Microalbuminuria and cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Prospective studies have shown that increased urinary albumin excretion is a risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus, but the nature of the association remains unknown. Eighty-five patients aged less than 65 years and not treated with insulin were studied. The overnight albumin excretion rate (AER) was measured in each patient and analysed in relation to several putative risk factors for cardiovascular disease. AER was used both as a continuous variable and after dividing patients into high-risk (AER greater than or equal to 10 micrograms min-1) and low-risk (AER less than 10 micrograms min-1) groups. By both methods of analysis AER was significantly correlated with both seated and supine diastolic blood pressure levels and with resting heart rate. Body mass index and waist-hip ratio appeared higher and HDL-cholesterol lower in the at-risk group, but differences were not statistically significant. The level of Factor VII was not significantly lower in the at-risk group. Little of the cardiovascular risk associated with raised AER can be attributed to associations with conventional risk factors.     

The association between 25-hydroxy vitamin D deficiency and diabetic complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

AimsTo evaluation the relationship between serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25-(OH)D] deficiency and diabetic complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).MethodsOne hundred and sixty three patients with T2DM [DM + uncomplicated (n = 36), DM + nephropathy (n = 31), DM + neuropathy (n = 30), DM + retinopathy (n = 30), DM + cardiovascular disease (CAD) (n = 36)], 35 CAD and 40 healthy volunteers were included.ResultsSerum 25-(OH)D levels were found as significantly lower in all patients compared to the control group (p < 0.05). 25-(OH)D in patients with DM + retinopathy (p < 0.006), DM + nephropathy (p < 0.001) and DM + neuropathy (p < 0.001) was significantly lower than that of the control group. 25-(OH)D in patients with DM + nephropathy (p < 0.001), DM + neuropathy (p < 0.01) and DM + retinopathy (p < 0.001) was significantly lower than in the DM + uncomplicated group. 25-(OH)D levels were found as significantly lower in DM + CAD compared to the CAD group (p < 0.01). Serum 25-(OH)D and HbA1c and parathyroid hormone (PTH) were found to be negatively correlated with each other in DM + all complications.ConclusionsLow serum 25-OHD levels were found to be associated with the development of diabetes and complications. Low serum 25-OHD levels may be a consequence of even worse metabolic control of diabetes.     

新诊断2型糖尿病的代谢和慢性并发症分析

目的 研究1994年至2008年期间筛查的新诊断2型糖尿病患者的代谢控制指标及糖尿病慢性并发症患病率的变化.方法 采取集约患者、不同学科联合门诊的方法,进行糖尿病并发症筛查和数据采集.结果 2085例患者中男性1189例,女性896例.患者的发病年龄由1994年的(54.6±7.9)岁下降到2008年的(51.6±13.1)岁.1994年没有20～29岁年龄组的患者,30～39岁的患者占5%,而2008年此比例分别是2%和16%.体重指数从1994年的(24.48±4.15)kg/m2增加到2008年的(26.03±3.63)kg/m2,体重指数≥25 kg/m2、腰臀比≥0.90(男性)或≥0.85(女性)的异常率分别从1994年的63.6%、75.0%和71.4%增加到79.6%、95.2%和93.8%.以1994年的血压为基线,1995年至2008年各年筛查的血压分别与其比较,均无显著的统计学差异.空腹血糖、餐后血糖和HbA1c分别由1994年的10.3 mmol/L、15.2mmol/L和11.1%降低到2008年的9.0 mmol/L、14.3 mmol/L和8.6%.总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)无明显的变化.1994年糖尿病视网膜病变患病率为28.2%,至2008年下降至3.9%,有显著的统计学差异.肾病患病率由1994年的17.7%上升至2008的24.1%,但无显著的统计学差异.心血管并发症由1994年的14.3%增加至2008年的24.1%,有显著的统计学意义.有微血管并发症的患者收缩压、舒张压、HbA1c均明显高于无微血管并发症组[分别是136/78对130/77mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)、9.41%对9.11%],有统计学差异.有大血管并发症的患者年龄、收缩压、血总胆固醇、甘油三酯明显高于无大血管并发症组(53.4对50.0岁,132对129 mm Hg,5.3对5.1 mmol/L和2.6对2.1 mmol/L).结论 在1994年至2008年期间新诊断的糖尿病患者,肥胖人群呈现逐年增多,血糖、血压、总胆固醇水平有所下降,而甘油三酯上升;微血管并发症,尤其是视网膜病变明显下降,肾病无明显变化,心血管并发症患病率明显增加.     

