配方奶添加长链多聚不饱和脂肪酸对足月儿生长发育的影响

[目的]拟探讨配方乳添加等量AA与DHA对中国部分地区足月婴儿生长发育的影响. [方法]271名足月健康新生儿,随机分配进入添加AA DHA配方喂养组(frisolac advanced,FA组)、未添加AA DHA配方喂养组(frisolac H,FH组),并选择26名纯母乳喂养儿(fully breast feding,BF组)为对照组.所有参与的婴儿在满3和6个月时邀请入院检测体重、身长、头围、智能发育指数(MDI),运动发育指数(PDI),并采集外周静脉血检测血浆长链多聚不饱和脂肪酸(LCPUFA)与血红蛋白. [结果]尽管两种配方喂养婴儿血清LCPUFA含量差异有显著性,但两组配方喂养婴儿在满3和6个月时体重、身长、头围、MDI、PDI差异无显著性.然而,本研究显示纯母乳喂养婴儿在6个月时体重和身长低于混合喂养婴儿(BF组 FA组),且BF组婴儿在6个月时血浆AA、DHA及与血红蛋白低于BF FA组婴儿. [结论]尽管添加AA∶DHA=1∶1的配方可以显著地增加婴儿血浆AA和DHA水平,但并不表明对现有的标准婴儿配方乳添加AA DHA可促进婴儿生长发育.     

不同喂养方式对婴儿生长发育影响的研究

目的探讨母乳喂养与无法母乳喂养,而使用添加二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)和花生四烯酸(AA)配方奶粉喂养与婴儿生长发育的关系。方法无法母乳喂养儿70例(各种客观原因无法获得母乳),采用添加DHA和AA的配方奶粉,并与71例同性别以及胎龄、出生体重和父母文化程度近似的纯母乳喂养儿作配对观察。结果2组婴儿于生后1个月、42天时检测其身长、体重、发育商(DQ)均无显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论用添加DHA和AA配方奶喂养的婴儿,其生后42天内体格和发育商数情况能达到与母乳喂养儿相同的发育程度。     

母乳及早产儿配方奶对早产儿生长发育影响的研究

[目的]探讨早产儿母乳及早产儿配方奶早产儿早期生长发育的影响.[方法]将48例早产儿随机分为早产儿母乳喂养组和早产儿配方喂养组,观察在达到全肠道营养前后两组早产儿体重、身长、头围增长和纠正胎龄至40周时20项新生儿神经行为测定评分,并作组间比较,同时还经较两组早产儿对喂养耐受精情况.[结果]早产儿配方奶喂养组的早产儿的体重增长显著优于母乳喂养组（P＜0.01）,身长,头围增长及神经行为发育上的差异无显著性（P＞0.05）母乳喂养不耐受的发生明显少于早产儿配方奶喂养（P＜0.05）.[结论]用早产儿配方奶喂养早产儿生后早期生长发育能达到与母乳喂养早产儿同样的发育程度.     

42天婴儿喂养方式及体格发育调查分析

[目的]对42 d婴儿喂养状况进行调查分析,探讨不同喂养方式对婴儿体格发育的影响.[方法]选择800例足月适龄的42 d婴儿进行出生时～42 d时喂养方式的调查,采用小儿生长监测,对新生儿于出生时及42 d时分别进行体重、身长、头围的比较,并进行营养性贫血和早期佝偻病发病率的调查.[结果]800例42 d婴儿母乳喂养率为60.1%;母乳喂养方式下的婴儿体重、身长、头围平均增长均高于部分母乳及人工喂养,三者差异有显著性（P＜0.05）.部分母乳喂养和人工喂养的婴儿,营养性贫血及早期佝偻病的发病率均高于母乳喂养.接受健康教育者母乳喂养率高达61.05%;自然产者母乳喂养率（61.0%）高于剖宫产者.[结论]母乳喂养能促进婴儿生长发育,降低营养性贫血和早期佝偻病的发病率.     

