利用脑卒中后下肢联合反应提高运动控制能力的研究

目的 研究脑卒中后如何利用姿势反射出现的联合反应（AR）在早期诱导出瘫痪肌群的主动性收缩,转化为有效运动控制能力的康复训练技术.方法 通过对94例脑卒中患者健下肢做本体感觉神经肌肉促进技术（PNF）最大阻力技术的内收、外展动作时.利用联合反应原理,诱发患下肢的Raimiste现象,通过动态表面肌电信号实时监测双下肢肌群电生理信号,进行健/患侧的相关性分析.结果 脑卒中患者在健下肢做PNF最大阻力技术的内收、外展动作时.BrunnstromⅢ-Ⅳ期时,患,健侧肌肉的相关性R的绝对值均大于0.5,具有相关性;患侧的协同收缩率CCR均大于健侧的协同收缩率CCR.随着脑卒中后运动功能的恢复,BrunnstromⅣ期时,患侧和健侧的协同收缩率CCR没有统计学差异.结论 在脑卒中后早期,利用联合反应原理,对健下肢进行PNF最大阻力技术训练,能够诱发患下肢相应肌群早期产生主动收缩,增加姿势性张力;在脑卒中痉挛和共同运动期,增加患下肢瘫痪肌群的张力,交互抑制痉挛肌群的张力,能够放松痉挛的肌肉,从而抑制异常姿势模式,促进患侧建立正常的运动模式,提高下肢的运动控制能力.     

脑卒中偏瘫患者恢复期康复训练胫骨前肌和腓肠肌表面肌电信号的变化

目的探讨恢复期康复训练的脑卒中偏瘫患者胫骨前肌和腓肠肌表面肌电信号的特征性变化。方法选取30例脑卒中恢复期偏瘫患者分为两组,且均行康复训练时间2w以上,A组15例均为Brunnstrom IV级的患者,B组15例均为Brunnstrom V级的患者,C组9例年龄、性别与之相匹配的健康者作为对照组。在进行踝关节屈伸运动的同时,采用表面肌电图记录患者患侧、健侧及健康对照组的胫骨前肌、腓肠肌内侧头的平均肌电值(AEMG),并对其进行分析。结果 C组两侧(左侧、右侧)胫骨前肌、腓肠肌平均肌电压值比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),A组、B组患侧胫骨前肌、腓肠肌平均肌电值明显小于健侧(P0.05);三组受试者健侧胫骨前肌与腓肠肌平均肌电值比较均有统计学意义(P0.05),A组患侧胫骨前肌与腓肠肌平均肌电值比较无统计学意义(P0.05),B组患侧胫骨前肌与腓肠肌平均肌电值比较有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论经过康复训练的脑卒中恢复期偏瘫患者,患侧胫骨前肌、腓肠肌平均肌电值下降,胫骨前肌尤为明显,表面肌电图在脑卒中偏瘫患者康复训练中具有潜在的临床指导意义。     

低频神经肌肉电刺激联合巴氯芬治疗脑卒中偏瘫伴肌痉挛患者的疗效观察

目的观察低频神经肌肉电刺激联合巴氯芬治疗脑卒中偏瘫伴肌痉挛患者的疗效。方法选取2016年11月—2017年11月无锡市同仁康复医院收治的脑卒中偏瘫伴肌痉挛患者152例,采用随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组76例。对照组患者给予巴氯芬治疗,观察组患者给予低频神经肌肉电刺激联合巴氯芬治疗;两组患者均连续治疗3个月。比较两组患者治疗前后患侧Ashworth分级、Fugl-Meyer评分、Barthel指数,并观察两组患者治疗期间不良反应发生情况。结果治疗前两组患者患侧Ashworth分级、Fugl-Meyer评分、Barthel指数比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后观察组患者患侧Ashworth分级优于对照组,Fugl-Meyer评分、Barthel指数高于对照组(P0.05)。两组患者治疗期间胃肠道反应、肝功能异常、肾功能异常、白细胞计数减少发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论低频神经肌肉电刺激联合巴氯芬可有效降低脑卒中偏瘫伴肌痉挛患者患侧肌张力,改善患者运动功能及日常生活活动能力,且未增加不良反应发生风险。     