2型糖尿病尿微量白蛋白与心血管病危险因素的研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者尿微量白蛋白与心血管病危险因素（血糖、血脂、血压、尿酸等）的关系。方法选择192例确诊为T2DM住院患者,分为微量白蛋白尿（MAU）组（n=60）和正常微量白蛋白尿（NAU）组（n=132）,检测患者体质指数（BMI）、血脂、血压、尿酸等相关危险因素,并进行对比分析;同时以尿微量白蛋白为因变量,各相关危险因素为自变量进行了多元线性回归分析,以明确影响2型糖尿病患者尿微量白蛋白增加的因素。结果 MAU组糖化血红蛋白水平（HbA1c）、入院时收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）水平、血肌酐（Cr）、尿酸（UA）、总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）水平及TC、LDL-C、UA、SBP和DBP的异常率明显高于NAU组,而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）水平明显低于NAU组（P〈0.05～0.01）,多元线性回归分析发现MAU与BMI、SBP、DBP、TC、TG、LDL-C、HbA1c、UA和Cr呈正相关,而与HDL-C呈负相关（P〈0.05～0.01）。结论血脂、血压等多种危险因素的异常影响T2DM患者尿微量白蛋白水平。     

Clinical implication of alterations in serum Klotho levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications

Aim

To investigate the clinical significance of serum α-Klotho and β-Klotho levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its associated complications.

2型糖尿病患者的血糖控制和医疗费用的多因素分析

目的　了解中国大城市 2型糖尿病 (T2DM )患者的血糖 (PG)和糖化血红蛋白 (HbA1c)及其控制情况 ,以及影响患者医疗费用的因素。　方法　对国内 11个大城市的T2DM患者抽样调查 ,收集其疾病控制和治疗费用数据 ,以及相关的影响因素。调查的 1111例T2DM患者中 ,门诊 6 5 8例 ,住院 4 5 3例 ,采用描述统计的方法分析患者的HbA1c和PG控制情况 ,用多因素模型分析医疗费用的主要影响因素。　结果　 6 8%患者的空腹血糖 (FPG)没有得到很好控制 ( >7.0mmol/L) ,4 2 %的HbA1c控制效果不佳 ( >7.5 % )。门诊医疗费用的多因素分析中医院级别 (P <0 .0 0 1)、并发症 (P<0 .0 0 1)和末次空腹静脉血糖控制水平 (P <0 .0 5 )是影响患者就诊费用的主要因素。住院医疗费用多因素分析结果显示 ,住院天数 (P <0 .0 0 1)、医院级别、并发症 (P <0 .0 0 1)、家庭人均收入是影响患者住院费用的主要因素。　结论　中国大城市中 5 0 %左右T2DM患者按照 ( 2 0 0 2年的治疗情况 )PG和HbA1c控制效果不佳 ,并发症和PG控制效果不好是T2DM患者医疗费增多的显著因素     

Dimethylarginines in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: relation with the glycaemic control

We tested the relationship between plasma levels of dimethylarginines (ADMA and SDMA) and glycaemic control in 43 type 2 diabetic patients. Type 2 diabetics with poor glycaemic control (HbA1c > 6.5) had significantly lower SDMA and higher ADMA concentrations than those with well-controlled glycaemia (HbA1c < 6.5).     

The importance of measurement of plasma fibrinogen level among patients with type- 2 diabetes mellitus

Background & aimFibrinogen has been implicated as a cause of atherosclerosis and its complications in patients with type 2 DM. We aimed to measure the plasma fibrinogen level in type 2 diabetics and to correlate it with the duration, type of treatment, HbA1c, smoking, lipid profile, diabetic retinopathy, hypertension and ischemic heart disease in comparison to control.MethodsA case control single center study included 50 patients with type 2 DM between the ages of 35–85 y who were randomly selected from the medical units of Baghdad Teaching Hospital compared to 30 non-diabetics as a control. After taking verbal consents; plasma fibrinogen levels were estimated and correlated with aimed variables. Odds ratios with 95% CI were calculated and regression analysis was performed for correlations. P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsThere were statistically significant differences regarding total cholesterol, TG, and LDL between cases and control. Mean HbA1c of diabetics was 8.31 ± 1.75% (P < 0.001). Cases showed plasma fibrinogen of (4.01 ± 1.89 g/dL) compared to (2.79 ± 0.55 g/dL) of control (P < 0.001). ROC curve revealed that the AUC was (0.679 ± 0.06, 95%CI = 0.561–0.797, P < 0.008). The sensitivity and specificity of the test at cut off value of 3.05 g/dL were 0.62 and 0.567 respectively. There was a significant correlation between fibrinogen level and each of HbA1c (r = 0.497, P < 0.001) and TG (r = 0.359, P = 0.01).ConclusionsHbA1c has a significant positive effect on plasma fibrinogen and it is important to measure plasma fibrinogen level in patients with type 2 DM.     