不同喂养方式对早产小于胎龄儿生长发育影响的研究

目的 研究不同喂养方式对小于胎龄儿体重、身长、头围的影响。方法 将215名小于胎龄儿按照喂养方式分为5组:早产儿出院后配方奶喂养组、母乳喂养组、足月儿配方奶喂养组、母乳+早产儿出院后配方奶喂养组、母乳+足月儿配方奶喂养组, 比较各组在出生、生后1、3、6、12、18月及24月体重、身长、头围等生长发育指标。结果 不同喂养方式对小于胎龄儿体重、身长、头围发育的影响有统计学意义(P<0.05), 早产儿出院后配方奶喂养组及其与母乳混合喂养组儿童发育指标优于纯母乳喂养及足月儿配方奶喂养组, 其差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 小于胎龄儿出院后应用早产儿出院后配方奶喂养或与母乳混合喂养能够促进体重、身长、头围发展, 实现小于胎龄儿的追赶生长, 避免发生宫外生长发育迟缓的发生。     

不同喂养方式对0～2岁婴幼儿生长发育的影响

[目的]探讨不同喂养方式对0～2岁婴幼儿生长发育的影响.[方法]健康婴儿650名依据其生后前4个月的喂养方式分为母乳喂养组、部分母乳喂养组和人工喂养组,自生后30 d起进行前瞻性的纵向观察,并在生后的3月、6月、9月、12月、18月、24月龄时观测其体重和身长,用单因素方差分析进行各组间的比较.[结果]三组婴儿的体重和身长在3月、6月龄时差异无显著性(P>0.05),但9～24月龄婴幼儿的体重和身长母乳喂养组低于人工喂养组,差异有显著性(P<0.05).部分母乳喂养组婴幼儿的体重和身长介于母乳喂养组与人工喂养组之间.[结论]与人工喂养相比,母乳喂养的婴幼儿6月龄以后生长速度减缓,两者的生长模式可能存在差异,但三组儿童均在正常生长发育范围之内.     

不同喂养方式对出院后早产儿早期体格生长的影响分析

目的探讨上海市社区儿保门诊早产低出生体重儿不同喂养方式对其生后1~4个月阶段的体重、身长和头围等体格发育的影响。方法选取2012年1月—2017年1月期间在上海市浦东新区潍坊社区卫生服务中心儿保门诊系统体检的96例早产低出生体重儿(孕周37周且出生体重2 500 g)为研究对象。根据出院后喂养方式不同分为4组。试验组:强化母乳喂养组(20例);对照组:早产儿出院后配方奶(PDF)组(23例)、普通配方奶(TF)组(16例)和纯母乳喂养(BM)组(37例)。利用统计学方法分析比较各喂养组在出生后1月、2月和4月龄时体重、身长及头围增长值的差异。结果试验组在1月、2月和4个月时的体重、身长及头围增长值大于对照组中纯母乳喂养组和普通配方奶组(P0.05)。对照组中,PDF组在1月、2月和4月时的体重、身长及头围增长值大于普通配方奶组和纯母乳喂养组(P0.05),试验组和PDF组之间差异没有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论强化母乳喂养和早产儿奶粉喂养是早产低出生体重儿出生后比较理想的喂养方式,对早产儿早期体格生长有良好的促进作用,帮助其实现追赶性生长,减少宫外发育迟缓的发生。     

不同喂养方式在极低出生体重儿出院后追赶性生长中的效果

目的比较不同喂养方式在极低出生体重儿出院后追赶性生长中的效果。方法选择河北大学附属医院2007年1月-2010年12月的67例极低出生体重儿作为研究对象,出院后跟踪随访至生后12个月,早产儿配方奶粉喂养组26例,混合喂养组22例,母乳喂养组19例,比较三组出院后追赶性生长情况。结果生后3个月时早产儿配方奶喂养组的体重、身长高于其他两组,但组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。生后12个月时早产儿配方奶喂养组的体重、身长均高于母乳喂养组和混合喂养组,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论极低出生体重儿出院后早产儿配方奶粉喂养有利于其追赶性生长,母乳喂养者需加用母乳强化剂。     

