Komplikationen bei der Arthroskopie des Hüftgelenks und deren Therapie

Background

In recent years arthroscopic interventions of the hip joint have become increasingly more frequent. An advantage of the procedure is that open surgery can be avoided in many cases by using minimally invasive procedures. The spectrum of indications is becoming increasingly broader and more differentiated. Complications are rare.

Material and methods

According to the types of complications 13,154 cases from institutions having conducted approximately 470 hip arthroscopies per year between 2008 and 2012 were collated, observed and analysed. Intraoperative or postoperative complications were taken into account.

Results

According to our definition, the overall complication ratio came to 6.3%. Relatively frequent complications were damage caused by inadequate setup, nerve lesions and broken instruments. Severe complications such as vascular lesions, intra-or postoperative fractures, infections and avascular necrosis are rare.

Conclusion

In hip arthroscopy special attention has to be paid to patient positioning, traction performing and portal establishing. This procedure performed by an experienced surgeon resulted in a low ratio of complications.     

Revisionsalloarthroplastik des Hüftgelenks

Cementless revision hip arthroplasty is described as state of the art, especially in cases of advanced bone loss of the femur. A requirement for a good result from cement-free revision hip arthroplasty is classification of the bone defect and the presence of a mechanically stable anchorage in the area of the original implant or, in cases of bone defects, distal to the original area in stable diaphyseal bone. The possibility of the accumulation of autografts or allogeneic osseous grafts and the entire removal of the cement and debris has been postulated. The advantages of cementless revision hip arthroplasty include regeneration of the bone stock and the often available modularity of the revision hip system, which allows adaptation to different bone configurations and also allows a partial change of the prosthesis in rerevision cases, such as in cases of sintering or derotation. Cemented revision arthroplasty should be done only in special cases, such as with marginal bone defects or for older patients with a short life expectancy.     

Revisionsendoprothetik des Hüftgelenks

The direct anterior approach to the hip allows good exposure of acetabulum and periacetabular bones. For simple acetabular revisions it can be chosen to be small (minimally invasive); in the case of extensive periacetabular bone loss exposure of the entire ilium cranial of the acetabulum may be achieved, and the pubic bone as well as inner-pelvic structures adjacent to the acetabulum can be exposed. The internerval plane of the approach between muscles innervated by the femoral nerve and the gluteal nerves allows exposure of the ilium without endangering the nerve supply of gluteal muscles.     

Radiologische Untersuchung des Hüftgelenks

Plain radiography of the hip joint is the imaging modality of first choice. The standard projections are an anteroposterior view of the whole pelvis and a lateral view of the involved hip. Depending on the suspected pathology, different lateral projections are used such as the Lauenstein view, a false profile view, or a lateral cross-table view. Additional projections may be helpful in special indications. For correct analysis and interpretation, the radiographs need to be checked for adequate orientation and exposure. The orthopedic surgeon has to be familiar with the imaging technique of each radiograph and its normal appearance in order to assess the orientation of the pelvis during exposure and to detect even subtle pathology or changes in orientation of the acetabulum or proximal femur.     

Osteochondritis dissecans des Hüftgelenks

Zussammenfassung Mit diesem Bericht sei ein Krankheitsbild im Hüftgelenke geschildert, welches zwar sicher als sehr selten gelten kann, von welchem man aber doch annehmen darf, da? es, nachdem einmal die Aufmerksamkeit darauf gelenkt ist, vielleicht jetzt doch ?fter beobachtet wird, so da? es sich den typischen Gelenkmauserkrankungen des Knie-und Ellbogengelenks an die Seite reiht.

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Mit 4 Abbildungen.     

Arthroskopische Synovektomie des Hüftgelenks

Objective

The aim of the treatment is reduction of hip pain through arthroscopic synovectomy of the hip joint, reduction in activity of the synovial disease and removal of loose bodies in chondromatosis.

Indications

Synovialitis of the hip due to synovial disease, such as pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) and chondromatosis, synovialitis of the hip due to a further diseases of the hip. The disease must be treatable by arthroscopy (e.g. femoroacetabular impingement and lesion of the acetabular labrum).