肌电生物反馈联合针刺对脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢功能的影响

目的：研究肌电生物反馈联合针刺对脑卒中后偏瘫患者上肢运动功能的影响。方法将60例脑卒中偏瘫患者分为对照组（30例）和治疗组（30例）,两组患者均接受常规康复,对照组在此基础上加用针刺治疗,治疗组（肌电生物反馈组）在对照组的基础上加用肌电生物反馈治疗,共治疗8周。治疗前、治疗后8周,测定偏瘫侧腕关节的主动背伸活动范围（AROM）,检测腕背伸肌最大收缩时 EMG 波幅,采用 Fugl Meyer 运动功能量表（FMA）评估上肢运动功能。结果两组患者经过治疗后,偏瘫侧腕关节的AROM、腕背肌最大收缩时 EMGG波幅、FMA评分均明显改善（P〈0.01）,且治疗组功能改善优于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论肌电生物反馈联合针刺能显著促进脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢运动功能的恢复。     

磁共振血氧水平依赖法对评价缺血性脑卒中患者短期预后的研究

目的探讨磁共振血氧水平依赖(Bold)法对脑卒中患者短期康复预后评价的意义。方法选择30例脑卒中患者行功能磁共振Bold法检查,研究它与脑卒中短期预后的关系。结果Brunnstrom Ⅰ或Ⅱ级的患者在患手被动和主动运动中,表现为偏瘫同侧单侧感觉运动区激活的有5例,康复治疗3周后仍为Ⅱ级,1例双侧感觉运动区激活的患者3周后恢复为Ⅲ级。Brunnstrom Ⅲ或Ⅳ级的患者有5例为单侧激活,康复治疗3周无变化,而双侧激活的9例在康复治疗3周后,3例为Ⅵ级,6例为Ⅴ级。Brunnstrom Ⅴ级和Ⅵ级患者均为双侧感觉运动区激活,康复3周后,Brunnstrom分级为Ⅴ级4例中的2例恢复Ⅵ级,2例恢复为正常。而Ⅵ级6例中有5例恢复为正常,1例恢复仍为Ⅵ级。结论偏瘫Bold法显示双侧激活的患者,短期内康复效果明显,脑皮质激活区为同侧激活者在短期内康复预后差。     

表面肌电在脑卒中偏瘫患者肩带肌肉评估的应用研究

目的观察表面肌电在脑卒中偏瘫患者肩带肌肉评估的应用效果.方法脑卒中偏瘫患者20例为实验组,年龄、性别与患者相匹配的健康志愿者20例为对照组.用表面肌电记录所有受试者做双侧上肢主动外展动作时肱三头肌、三角肌后束及斜方肌上束表面肌电信号.结果对照组肱三头肌、三角肌后束及斜方肌上束均方根值(RMS)左、右侧间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);实验组偏瘫侧上述肌群RMS均显著小于非偏瘫侧及对照组(P0.05),非偏瘫侧RMS均显著大于对照组(P0.05).结论脑卒中后患者双侧上肢肩带肌群均受损,且表面肌电可有效检测脑卒中患者双上肢主动外展情况下肱三头肌、三角肌后束及斜方肌上束肌电活动,可为制定治疗方案提供参考.     

动力定型原理在偏瘫患者步行训练中的应用

目的探讨动力定型原理在脑卒中偏瘫患者步行训练中的应用。方法将100例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,各50例,治疗组应用动力定型原理进行步行康复训练,对照组仅进行常规康复训练。训练前及训练2个月后分别采用Brunnstrom分期评定运动功能,Holden步行功能分级(FAC)评定步行能力,Bathel指数(MBI)评定日常生活活动能力(ADL)。结果治疗后两组患者运动功能Brunnstrom分期、FAC、MBI评分均较治疗前明显改善(P<0.001),两组间Brunnstrom分期运动功能评分、FAC及MBI评分差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论应用动力定型原理进行步行训练,能有效促进脑卒中偏瘫患者运动功能、步行能力及日常生活能力的恢复,提高患者的生活质量。     