婴儿肠道双歧杆菌的影响因素研究

[目地]分析影响肠道双歧杆菌水平的可疑因素,为维持婴儿肠道的双歧杆菌优势提供线索.[方法]采集152例进行食物过敏诊断试验的婴儿大便,运用平板活菌计数培养法和PCR鉴定法计数大便双歧杆菌,其影响因素的分析采用Spearman等级相关、单因素和多元线形回归分析.[结果]配方奶喂养儿、食物过敏儿或引入其他食物的婴儿的大便双歧杆菌计数分别较母乳喂养儿、非食物过敏儿或未引入其他食物的婴儿的大便双歧杆菌计数显著降低,且婴儿喂养方式、是否食物过敏、有无其他食物的引入对婴儿肠道双歧杆菌数量的影响作用逐级减弱.[结论]母乳喂养、适时引入其它食物将有利于婴儿肠道双歧杆菌优势的维持和食物过敏的预防。     

66例低出生体重早产儿出院后追赶性生长的随访观察及分析

目的探讨不同喂养方式对于早产儿在院外体格生长发育的影响。方法将66例早产儿作为研究对象,从我院NICU出院后随机分为三组：早产儿出院后专用配方奶组（PDF组）、足月儿配方奶组（TF组）、纯母乳喂养组（BM组）,对低出生体重早产儿出院后追赶性生长进行随访观察并对营养支持情况进行分析。结果 PDF组早产儿身体发育指标（身高、体重、头围）明显高于TF组和BM组,差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。结论早产儿出院后专用配方奶粉喂养是早产儿出院后营养的最佳选择,可促进早产儿体重、身长和头围的增长,有利于低出生体重儿生后的追赶性生长。     

不同喂养方式对早产儿生长发育的影响

目的:探讨早产儿住院期间开奶时间及出院后喂养方式对其生长发育的影响。方法:选择张掖市人民医院102例早产儿,其中7天内禁食者45例,生后72 h经母乳喂养或早期微量喂养者67例,出院后纯母乳喂养者64例,早产配方奶喂养3月者13例,生后即足月配方奶喂养25例。所有早产儿出院后3月、1岁、3岁分别测量体重、身高、头围3项生长指标,按7日内开始喂养、7日后开始喂养和母乳喂养、早产配方奶喂养、足月配方奶喂养分类进行统计分析,观察不同开始喂养时间和不同喂养方式对早产儿体格发育的影响。结果:住院期间7日内开始喂养的早产儿出院后3月时的体重、身高和头围明显高于住院期间7日后开始喂养的早产儿(P<0.05);出院后采用早产儿配方奶、母乳喂养和足月配方奶喂养的早产儿,其3月及1岁时的体重、身高和头围依次降低,3组差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),q检验进一步显示,早产儿配方奶、母乳喂养和足月配方奶喂养者体重、身高、头围比较有统计学差异(P<0.01),3组3岁时体格生长指标比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:对住院的早产儿,开始喂养时间早,可以促进3月内的婴儿的体格生长,出院后的用早产儿配方奶能促进1岁内的体格生长,优于母乳喂养,而母乳喂养优于足月配方奶喂养,出院后首选早产儿配方奶或母乳喂养。     

Maternal control of child‐feeding during breast and formula feeding in the first 6 months post‐partum

