胸腺肽联合抗结核药治疗复治涂阳肺结核的效果研究

目的探讨胸腺肽联合抗结核药治疗复治涂阳肺结核的临床效果。方法选取本院2010年2月～2013年2月收治的90例复治涂阳肺结核患者,随机分为对照组和观察组,对照组患者给予常规化疗方案治疗,观察组患者在化疗基础上给予胸腺肽联合抗结核药治疗,比较两组的临床治疗效果、痰菌阴转率、肺部病变情况、肺内空洞闭合情况以及不良反应发生情况。结果观察组总有效率为95．6％,痰菌阴转率为77．8％,空洞闭合率为77．8％;对照组总有效率为77．8％,痰菌阴转率为60．0％,空洞闭合率为53．3％;两组差异有统计学意义（P〈O．05）。两组患者不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义（P〉O．05）。结论胸腺肽联合抗结核药治疗复治涂阳肺结核的临床效果显著。     

结核灵联合化学治疗复治菌阳肺结核的疗效观察

目的 观察化疗并用结核灵复治菌阳肺结核的临床效果.方法 将156例复治菌阳肺结核患者随机分为治疗组(结核灵加化疗治疗)及对照组(单纯常规化疗),观察治疗结束后肺部病灶吸收、空洞闭合及痰菌阴转情况.结果 强化期结束后,治疗组和对照组在强化期痰菌阴转率分别为79.49％和60.25％,2组比较差异极有统计学意义(P＜0.01);2组疗程结束病灶吸收及空洞闭合情况比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01,P＜0.05).结论 结核灵能明显加强病变的吸收,快速提高痰菌阴转率,近期疗效显著.     

甲氧苄啶联合抗痨药物治疗复治菌阳性肺结核近期疗效观察

目的：评价甲氧苄啶联合抗痨药物治疗复治菌阳性肺结核的近期临床疗效。方法：180例复治菌阳性肺结核，随机分为对照组（90例）和治疗组（90例），对照组采用3HEZP／9EPa方案，治疗组在3HEZP/9EPa方案基础上前3个月加用甲氧苄啶。观察痰菌阴转、病灶吸收、空洞闭合情况。结果：治疗组痰菌阴转率为91．11％，病变显著吸收率为83．33％，空洞闭合率为76．67％；对照组痰菌阴转率为77．78％，病变显著吸收率为61．11％，空洞闭合率为60．00％。结论：甲氧苄啶联合3HEZP／9EPa治疗复治菌阳性肺结核，能提高痰菌阴转率，促进病灶吸收及空洞闭合。甲氧苄啶具有良好抗结核及对抗痨药物增效作用，建议临床推广应用。     

结核丸辅助治疗初治菌阳肺结核的疗效观察

目的：观察结核丸治疗初治涂阳肺结核的临床疗效,探索安全有效的治疗肺结核的方案。方法将该县疾病预防控制中心90例初治涂阳肺结核随机分为治疗组和对照组各45例,2组都采用标准化疗方案初治涂阳化疗方案：2H3R3Z3E3/4H3R3,治疗组前两个月在此基础上服用结核丸治疗,对照组化疗期间不服用结核丸治疗。结果经过治疗,除去6月末痰菌阴转比较差异无统计学意义（P ﹥0.05）外,治疗组其余各项指标均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P ﹤0.05）。结论结核丸辅助治疗初治涂阳肺结核患者疗效明显,使用安全,无不良反应,能加快痰菌阴转及病灶吸收,提高治愈率,且价格适宜,是较好的中药辅助治疗药物,可在临床推广应用。     

益肺止咳胶囊辅助治疗涂阳肺结核的疗效观察

目的观察益肺止咳胶囊辅助治疗涂阳肺结核的疗效。方法将2006年6月至2008年6月涂阳肺结核病人232人随机分为治疗组（116例）和对照组（110例,中途丢失6例）。治疗组在抗结核化疗基础上加用益肺止咳胶囊治疗6个月,对照组仅用抗结核化疗。两组抗结核化疗方案相同。结果6个月末痰菌阴转率,治疗组为90．5％（105／116）,对照组为80．9％（89／110）（P〈0．01）;X线胸片病灶吸收好转率,治疗组为84．8％（110／116）,对照组为81．8％（90／110）（P〈0．01）;空洞闭合率,治疗组为91．2％（62／68）,对照组为80．0％（52／65）（P〈0．05）。两组观察期无明显不良反应。结论益肺止咳胶囊辅助治疗涂阳肺结核疗效明显,无明显不良反应,值得临床推广应用。     