Relationship of residual beta-cell function, metabolic control and chronic complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus

As the relationships between C-peptide levels and metabolic control and chronic complications are poorly known in type 2 diabetes, due to the slow decline of beta-cell function, we evaluated these associations in a cohort of type 2 diabetic patients. After excluding insulin-trated subjects, 1533 patients were divided according to their C-peptide fasting levels in quartiles. Patients within the lowest C-peptide quartile showed significantly higher duration of diabetes, prevalence of retinopathy and values of HDL-cholesterol, albumin excretion rate and HbA1c, while BMI, diastolic blood pressure, percentages of hypertension and metabolic syndrome, and values of triglycerides and uric acid were significantly higher in the highest C-peptide quartile. The associations between C-peptide and duration of diabetes, AER, HbA1c, retinopathy and the components of the metabolic syndrome remained significant, after multiple adjustments. In conclusion, these data support the hypothesis that a reduced insulin secretion is associated with a longer duration of diabetes and a greater prevalence of microvascular complications, while higher insulin levels are associated with the components of the metabolic syndrome. Received: 21 August 2000 / Accepted in revised form: 5 December 2000     

Age,age at diagnosis and diabetes duration are all associated with vascular complications in type 2 diabetes

Background

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is increasingly diagnosed in younger patients. The trajectory of complications in patients diagnosed at a younger or older age is not well understood. We examine the associations between age, age at diagnosis and diabetes duration and vascular complications in patients with T2DM.

Blood pressure control, microalbuminuria and cardiovascular risk in Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Type 2 (noninsulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (DM) affects about 3% of the UK population. Diabetes often coexists with a cluster of other potent cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension, dyslipidaemia and increased tendency for thrombosis, and increases the risk of early death from cardiovascular causes by about threefold. Microalbuminuria or proteinuria also may be present, further increasing the risk of cardiovascular mortality. Cardiovascular risk factors must be treated aggressively in patients with Type 2 diabetes and control of blood pressure at 140/85 mm Hg or lower is a priority. The management of hypertension in patients from some ethnic groups demands special consideration because they have a high incidence of diabetes and hypertensive complications. Patients must be urged to adopt appropriate lifestyle changes in the first instance but additional drug treatment for hypertension is usually required. All the major classes of antihypertensive agents lower blood pressure in Type 2 diabetic patients but have different effects on metabolic risk factors in different ways. Low-dose thiazide diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have been shown to reduce cardiovascular risk. Individually, the effects of low-dose thiazide diuretics and beta-blockers on glucose and lipid metabolism is clinically insignificant, though in combination much larger metabolic effects are seen. ACE inhibitors and calcium channel blockers have no, or small, beneficial effects on glucose and lipid metabolism, while the greater beneficial effects of alpha1-blockers on lipid profiles may render them especially useful in the Type 2 diabetic patient. Long-acting calcium-channel blockers and ACE inhibitors protect renal function and are suitable as first line therapy in patients with microalbuminuria or proteinuria. Until results from the current batch of randomized, placebo-controlled trials comparing different classes of antihypertensive agents are available, the choice of antihypertensive agent is difficult. Addressing overall cardiovascular risk factors, rather than hypertension alone, is essential in the management of the hypertensive Type 2 diabetic patient.     

Cardiovascular events in patients with over 10 years history of type 2 diabetes mellitus

BackgroundDiabetes is one of the concerns of today's public health and patients with type 2 diabetes are at increased risk of death due to cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in patients with over 10 years history of type 2 diabetes mellitus referred to the Sanandaj Diabetes Clinic.MethodsIn this study, 400 patients with type 2 diabetes who had over 10 years history of diabetes were selected and the required information was prepared based on taking their history and files. Finally data were analyzed using T-test, Chi-square and Fisher test methods.ResultsIn this the mean duration of diabetes was 14.59 ± 4.07 years. 95.25% of patients had dyslipidemia. The frequency of history of cardiovascular events was 78.25%. 12.25% of patients had a history of ischemic heart disease and 82.75% had a history of high blood pressure. There was a significant relationship between the incidence of cardiovascular events with hypertension, HDL level and family history of early cardiovascular disease (p < 0.05).ConclusionThe high risk of cardiovascular events in diabetic patients it strongly emphasizes the need for quick and serious approaches to prevent cardiovascular events in diabetic patients.     