Contraindications

Suspicion of malignant synovial disease, extensive synovitis, especially in those areas of the hip which are difficult to reach or inaccessible to arthroscopy, primary disease not sufficiently treatable by arthroscopy, e.g. coxarthrosis.

Surgical technique

Arthroscopy of the central compartment of the hip is carried out by lateral, anterolateral (alternatively inferior anterolateral) and posterolateral portals, using all portals both for the camera and for instruments. In the central compartment synovectomy of the acetabular fossa is performed. A shaver and/or a high frequency diathermy applicator (HF applicator) are employed for removal of the synovial membrane. For arthroscopy of the peripheral compartment lateral, anterolateral (alternatively inferior anterolateral) and superior anterolateral portals are established and all portals are used both for the camera and instruments. In the peripheral compartment, the synovial membrane of the anterior, anteromedial, anterolateral and as far as possible posterolateral areas of the hip is removed. The dorsolateral synovial plica needs to be spared.

Postoperative management

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are administered as prophylaxis of heterotopic ossification for 10 days. Contraindications for NSAIDs need to be considered. Thrombosis prophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin over 5 days. Mobilization with full weight bearing. Intensive physiotherapeutic exercises for at least 6 and possibly up to 12 postoperative weeks. Radiosynoviorthesis 6–8 weeks after surgery depending of the histopathological results.

Results

From June 2007 to December 2013 a total of 20 patients with specific synovial diseases were treated with hip arthroscopy of which 18 had chondromatosis and 2 had PVNS. A telephone interview was carried out after an average of 40.2 months (range 8–92 months) and revealed a recurrence rate of the synovial disease of 20?%. In two cases (10?%) a second arthroscopy was necessary due to recurrent symptoms but without return of the synovial disease.     

Arthroskopische Arthrolyse des Hüftgelenks

Objective

Increase of range of motion and pain reduction for pain limited movement of the hip joint by arthroscopic arthrolysis of the peripheral compartment.

Indications

Painful primary or secondary restriction of movement of the hip joint with adhesive capsulitis and after previous surgery or additional arthroscopically treatable intra-articular changes.

Contraindications

Extensive periarticular ossification, severe arthrofibrosis and advanced arthritis of the hip.

Surgical technique

Arthroscopy of the peripheral compartment of the hip, initially using a lateral portal for the arthroscope and an anterolateral portal for instruments. After expansion of the portal entry site with a shaver and/or HF applicator and removal of scar tissue between the capsule and femoral neck, the capsule is reduced from anterolateral to anteromedial. After exchange of arthroscope and working portal, the lateral and dorsolateral arthrolysis is done.

Postoperative management

Administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for prophylaxis of heterotopic ossifications. Thrombosis prophylaxis with heparin. Mobilization with full weight bearing. Intensive physiotherapeutic exercises for at least for 6 weeks and if needed for 12 postoperative weeks.

Results

After arthroscopic (n=38) or open (n=11) hip surgeries, 49 revision hip arthroscopies were performed from January 2009 to August 2013. Arthrolysis in the described technique was performed if adhesions were present. In 19 of these cases, a limitation of at least 30?% for one direction of movement was present pre-operatively. The following average values were obtained for the range of motion (preoperative/postoperative/increase): flexion 94°/128°/34 °, abduction 18°/40°/22°, internal rotation of 8°/20°/12°, external rotation 18°/38°/20°.     

Zementfreie Endoprothetik des Hüftgelenks

Prognosis of cemented total hip replacement seems to be excellent for elderly patients. In younger age the outcome is less favourable and early revision is more common. Thus, different concepts with better prognosis and preservation of bone stock for possible revisions were needed. After more than 30 years of application with excellent short-term and long-term results, uncemented total hip arthroplasty is nowadays generally regarded as the standard procedure for younger patients. New bone-preserving implants, such as surface replacement or short-stemmed femoral shaft prostheses, have been introduced especially for younger patients. Some of these new procedures are still under development, and the long-term results of new implant concepts have to be evaluated over the next decades. Regarding recently published scientific studies an overview about non-cemented total hip arthroplasty is given and current concepts and developments are presented.     