肌电生物反馈治疗对脑卒中偏瘫患者手功能的影响

目的探讨肌电生物反馈治疗对脑卒中偏瘫患肢手功能的影响。方法将66例脑卒中偏瘫患者分成治疗组33例和对照组33例,两组均常规进行内科药物治疗和运动疗法,治疗组加以肌电生物反馈治疗。对每例患者在入组时和治疗2个月时分别测定患侧手指(除拇指)屈伸肌最大收缩时肌电(EMG)幅值、手指共同屈伸总主动关节活动范围(TAM)和用Fug-lMeyer评估表(FMA)对患侧手功能进行评定。结果每组治疗前后手功能比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);治疗2个月后,治疗组手指肌电(EMG)幅值、TAM和FMA积分恢复优于对照组(P<0.01)。结论肌电生物反馈治疗有助于改善脑卒中偏瘫患者手功能。     

针刺联合肌电生物反馈治疗对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢功能康复的影响

目的探讨针刺联合肌电生物反馈治疗对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢功能康复的影响。方法选取2014年11月至2016年11月我院收治的脑卒中偏瘫患者70例作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为常规组和研究组,每组35例。常规组患者采用针刺疗法,研究组患者在针刺疗法的同时给予肌电生物反馈治疗。治疗前后采用Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表(FMA)和Bartherl指数量表(BI)对两组患者下肢运动功能进行评分比较,使用量角器测量比较两组患者偏瘫侧踝关节主动活动度(AROM),观察比较两组患者下肢功能的恢复情况。结果治疗前两组患者FMA、BI评分和偏瘫侧踝关节AROM比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),治疗后研究组患者FMA、BI评分显著高于常规组患者,偏瘫侧踝关节AROM明显大于常规组患者,差异具有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论针刺联合肌电生物反馈治疗可以有效改善脑卒中偏瘫患者的肢体运动功能,提高自主活动能力,改善生活质量。     

脑卒中偏瘫步态特点及康复策略

目的通过分析脑卒中偏瘫步态特点,为实施针对性的步态康复训练方案提供理论支撑。方法以10例脑卒中偏瘫患者(实验组)及10名健康人(对照组)作为研究对象,应用三维步态分析系统记录下肢步态参数,同时采用表面肌电图记录实验组健侧、患侧、对照组右下肢小腿肌电活动,对比分析实验组健侧、患侧及对照组步态参数变化。结果实验组健、患两侧双支撑期时间对比差异无统计学意义(P>0. 05);其余步态参数,实验组健侧、患侧与对照组相比差异均有统计学意义(P<0. 05)。实验组表面肌电图结果显示,双下肢胫前肌、腓肠肌内侧头周期性电活动消失,肌电活动值均小于对照组(P<0. 05)。结论三维步态分析联合表面肌电图技术对脑卒中偏瘫步态的客观评价可为步态康复策略的制定提供依据。     

杏芎氯化钠注射液对脑梗死患者肢体运动功能的疗效研究

目的观察分析杏芎氯化钠注射液对脑梗死患者肢体运动功能恢复的疗效。 方法选取广州医科大学附属第五医院神经康复科自2018年2月至10月住院的200例脑梗死患者,随机分组,试验组103例,对照组97例。对照组予以标准脑梗死二级预防治疗及神经康复治疗,试验组则在对照组治疗的基础上加用杏芎氯化钠注射液治疗,采用Brunnstrom分期及简化Fugle-Meyer评分评定2组患者治疗前后的运动功能。 结果从Brunnstrom分期角度分析,试验组和对照组治疗14 d后手、上肢、下肢运动功能与治疗前比较均有改善,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。从Fugle-Meyer评分角度分析,试验组Fugle-MeyerⅠ级、Ⅱ级患者65例,治疗后25例肢体功能评估为Ⅲ级;对照组Fugle-MeyerⅠ级、Ⅱ级患者62例,治疗后14例患者肢体功能评估为Ⅲ级;试验组疗效高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P=0.046）。 结论试验组、对照组的疗法对脑梗死患者肢体运动功能均有全面而明显的改善作用。在标准脑梗死二级预防及针对性肢体康复治疗基础上,结合杏芎氯化钠注射液治疗可以促使患者肢体功能从Fugle-MeyerⅠ、Ⅱ级向Ⅲ级好转。     