成都地区322例老年2型糖尿病患者合并症的调查分析

目的了解成都地区老年2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者的各种慢性并发症及其相关危险因素。方法分别选取成都地区三级甲等医院的住院患者82例,门诊患者126例和社区的老年T2DM患者114例作为研究对象,采用面对面一人一表问卷式调查方法进行T2DM慢性并发症的记录并进行相关的统计分析。结果成都地区老年T2DM患者各种慢性并发症中以高血压（54．04％）、糖尿病神经病变（54．66％）、糖尿病视网膜病变（59．00％）及皮肤症状（59．32％）为最高。其次为糖尿病合并血脂紊乱（41．93％）、心血管病（31．99％）、呼吸系统疾病（26．09％）、消化系统症状（24．84％）和肾脏病变（24．84％）。各种慢性并发症发病率随着年龄的增长、糖化血红蛋白的升高、病程的延长及舒张压的升高而呈上升的趋势。结论成都地区老年2型糖尿病患者各种慢性并发症的发病率已接近或部分超过两方国家的平均水平。而DM病程及血糖、血压、血脂控制水平等因素与各种慢性并发症的发生发展均密切相关,因此应加强对老年2型DM患者相关危险因素的综合控制。     

运动疗法在2型糖尿病治疗中的作用

目的探讨运动疗法在2型糖尿病治疗中的作用。方法对30例中年2型糖尿病患者在饮食和口服降糖药物治疗的基础上采用运动疗法。具体方法为3次／d快步行走，运动量=总摄入热量-日常生活消耗量 1737．5kJ，以最大心率(Hrmax)的60％作为靶心率，治疗前后检测各项相关指标变化。结果运动治疗2周后，30例患者的血糖、体重指数(BMI)、果糖胺及甘油三酯均明显下降，且无并发症发生。结论运动疗法可降低中年2型糖尿病患者的血糖，改善血脂代谢，方法安全可行。     

2型糖尿病患者合并代谢紊乱与血管并发症相关性分析

目的观察2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者合并代谢紊乱发生情况及其与血管并发症的相关性。方法采用2004年中华医学会糖尿病学分会(CDS)关于代谢综合征诊断标准,对230例T2DM患者按合并代谢紊乱多少分为单纯T2DM组(T2DM组,n=60)、T2DM合并1种代谢紊乱组(MS1组,n=97)、T2DM合并2种代谢紊乱组(MS2组,n=50)和T2DM合并3种代谢紊乱组(MS3组,n=23)四组,比较四组患者临床及生化检查指标,观察颈动脉内膜-中层增厚(C-IMT增厚)、糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)及糖尿病肾病(DN)发生率,采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析血管并发症与合并代谢紊乱关系。结果 T2DM合并1种代谢紊乱患者占42.2%、合并2种代谢紊乱患者占21.7%、合并3种代谢紊乱患者占10.0%。与T2DM组患者比较,合并其他代谢紊乱组患者的体质指数(BMI)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2小时血糖(2hPG)、血尿酸(UA)、三酰甘油(TG)及总胆固醇(TC)水平显著增高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。与MS1组患者比较,MS2组患者BMI、SBP、DBP、FBG、2hPG、UA、TG、TC及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平增高,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);MS3组患者BMI、SBP、DBP、HOMA-IR、FBG、2hPG、UA及TG水平升高,HDL-C水平降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。与MS2组患者比较,MS3组患者SBP、DBP、FBG、2hPG及UA水平升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。随代谢紊乱组份的增加,C-IMT增厚、DR及DN等血管并发症的发生率增加(P0.01)。分别以C-IMT增厚、DR、DN为自变量,以BMI、SBP、DBP、FBG、2hPG、TG及HDL-C为因变量,采用二分类Logistic回归分析,结果显示SBP、DBP及2hPG是C-IMT增厚的独立危险因素;DBP和TG是DR的独立危险因素;SBP和TG是DN的独立危险因素。结论 2型糖尿病合并其他代谢紊乱与C-IMT增厚、DR及DN的发生相关。     