Background: Mothers who breastfeed use lower levels of control over later child diet. The baby‐led nature of breastfeeding may encourage this low control to develop. Alternatively maternal desire for control may drive breastfeeding duration. The present study explored whether differences in maternal control are present during milk feeding and whether these stem from or drive breastfeeding duration. Methods: Five hundred and two mothers with an infant aged 6–12 months completed a modified retrospective version of the child‐feeding questionnaire adapted to reflect milk feeding during the first 6 months post‐partum. Participants were recruited from mother and baby groups and online parenting forums. Mothers recalled their use of encouraging intake and scheduling feeds in relation to their infant’s intake of milk. Attitudes towards breastfeeding were also measured, including views that breastfeeding is inconvenient, difficult and that formula‐fed infants were more content. Results: Compared to mothers who formula‐fed or ceased breastfeeding within 1 week, mothers who breastfed for at least 6 months recalled a lower use of scheduling and encouraging milk feeds. Mothers who initiated breastfeeding but ceased within 1 week reported lower control compared to exclusive formula feeders. A high level of scheduling feeds was associated with considering that breastfeeding was inconvenient and a greater perceived infant size, whereas encouraging feeds was associated with considering that breastfeeding was difficult, low maternal confidence and a smaller perceived infant size. Conclusions: Maternal desire for control may drive breastfeeding duration. A controlling maternal feeding style may therefore be dispositional and present much earlier than current studies suggest.     

Gastrointestinal tolerance of a new infant milk formula in healthy infants: multicenter study conducted in Taiwan

The objective of this study was to test whether the gastrointestinal tolerance of a new infant formula equalled or exceeded the tolerance of other milk-based infant formulas, and to compare the tolerance of the new formula to that of human milk. This prospective, observational, multicenter, open-label study was conducted in Taiwan. Healthy, full-term infants aged 28-98 days were enrolled on their current feeding regimen (no treatment assigned). Feeding regimens included human milk (HM), a new infant formula (NF, Similac Advance), other marketed infant formulas (OF, mainly Enfalac or S-26, HM + NF and HM + OF. Data for stool frequency, stool consistency and gastrointestinal intolerance symptoms were recorded in study diaries by parents for a period of two weeks. Gastrointestinal tolerance was evaluated in 967 infants, of whom 481 (49.7%) received NF, 312 (32.2%) received OF, 101 (10.4%) received HM + NF, 41 (4.2%) received HM + OF and 32 (3.3%) received HM. Infants fed HM only had softer and more frequent stools than those who received NF only or OF only (P < 0.001). Infants fed NF only had softer stools than those fed OF only (P < 0.001), including those fed either Enfalac or S-26 (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences between feeding groups for the incidence of general intolerance, spit-up or flatulence. All feeding regimens were well tolerated. We thereby concluded that NF is well tolerated in healthy infants and results in stool consistencies that more closely resemble those of infants fed human milk than those of infants fed other formulas.     

Growth, tolerance and biochemical measures in healthy infants fed a partially hydrolyzed rice protein-based formula: a randomized, blinded, prospective trial

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate growth, tolerance and plasma biochemistries in infants fed an experimental rice protein-based infant formula. DESIGN: Randomized, blinded, 16 week parallel feeding trial of 65 healthy infants fed either an experimental partially hydrolyzed rice protein-based infant formula fortified with lysine and threonine (RPF, n = 32), or a standard intact cow's milk protein-based formula (CMF, n = 33) as a control. Assessments occurred at enrollment (average 2 days), 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks of age. RESULTS: Growth as indicated by weight, length, and head circumference was not different between the 2 formula groups. All plasma biochemistries for both groups were within reference normal range. However, RPF group had lower phosphorus and urea nitrogen, lower essential amino acids except threonine, which was higher, and lower ratio of essential (including semi-essential) to non-essential amino acids. Differences in the concentrations and ratios of amino acids became less as feeding progressed with age. Plasma total protein, albumin, prealbumin, calcium, magnesium, and alkaline phosphatase were not different between groups. CONCLUSION: Healthy infants fed an experimental partially hydrolyzed rice protein-based formula had normal growth, tolerance, and plasma biochemistry comparable to those of infants fed a standard intact milk protein-based formula, despite some differences in amino acid profiles.     