Fatigability is increased with age during velocity-dependent contractions of the dorsiflexors

BACKGROUND: Muscle power is more relevant to the activities of daily living than is isometric strength. However, dynamic contractions have received little attention as they relate to the effect of age on muscle fatigue, particularly in very old persons. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate fatigue of the dorsiflexors during a velocity-dependent (isotonic) power task in 12 young (26 years), 12 old (64 years), and 12 very old (84 years) men. METHODS: The fatigue protocol involved 25 maximal (as fast as possible) contractions at a load of 20% maximum isometric strength through a 25 degrees range of motion. Electromyographic signals of the tibialis anterior and soleus muscles were recorded to assess agonist activation and antagonist coactivation, respectively. RESULTS: Fatigability increased progressively with age as muscle power decreased by 13% in young men, 19% in old men, and 24% in very old men. In contrast, agonist activation and antagonist coactivation were unaffected by age. During the fatigue protocol, agonist activity decreased by 3%, 5%, and 4%, whereas antagonist activity increased by 11%, 13%, and 13% in young, old, and very old men, respectively. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that older adults are more fatigable than young adults during a velocity-dependent power task. This finding is in contrast to the majority of fatigue data previously reported from less functionally relevant isometric or isokinetic tasks.     

Ultrasonographic findings in hemiplegic knees of stroke patients

Clinical and radiologic asymmetric arthritic differences between paralyzed and nonparalyzed limbs of stroke patients have been reported. Arthritic pathology aggravates motor dysfunction and compromises rehabilitation. Musculoskeletal ultrasonography plays an important role in showing soft tissue and the articular cartilage of the knee. Fifty-nine patients with either ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke-induced right or left hemiplegia were recruited to evaluate soft-tissue and intra-articular cartilage changes in hemiplegic knees of stroke patients using ultrasonography. An additional 15 subjects (30 knees) without knee disease or a history of knee trauma or surgery were used as controls. There were significant differences in suprapatellar effusion and patellar tendinitis between hemiplegic and nonhemiplegic knees. Suprapatellar effusion and pes anserinus tendinitis were correlated with Brunnstrom stage. The length of time since stroke onset was not significantly correlated with positive ultrasonographic findings in hemiplegic knees. In conclusion, ultrasonography is useful for detecting periarticular soft-tissue changes and intra-articular lesions in hemiplegic knees of stroke patients.     

运动想象对卒中后偏瘫患者手功能康复的疗效观察

目的观察运动想象训练（镜像疗法）对卒中偏瘫患者上肢远端运动功能、痉挛和手功能恢复的影响。方法将35例卒中12个月以内的偏瘫患者,按照入院病例号单双的顺序,分为运动想象训练组（20例）和对照组（15例）。所有患者均接受传统的物理疗法、理疗、作业疗法,2～5h／d,5d／周。运动想象训练组辅助镜像疗法,对照组辅助无镜像疗法的训练（完全避开视觉的训练）,训练时间均为30min／次,2次／d,持续4周。分别在治疗前及治疗后4周时进行Brunnstrom偏瘫恢复六阶段手运动功能评定、痉挛评定（MAS）和功能独立评定（FIM）中自我照顾的评分。两组在治疗后4周和第1、3、6个月,评价Brunnstrom、MAS和FIM评分改变。对出院后继续自我练习3个月的2例患者进行功能磁共振成像检查和表面肌电图检查。结果①治疗后4周,运动想象组Brunnstorm、FIM评分分别增加0．6±0．5和3．8±1．9,对照组分别增加0．1±0．6和1．5±2．6;两组Brunnstorm增加值比较,t=2．69,P〈0．05;两组FIM增加值比较,t=3．03,P〈0．01。在痉挛方面,MAS评分运动想象训练组和对照组分别减少0．2±0．4和0．1±0．3。运动想象组治疗后MAS评分较治疗前下降（P〈0．05）,但与对照组治疗后比较,P〉0．05。②运动想象训练组在治疗后1、3、6个月,Brunnstrom和FIM评分均高于对照组,均P〈0．05。③表面肌电图检查显示,当进行腕背伸运动时,桡侧腕伸肌群活动比尺侧腕屈肌群活动明显。④头部功能磁共振成像显示,运动想象训练组患者在患侧第一运动区和辅助运动区,均有高信号显示。结论运动想象训练对提高卒中偏瘫患者手功能的恢复和降低手致残率的疗效显著,但对缓解痉挛的作用不明显。     

