多层螺旋CT对乳腺占位性病变中的应用价值

目的探讨多层螺旋CT在乳腺占位性病变显示方面的优势及诊断价值。方法对38例临床或钼靶检查怀疑有乳腺占位的患者进行了6层螺旋CT扫描,应用多平面重组（MPR）和最大密度投影（MIP）等技术行后处理,观察乳腺病变本身表现,并与穿刺及手术结果相对比。结果经病理证实乳腺癌32例、乳腺腺瘤4例,小叶增生2例。轴位及MPR图像能清楚显示乳腺结构,对于病灶定位准确,定性资料（大小、形态、边缘、密度以及邻近组织改变情况）详细,同时可清楚显示肺部、纵隔及腋窝等情况。结论多层螺旋CT能够敏感的显示并诊断乳腺占位性病变,与其他检查方法相结合,有助于乳腺病变的正确诊断,指导临床治疗。     

多层螺旋CT对乳腺占位性病变中的应用价值

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT在乳腺占位性病变显示方面的优势及诊断价值.方法 对38例临床或钼靶检查怀疑有乳腺占位的患者进行了6层螺旋CT扫描,应用多平面重组(MPR)和最大密度投影(MIP)等技术行后处理,观察乳腺病变本身表现,并与穿刺及手术结果相对比.结果 经病理证实乳腺癌32例、乳腺腺瘤4例,小叶增生2例.轴位及MPR图像能清楚显示乳腺结构,对于病灶定位准确,定性资料(大小、形态、边缘、密度以及邻近组织改变情况)详细,同时可清楚显示肺部、纵隔及腋窝等情况.结论 多层螺旋CT能够敏感的显示并诊断乳腺占位性病变,与其他检查方法相结合,有助于乳腺病变的正确诊断,指导临床治疗.     

16层螺旋CT后处理技术在鼻区外伤中的应用

目的：探讨16层螺旋CT对鼻区外伤诊断的临床应用价值。方法：选取2003-2008年在我科检查的150例患者,分为正常（其他原因行头颅扫描）和鼻区外伤患者,行16层螺旋CT检查,进行各种重建,并结合源图像分析。结果：正常鼻骨形态可分两型（Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型）,鼻尖部游离缘可见两型（A型、B型）;复合骨折最多见,占63例,单纯鼻骨骨折占37例;讨论：16层螺旋CT重建可以细致的显示鼻区解剖结构。对鼻区复合骨折的部位、程度及伴发改变全面观察。结论：多层螺旋CT及后处理技术在鼻区的运用,影像解剖清晰、立体、直观,诊断明确,更为客观科学,是目前对鼻区骨折诊断的先进的影像诊断方法。对于临床诊断、治疗有指导意义,有助于疑难病例的确诊、防止漏诊及误诊,而且有助于整复手术方案的设计更为合理可取,并且解决了法医学鉴定的相关问题,具有一定的社会意义     

多层螺旋CT后处理技术在泌尿系结石诊断中的应用价值

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT后处理技术在泌尿系结石诊断中的应用价值。方法 11例泌尿系结石患者中,7例直接行泌尿系CT平扫后+三维重建,4例先行CT平扫,后进行尿路造影检查（CTU）,两种方法扫描后应用容积重建（VR）、多层面重建（MPR）及曲面重建（CPR）等技术来分析观察结石的形态、大小、密度、数目以及发病部位。结果 11例结石患者中,阳性结石10例（CT值约500 Hu~1100 Hu）,阴性结石1例（CT值约40 Hu）,共35枚结石,鹿角状9枚,结节状26枚。单纯肾结石3例,单纯输尿管结石1例,肾结石合并输尿管结石6例。合并不同程度肾积水7例,合并肾周筋膜炎和输尿管周围炎1例。结论 多层螺旋CT后处理技术在治疗前可准确评估泌尿系结石的状态,有助于临床泌尿系结石的诊断。     

64层螺旋CT评价膝关节创伤后的隐匿病变及软组织损伤

背景：膝关节创伤患者在行X射线检查后进一步选择64层螺旋CT检查时,根据伤情及重建需要选择何种后处理技术在临床上存在一定分歧。 目的：探讨64层螺旋CT及后处理技术在膝关节创伤中的应用价值。 方法：回顾性分析79例膝关节创伤患者的普通X射线片及64排螺旋CT影像学资料,采用多平面重组、容积显示和表面遮盖显示等后处理技术,结合原始骨窗及软组织窗图像,由2名以上有经验的放射科和骨科医生对图像进行双盲分析并与临床及图像重建结果对照。 结果与结论：在79例膝关节创伤患者中,共计92处骨折。普通X射线片诊断68例82处骨折,1例假阳性,5例假阴性,检出率约为89%;经64层螺旋CT及三维重建后确诊79例共92处骨折,检出率100%。证实,和X射线检查相比,64层螺旋CT及多种图像重建是膝关节创伤的重要辅助检查手段,能进一步明确有无膝关节周围隐匿性骨折、微骨折及脱位及软组织损伤等。     