Periprothetische intertrochantäre Femurfraktur nach Oberflächenersatz des Hüftgelenks

Improvements in implant design, material combination and operating instruments have led to an increased number of resurfacing arthroplasties of the hip joint especially in younger patients. Therefore, there is generally a higher risk of periprosthetic fractures even with this type of prosthesis. These fractures are divided into mainly iatrogenic fractures of the head/neck part of the femur and trochanteric fractures of the femur caused by trauma. Especially in the second group preservation of the prosthesis is much desired since the patient cohort is often very young and active. We report on a 31-year-old male patient who suffered an intertrochanteric fracture (classification AO 31 A2.1) after resurfacing arthroplasty of the hip joint (McMinn BHR prosthesis). The patient was treated with 3 AO lag screws by the percutaneous technique following closed reduction. During follow-up 22 months after the operation the reduction was preserved and the fracture fully consolidated with a good range of motion of the hip joint. The Harris hip score gave a result of 97 points.     

Differentialdiagnose der entzündlichen Arthritis des Hüftgelenks

The differential diagnosis of inflammatory arthritis of the hip covers a broad spectrum and includes in particular crystal arthropathies and systemic rheumatic diseases. The clinical examination of joint effusion of the hip may be difficult but diagnostic ultrasound should support an early diagnosis. Radiographs remain essential in the initial diagnostic evaluation but may be of limited value in early stages of the disease. Magnet resonance imaging may be helpful in addition for the detection of early arthritis. Basic laboratory diagnostics include blood count, determination of C-reactive protein level and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. If septic arthritis is suspected blood cultures should be taken. Joint aspiration should be attempted in all cases and especially in monoarthritis. Synovial fluid analysis includes white cell count, differential count, examination for crystals and microbiological diagnostics including direct stains and cultures. The most important differential diagnoses of inflammatory arthritis of the hip joint in adults are osteoarthritis, crystal arthropathies and systemic rheumatic diseases, such as spondyloarthritis.     

Der Metall-Metall-Hybridoberflächenersatz des Hüftgelenks

Worldwide the employment of surface replacements using metal-on-metal components as an option, particularly for the young and active patient, has gained broad acceptance. Part of the attraction for hip resurfacing is its conservative nature as a prosthetic solution for hip arthritis. It is anatomical, replicating the normal hip and limb length, preserving proximal femoral bone, and is a truly minimally bone invasive approach with excellent outcome of joint function. The purpose of this article is to show the data of 1,000 Conserve(c) Plus hybrid metal-on-metal prostheses in a consecutive study of 1,140 patients with a follow-up of 5.6 years. The current Kaplan and Meier survival estimates of the prosthesis, using any conversion to total hip replacement as the end point, were 98.1% at 3 years [95% confidence interval (CI): 96.8-98.9%], 96.7% at 4 years (95% CI: 94.8-97.8%), and 95.2% at 5 years (95% CI: 93.0-96.8%). The mean postoperative Harris hip score was 93.3. The current state of metal-on-metal surface replacement is positive. The new generation of hip resurfacing has a lot of improvements. The purpose of this review of the procedure is to point out the definite improvements from earlier designs using polyethylene as well as to highlight the overall results and durability achieved by one surgeon's extensive experience and to assess the results from other series and centers. We also want to point out the areas where further investigation is needed.     

Autoplastische Operationen bei Arthrosen des Hüftgelenks

Ohne Zusammenfassung Mit 6 Textabbildungen     

Primäre und früh-sekundäre Endoprothetik nach Brüchen des Hüftgelenks

Endoprosthesis after acetabular fractures represents an alternative therapy option to osteosynthesis. In both elderly and young people it is essential to exactly define the indications for both procedures and to demarcate them from each other.     

Über die tropho-statische Arthrose des Hüftgelenks

Ohne Zusammenfassung Mit 8 Textabbildungen     

Primäre und früh-sekundäre Endoprothetik nach Brüchen des Hüftgelenks

Trauma und Berufskrankheit - Die Endoprothetik nach Acetabulumfrakturen stellt eine alternative Therapieoption zur Osteosynthese dar. Sowohl beim älteren als auch beim jungen Menschen ist es...