心肺运动试验指导下四肢联动训练治疗脑卒中后非特异性腰痛的效果研究

背景脑卒中后非特异性腰背痛(NLBP)发病率较高,极大影响患者功能恢复和生活质量;当前脑卒中后NLBP的治疗手段单一,以口服镇痛类药物为主,长期服用不良反应明显。脑卒中后NLBP与肢体平衡和运动障碍密切相关,而心肺运动试验(CPET)指导下四肢联动训练正是改善肢体平衡和运动障碍的有效方法。目的探讨CPET指导下四肢联动训练治疗脑卒中后NLBP的效果。方法选取2019年10月至2020年12月在常州市德安医院康复中心就诊的脑卒中后NLBP患者60例,采用随机数字表法分为对照组30例、观察组30例。对照组有2例患者、观察组有1例患者中途自行退出本研究,最终纳入患者57例,其中对照组28例、观察组29例。对照组给予常规康复训练,观察组在常规康复训练基础上增加CPET指导下四肢联动训练,持续训练6周。比较两组患者训练前后视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分、两侧腹直肌与腰段腰段竖脊肌平均功率频率(MPF)、Berg平衡量表(BBS)评分、FuglMeyer运动功能评定量表(FMAS)评分以及步态参数。结果训练后两组患者静息、步行状态下VAS评分分别低于本组训练前,且观察组患者静息、步行状态下VAS评分低于对照组(P<0.05)。训练后两组患者患侧及健侧腹直肌、腰段竖脊肌MPF分别高于本组训练前,且观察组患者患侧及健侧腹直肌、腰段竖脊肌MPF高于对照组(P<0.05)。训练后两组患者BBS及FMAS上肢部分、下肢部分评分分别高于本组训练前,且观察组患者FMAS上肢部分、下肢部分评分高于对照组(P<0.05)。训练后两组患者步幅、步频、步速、健侧摆动相/患侧摆动相分别高于本组训练前,步长偏差、健侧支撑相/患侧支撑相分别低于本组训练前,且观察组患者步幅、步频、步速、健侧摆动相/患侧摆动相高于对照组,步长偏差、健侧支撑相/患侧支撑相低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论在常规康复训练基础上增加CPET指导下四肢联动训练,能有效缓解脑卒中后NLBP患者的腰背痛,这可能与CPET指导下四肢联动训练更有助于改善患者上肢、下肢运动功能以及步态对称性,从而减少躯干代偿、减轻腰背部肌群疲劳有关。     

