective agar检验小肠结肠炎和假结核耶尔森氏菌已在国际上得到普遍认可,但分离鼠疫菌效果尚不清楚。     

甘肃黄鼠疫源地鼠疫宿主动物致病性耶尔森菌调查分析

目的 了解甘肃阿拉善黄鼠疫源地内鼠疫宿主动物致病性耶尔森菌感染状况,为探索该疫源地鼠疫流行状态提供依据。方法 2016-2018年现场采集阿拉善黄鼠鼠疫疫源地会宁县、平川区鼠疫宿主动物阿拉善黄鼠及花鼠、大仓鼠、沙土鼠、子午沙鼠、中华鼢鼠、小灰鼠、达乌尔鼠兔、小家鼠、灰仓鼠的回盲部及内容物、舌根部、血清标本,分别进行耶尔森菌分离及鼠疫F1抗体的检测。结果 会宁县共采集阿拉善黄鼠及花鼠、大仓鼠、沙土鼠、子午沙鼠、中华鼢鼠舌根部标本274份,未检出耶尔森菌,回盲部及内容物标本275份,检出1株非致病性小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌,其毒力型别为(ail- ystA- ystB+ yadA- virF- rfbc-),检菌率为0.18%;平川区共采集阿拉善黄鼠及沙土鼠、子午沙鼠、中华鼢鼠、小灰鼠、达乌尔鼠兔、小家鼠、灰仓鼠舌根部标本213份,回盲部及内容物标本219份均未检出耶尔森菌。阿拉善黄鼠血清312份,鼠疫F1抗体结果均为阴性。结论 甘肃黄鼠疫源地鼠类肠道内可能存在耶尔森菌群,检出的小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌的地点与阿拉善黄鼠鼠疫菌的地点一致。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.