多层螺旋CT图像后处理诊断移植肾动脉狭窄

背景：对肾移植后并发移植肾动脉狭窄患者的诊断及随访是否可采用一种无创伤、特异性高、安全的检查方法。 目的：评估多层螺旋CT图像后处理技术对移植肾动脉狭窄的诊断价值。 方法：对11例临床怀疑为移植肾动脉狭窄的患者进行移植肾动脉期的增强扫描,扫描后所得到的数据经容积重建、最大密度投影、曲面重建、多平面重建处理成像。 结果与结论：11例患者均诊断为移植肾动脉狭窄,10例多层螺旋CT图像后处理技术显示移植肾动脉狭窄程度54%~75%,1例移植肾动脉狭窄程度< 50%。吻合口狭窄10例,其中合并移植肾动脉主干狭窄2例;移植肾动脉分支狭窄1例。经数字减影血管造影检查9例,狭窄程度75%~95%,8例置入支架,1例球囊扩张;1例给予药物治疗随访,于2年后出现肾功能进一步恶化及难治性高血压,置入支架。1例无临床症状,经多层螺旋CT移植肾动脉狭窄程度< 50%,随访4年肾功能、血压正常。支架置入治疗的患者中1例行球囊扩张者2年后彩色多普勒提示移植肾吻合口狭窄,行多层螺旋CT检查移植肾动脉狭窄程度< 50%,随访4年3个月,肾功能、血压正常。提示多层螺旋CT后成像技术可作为移植肾动脉狭窄的诊断依据,对区分临床疑似病例,制定支架置入治疗方案,以及术后随访观察有一定的临床参考价值。     

螺旋CT在盆腔静脉曲张诊断中的应用

目的探讨多层螺旋CT在盆腔静脉曲张诊断中的临床应用价值。方法15例患者均经CT平扫及CT增强扫描,所有CT增强扫描图像经薄层重建后传输至图像后处理工作站进行三维图像重建。结果检出盆底异常静脉血管丛15例,卵巢静脉扩张7例,官旁静脉丛提前显影1例,子宫体积增大15例,盆腔静脉造影剂清除缓慢7例,盆腔底部少量积液3例。结论螺旋CT对盆腔静脉曲张显示效果直观、诊断明确。螺旋CT及CT血管成像技术在盆腔静脉曲张临床诊断中有较高的应用价值。     

16排螺旋CT血管造影在烟雾病中诊断价值

目的探讨16排螺旋CT血管造影（CTA）在烟雾病中的重要诊断价值。方法对10例经颅多普勒超声（TCD）诊断为烟雾病患者进行16排CTA检查,采用容积再现（VR）、最大密度投影（MIP）、多平面重建（MPR）技术处理图像。结果10例患者脑基低动脉环不同程度闭塞性改变,横断面均见颞枕叶、丘脑区扩张的脑血管,即烟雾血管。其中3例经数字血管减影（DSA）证实。结论16排CTA可作为明确诊断烟雾病的非创伤性首选方法同时为烟雾病手术治疗提供更科学的参考依据。     

多层螺旋CT与超声心动图诊断肺动脉高压的对比分析及鉴别诊断

目的 对比分析64排螺旋CT扫描与超声心动图在肺动脉高压诊断中的价值.方法 选取50例疑似肺动脉高压患者均接受多层螺旋CT扫描与超声心动图检查,以右心导管检测结果作为金标准.观察两组的诊断准确率、灵敏度、特异度以及疾病分类检出率.结果 两组诊断准确率、灵敏度、特异度与疾病分类准确率均无明显差异(P>0.05).结论 螺...     

肺动脉栓塞的64层螺旋CT血管成像技术分析

目的 从技术上探讨64层螺旋CT肺动脉造影对肺栓塞的诊断的价值.方法 对62例临床疑诊肺栓塞的患者行64排螺旋CT肺动脉造影检查,采用最大密度投影(MIP)、多平面重建(MPR)、曲面重建(CPR)、容积漫游(VR)及仿真内窥镜等后处理技术,分析所获得的相关CT资料.结果 64排多层螺旋CT肺动脉造影可较准确、清晰、全面地显示24例累及肺动脉及其分支共152处栓子的位置、形态、范围和程度.结论 64排多层螺旋CT肺动脉造影是肺栓塞及时准确无创的诊断方法,是临床诊断肺栓塞的首选筛查办法,对肺动脉栓塞的诊断具有明显的技术优势.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.