第三代功能性电刺激联合任务导向训练对卒中后上肢功能的康复作用

目的探讨第三代功能电刺激(FES)联合任务导向训练对卒中后上肢功能恢复的作用。方法选择病程3~12个月的初发卒中患者40例,按病例单双号分为FES组和对照组,每组20例。两组患者均接受传统的康复训练,1次/d,30 min/次,5 d/周,共12周。FES组另给予12周的FES治疗,1次/d,15 min/次,5 d/周;根据上肢功能状况给予患者被动电刺激、触发反馈电刺激、助力反馈电刺激结合任务导向训练(杯子训练)的作业治疗。疗效评定采用改良的Ashworth量表(MAS)、Brunnstrom分级量表、Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表(上肢部分,FMA)及腕关节背伸的主动关节活动度(WEAROM)测评。结果 (1)治疗前FES组与对照组各项观察指标差异均无统计学意义。(2)治疗后两组MAS和Brunnstrom量表评分均较治疗前有所改善,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);但FES组与对照组比较,MAS和Brunnstrom量表的治疗前-后评分差值[分别为(0.7±0.3)、(0.8±0.4)分和(0.6±0.2)、(0.7±0.4)分]差异均无统计学意义。(3)两组FMA评分和WE-AROM均较治疗前提高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);FES组FMA评分的治疗前-后差值为(8.3±4.0)分,高于对照组的(4.3±2.5)分;FES组WEAROM的治疗前-后差值为(21±10)度,高于对照组的(14±6)度,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论与传统的康复训练相比,结合了FES治疗的康复训练对于卒中患者上肢运动功能改善及腕关节背伸的关节活动度提高效果更明显。但对上肢痉挛改善效果不明显。     

Differences in muscle coactivation during postural control between healthy older and young adults

The purpose of this study was to clarify the difference in muscle coactivation during postural control between older and young adults and to identify the characteristics of postural control strategies in older adults by investigating the relationship between muscle coactivation and postural control ability. Forty-six healthy older adults (82.0 ± 7.5 years) and 34 healthy young adults (22.1 ± 2.3 years) participated. The postural tasks selected consisted of static standing, functional reach, functional stability boundary and gait. Coactivation of the ankle joint was recorded during each task via electromyography (EMG). The older adults showed significantly higher coactivation than the young adults during the tasks of standing, functional reach, functional stability boundary (forward), and gait (p < 0.01). Postural sway area (ρ = 0.42, p < 0.05) and functional reach distance (ρ = −0.52, p < 0.05) significantly correlated with coactivation during the corresponding task in older adults, i.e., muscle coactivation was significantly higher in the elderly with low postural control ability than in the elderly with high balance ability. Increased muscle coactivation could be a necessary change to compensate for a deterioration in postural control accompanying healthy aging. Further research is needed to clarify in greater detail positive and negative effects of muscle coactivation on postural control.     

Electromyographic study assessing swallowing function in subacute stroke patients with respiratory muscle weakness

Background:Dysphagia has been reported to be associated with the descent of the hyolaryngeal complex. Further, suprahyoid muscles play a greater role than infrahyoid muscles in elevation of the hyolarngeal complex. Respiratory muscle training (RMT) can improve lung function, and expiratory muscle strength training can facilitate elevation of the hyoid bone and increase the motor unit recruitment of submental muscles during normal swallowing. This study aimed to investigate the surface electromyography (sEMG) of the swallowing muscles, bilaterally, and the effect of RMT on swallowing muscles in stroke patients with respiratory muscle weakness.Methods:Forty patients with first episode of unilateral stroke were included in this retrospective controlled trial. After exclusion of 11 patients with respiratory muscle strength stronger than 70% of the predicted value, 15 were allocated to the RMT group and 14 to the control group. However, eventually, 11 patients in RMT group and 11 patients in control group completed the study. The sEMG of the orbicularis oris, masseter, submental, and infrahyoid muscles were recorded during dry swallowing, water swallowing (2 mL), and forced exhalation against a threshold breathing trainer set at different intensities, at baseline and after 6-week RMT.Results:Regarding the sEMG of submental muscles, there were significant between-group differences on the latency of the unaffected side (P = .048), significant change from baseline force on the unaffected side (P = .035), and significant between-side difference (P = .011) in the RMT group during dry swallowing. Significant change in the duration from baseline was observed on the affected side of the RMT group when blowing was set at 50% maximal expiratory pressure (MEP; P = .015), and on the unaffected side of the control group when blowing set at 15% MEP (P = .005). Significant difference was observed in the duration between 50% MEP and 15% MEP after 6-week program in the control group (P = .049).Conclusions:A 6-week RMT can improve the electric signal of the affected swallowing muscles with more effect on the unaffected side than on the affected side during dry swallowing. Furthermore, RMT with 50% MEP rather than 15% MEP can facilitate greater submental muscle activity on the affected side in stroke patients with respiratory muscle weakness.