Who is responsible for artificial feeding? An evaluation

Artificial feeding has been found to be on the increases in India. In this research study, 320 infants who were artificially fed before 6 months of age and attended the child health clinic of the Department of Community Medicine, SKIMS Srinagar, between March and November, 1991, were surveyed. Information was obtained from mothers on personnel who advised artificial feeding by type of medical care unit. The sample of mothers included 59.3% who were illiterate. 52.25% of all mothers were housewives and 43.75% had a middle socioeconomic status, while 31.5% had a low socioeconomic status. 53.75% of the artificially fed babies were born at a hospital, of which 2.5% received intensive care. 46.25% were born at home. 76.87% were first or second births. 3.55% of babies were completely artificially fed from birth; at 3 months, 18.76% were exclusively artificially fed. Mixed feeding of breast and artificial milk was 10.76% at birth and 25.97% by 3 months and 42.10% by 6 months. 51.25% of mothers were advised by pediatricians to use artificial feeding; 24.65% of mothers were advised by general practitioners and 10.31% by paramedical. 40% were advised at private clinics and 26.25% in hospital wards at the time of discharge. 18.12% were advised in outpatient departments, and 15.62% at other health centers, such as immunization clinics, health clinics, or nutrition education centers. 66.25% received recommendations to use tinned milk (Lactogen/Milk-care) and 30%, for cows milk. 45.31% of mothers received advice from pediatricians about tinned milk and 5.93% about cow's milk. 5.93% of infants received advice from general practitioners about tinned milk and 5.31 about cow's milk. Over 80% of mothers were given instructions on the amount of dilution and frequency of feeding. 60.93% of mothers received information on feeding equipment and 56.15% on sterilization of feeding equipment. Only 59.37% and 65.37% were able to understand instructions on equipment and sterilization, respectively. The reasons given by mothers for using artificial feeding were low milk output (49.68%), nonacceptance of breast milk by the baby (22.50%), working mothers (12.18%), and baby illness (8.12%). Mothers attributed infections, colic, and regurgitation to artificial feedings. Clearly, the professional community is not complying with the professional code promoted by the World Health Assembly and Indian legislation in 1986 on not recommending milk formula.     

Association of infant feeding practices in the general population with infant growth and stool characteristics

This was a prospective cohort study of 976 infants from birth to 12 months of age. Infants were fed breast milk, goat infant formula, cow infant formula, or a combination of formula and breast milk during the first 4 months of age. Data on type of milk feeding and infant growth (weight and height) were collected at birth and at 4, 8, and 12 months during routine clinical assessment. The number and consistency of bowel motions per day were recorded based on observational data supplied by the mothers. Infants fed breast milk or goat or cow infant formula during the first 4 months displayed similar growth outcomes. More of the infants fed cow infant formula had fewer and more well-formed bowel motions compared with breast-fed infants. The stool characteristics of infants fed goat formula resembled those of infants fed breast milk.     

Growth,Tolerance and Biochemical Measures in Healthy Infants Fed a Partially Hydrolyzed Rice Protein-Based Formula: A Randomized,Blinded, Prospective Trial

Objective: To evaluate growth, tolerance and plasma biochemistries in infants fed an experimental rice protein-based infant formula.

Design: Randomized, blinded, 16 week parallel feeding trial of 65 healthy infants fed either an experimental partially hydrolyzed rice protein-based infant formula fortified with lysine and threonine (RPF, n = 32), or a standard intact cow’s milk protein-based formula (CMF, n = 33) as a control. Assessments occurred at enrollment (average 2 days), 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks of age.

Results: Growth as indicated by weight, length, and head circumference was not different between the 2 formula groups. All plasma biochemistries for both groups were within reference normal range. However, RPF group had lower phosphorus and urea nitrogen, lower essential amino acids except threonine, which was higher, and lower ratio of essential (including semi-essential) to non-essential amino acids. Differences in the concentrations and ratios of amino acids became less as feeding progressed with age. Plasma total protein, albumin, prealbumin, calcium, magnesium, and alkaline phosphatase were not different between groups.

Conclusion: Healthy infants fed an experimental partially hydrolyzed rice protein-based formula had normal growth, tolerance, and plasma biochemistry comparable to those of infants fed a standard intact milk protein-based formula, despite some differences in amino acid profiles.     