糖尿病对高血压患者动态血压及血压变异性的影响

目的 探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）对原发性高血压（EH）患者动态血压（ambulatory blood pressure，ABP）及血压变异性（blood pressure variability，BPV）的影响。方法 选取36例单纯EH及33例合并T2DM的EH患者，行24hABP监测，对2组患者的ABP及BPV进行对比分析。结果 与单纯EH患者相比，合并T2DM的EH患者日间平均收缩压（dmSBP）（P〈0，05）、日间脉压（dmPP）（P〈0.01）、日间收缩压标准差（dSBPSD）（P〈0.01）及日间收缩压标准差变异系数（dSBPCV）（P〈0．05）显著增大。结论 T2DM加重EH患者心血管系统的结构与功能异常，引起ABP及BPV增大；改善其体内糖代谢状况，将有助于改善其心血管系统血流动力学，从而减少心血管并发症。     

Association between reduced serum levels of magnesium and the presence of poor glycemic control and complications in type 1 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis

ObjectiveTo evaluate the association between reduced serum magnesium levels and poor glycemic control and/or complications in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus through a systematic review and meta-analysis.MethodsThe articles were selected using the Medline/PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Scielo databases. Eligibility criteria were cross-sectional, cohort or case-control observational studies that assessed the association between reduced magnesium levels and poor glycemic control and/or complications in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.ResultsNine articles were included in the systematic review and two in the meta-analysis, all articles being cross-sectional. Among the seven studies that were designed to evaluate glycemic control, five showed an association between reduced levels of magnesium and poor glycemic control, and these findings were corroborated by the meta-analysis. Among the two studies in which dyslipidemia was evaluated, both showed higher levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, and lower levels of HDL cholesterol in patients with lower levels of magnesium as compared to those with higher magnesium levels. The three studies that evaluated diabetes kidney disease and the two studies that evaluated diabetic retinopathy found divergent results.ConclusionThere is an association between reduced levels of magnesium and poor glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, however, this needs further studies.     

蒙古族2型糖尿病患者高血压影响因素的分析

目的 探讨蒙古族T2DM患者高血压的影响因素. 方法 选取蒙古族T2DM患者523例,根据血压水平分为正常血压、高血压前期和高血压组.采用问卷调查、系统体检和多元线性回归分析进行研究. 结果 正常血压、高血压前期和高血压组年龄[(51.11±10.61)vs(51.34±10.20) vs(55.85±9.36)岁]、BMI[(24.76±4.74)vs(25.81±3.45) vs (26.58±3.66) kg/m2]、SBP[(105.69±10.50)vs(125.08±6.54) vs (158.67±23.80)mmHg]、DBP[(65.94±12.44) vs (75.43±8.41)vs(93.25±15.08)mmHg]、饮酒[15(23.44) vs 44(26.83)vs118(40.00)]和口味偏甜[13(20.31) vs 23(14.02)vs 18(6.10)]两两比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),高血压组病程较高血压前期组长[4.0(0.5,6.0) vs1.0(0.0,5.0)年,P＜0.01],TG较正常血压组高[2.37(1.83,3.55) vs 2.14(1.63,3.14)mmol/L,P＜0.01].SBP与年龄、病程、BMI、HDL-C和饮酒呈正相关,与文化程度、口味偏甜呈负相关,DBP与年龄、病程、BMI、HDL-C和饮酒呈正相关,与性别、LDL-C和口味偏甜呈负相关.多元线性回归分析显示,年龄、病程、BMI、HDL-C、饮酒和口味偏甜是蒙古族T2DM患者SBP升高的影响因素,性别、年龄、BMI、HDL-C和口味偏甜是蒙古族T2DM患者DBP升高的影响因素. 结论 年龄、BMI、HDL-C和口味偏甜是蒙古族T2DM患者高血压的影响因素.     

老年2型糖尿病高尿酸血症相关因素分析

目的探讨老年2型糖尿病高尿酸血症的相关因素。方法将2013-01~2016-01该院住院治疗的240例60岁以上2型糖尿病老年患者,按血尿酸水平分为高尿酸(HUA)组(A组)45例,非高尿酸(NUA)组(B组)195例,分析两组体重指数(BMI)、血压、空腹血糖(FPG)、糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)、尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(Scr)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)水平差异。结果老年2型糖尿病高尿酸血症患病率18.7%。高尿酸血症与TG、TC、BMI、血压密切相关。结论应控制体重,降低TG,积极预防老年2型糖尿病高尿酸血症。