卡介菌多糖核酸注射液治疗初治涂阳肺结核的临床观察

目的观察卡介菌多糖核酸注射液治疗初治涂阳肺结核的临床疗效,不良反应。方法将100例初治菌阳肺结核患者随机分为治疗组：2卡介菌多糖核酸注射液＋HRZE／4卡介菌多糖核酸注射液RH、50例,对照组2HRZE／4HR、50例。结果治疗2个月痰菌阴转率治疗组为100％,对照组为96％,治疗两个月末胸片上治疗组与对照组病灶吸收率分别为44％,24％（P〈0．05）;空洞闭合率为66％、38％（P〈0．05）。结论卡介菌多糖核酸注射液联合抗结核药物治疗相比痰菌转阴率高,胸片病灶明显吸收临床症状的改善,是较好的结核免疫剂。     

乌体林斯并用抗结核药物治疗110例复治肺结核临床观察

目的 观察和评价抗结核药物并用乌体林斯治疗复治肺结核的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2002年1月至2006年12月复治肺结核患者216例的住院资料，试验组110例采用乌体林斯1支每周2次肌肉注射，配合抗结核药物治疗；对照组106例采用单纯抗结核药物治疗，对两组病例治疗效果进行分析。结果 试验组（马体林斯组）可以促使痰菌阴转，明显高于对照组。结论 乌体林斯可以促使痰菌阴转及病灶吸收，在缓解结核中毒症状方面亦有明显作用。     

含卷曲霉素化疗方案对耐多药结核病的近期疗效和不良反应观察

目的观察卷曲霉素对复治涂阳肺结核患者的治疗效果。方法将100例复治涂阳肺结核患者分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组用含卷曲霉素抗结核方案,对照组用含链霉素的化疗方案,疗程均为8个月。结果治疗组和对照组：2个月末痰菌阴转率分别为70．5％、58．0％,临床有效率分别为92％、64％,不良反应发生率分别为28％、16％。结论卷曲霉素对复治肺结核病是一种新的有效、安全的抗结核药物。     

老年复治涂阳肺结核65例临床分析

目的总结老年复治涂阳肺结核的临床特点,并探讨管理和治疗方法。方法对2001～2003年收治的65例老年复治涂阳肺结核进行回顾性分析。结果65例老年复治涂阳肺结核在疗程结束时痰菌阴转56例（占86．2％）,病灶吸收、好转59例（占90．7％）。结论老年复治涂阳肺结核应重在预防。坚持合理抗结核治疗,纠正各种并发症,采用DOTS管理方式,是取得良好效果的关键。     

硫酸卷曲霉素超声雾化吸入联合抗结核药物治疗复治痰抗酸杆菌阳性肺结核近期疗效观察

目的评价硫酸卷曲霉素（CPM）超声雾化吸入联合抗结核药物治疗复治抗酸杆菌阳性（菌阳）肺结核的疗效。方法126例复治菌阳肺结核患者以随机数字表法分为治疗组和对照组,2组均以合理抗结核化疗方案,治疗组加用硫酸卷曲霉素0．75g/次,1次／d超声雾化吸入治疗。观察2组治疗前后细菌学检查及胸部影响学检查资料的变化。结果经过3个月的治疗,治疗组的痰菌阴转率为82．5％（52例）,肺部病变吸收总有效率为93．6％（59例）,空洞闭合或缩小的总有效率为93．6％（59例）;对照组的痰菌阴转率为61．9％（39例）,肺部病变吸收总有效率为73．0％（46例）,空洞闭合或缩小的总有效率为80．9％（51例）;治疗组明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论并用卷曲霉素超声雾化吸入治疗复治菌阳肺结核疗效优于对照组,远期疗效需进一步研究。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.