Milk feeding and dietary patterns predict weight and fat gains in infancy

Current guidelines recommend that infants are exclusively breast fed for the first 6 months of life, with particular solid foods being gradually introduced from 6 months. Our objective was to compare the growth of infants whose feeding most closely followed current guidelines with the growth of infants with other feeding practices. Participants were 1740 infants in a prospective cohort study in Southampton, UK. At 6 and 12 months, infants’ milk feeding was recorded, diets assessed using food frequency questionnaires (FFQ), and anthropometry performed. Principal components analysis was used to identify patterns of foods in the diet using the food intakes assessed by the FFQs. Two patterns (‘infant guidelines’ and ‘adult foods’) explained most variance in infant diet at 6 and 12 months of age. The main outcomes were conditional growth in weight, length and skinfold thickness from 0–6 and 6–12 months. Infants who were breast fed from 0–6 months gained weight, length and adiposity more slowly than formula‐fed infants, independent of age at introduction of solids and maternal factors: compared with infants who were breast fed from 0–6 months, formula‐fed infants gained 0.21 standard deviation scores (SDS) in weight [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.00, 0.42]. Infants whose dietary pattern was most similar to current feeding guidelines, with high frequencies of fresh fruit and vegetables, home‐prepared foods and breast milk, gained weight and skinfold thickness more rapidly from 6 to 12 months than other infants, independent of milk feeding, age at introduction of solids and maternal factors. Compared with infants in the lowest quarter, infants in the highest ‘infant guidelines’ score quarter gained 0.24 SDS [95% CI 0.06, 0.43] in weight and 0.26 SDS [95% CI 0.07, 0.45] in skinfold thickness. Conversely, infants whose diets had the highest frequencies of breads and processed foods gained weight less rapidly from 6 to 12 months than other infants. The extent to which the patterns of diet and growth we have described will influence the current or later health of infants is unknown. We are following up the infants in this study to assess the impact of these patterns beyond the first year of life. These associations should also be examined in other settings and populations.     

婴儿早期不同喂养方式对体格生长的影响

目的：探讨不同喂养方式对婴儿体格生长的影响。方法选择出生、42 d、9个月时有完整的体重、身长数据,且生后～9个月喂养方式单一的婴儿304例,随访到18个月时有243例婴儿。按喂养方式分为母乳喂养、混合喂养和配方奶喂养组。计算18个月婴儿BMI对年龄Z评分（BAZ）并绘图。对不同喂养组的身长、体重及其增长量,BAZ分布进行比较。结果3组出生时体重、身长差异无统计学意义。42 d 时母乳喂养组体重[（5.0±0.5）kg]高于配方奶喂养组[（4.9±0.6）kg];出生～42 d母乳喂养组体重增长量[（1.7±0.4）kg]高于混合喂养组[（1.5±0.4）kg]和配方奶喂养组[（1.4±0.4）kg];42 d～9个月母乳喂养组体重增长量[（4.5±1.0）kg]低于混合喂养组[（4.8±0.8）kg]和配方奶喂养组[（5.1±1.1）kg];18个月时配方奶喂养组体重[（12.1±1.5）kg]高于母乳喂养组[（11.2±1.4）kg];9～18个月配方奶喂养组体重增长量[（2.3±0.8）kg]高于母乳喂养组[（1.8±0.7）kg]和混合喂养组[（1.9±0.5）kg];42 d～9个月配方奶喂养组身长增长量[（17.1±2.0）cm]高于母乳喂养组[（16.1±1.9）cm];18个月时配方奶喂养组身长[（83.1±3.7）cm]大于母乳喂养组[（81.5±2.9）cm];差异均有统计学意义。18月时配方奶喂养婴儿中超重（即Z评分大于2）的比例最高,为11.11％。结论3种喂养方式婴儿体重增长模式不同。早期母乳喂养的婴儿体重增长较快,配方奶喂养后期体重增长较快。不同喂养方式对婴儿早期的身长增长无影响,配方奶喂养的婴儿后期身长增长较快。配方奶喂养的婴儿18个月超重的比例最高。