12例异位阑尾炎手术治疗体会

目的：探讨异位阑尾临床特点、诊断及手术治疗过程中的要点。方法：对本院2008年1月～2010年5月收治的12例异位阑尾炎患者临床资料进行回顾性分析,主要对异位阑尾炎临床特点、类型、手术治疗的方法与体会加以回顾论述。结果：12例异位阑尾于术前明确诊断的2例,占16.67%,可疑性诊断为1例,占8.33%,余均诊断为腹膜炎、急性肠炎、盆腔炎、泌尿系感染或结石,占75.00%。12例患者均实施手术切除,住院7～12d,术后早期炎性肠梗阻1例。结论：异位阑尾炎于术前明确诊断的比例偏低,是因为医生对异位阑尾缺乏足够的认识。所以,应加强对不典型的转移性腹痛的临床诊断与鉴别诊断的学习,不断提高异位阑尾炎的诊断能力。     

小儿阑尾炎术后腹腔残余脓肿的防治体会

目的总结小儿阑尾炎行阑尾切除术后发生腹腔残余脓肿的原因及防治体会。方法2003年1月至2007年12月本院共行小儿阑尾切除术252例,其中8例术后发生腹腔残余脓肿,对此临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果8例患儿均治愈出院,其中5例经抗感染保守治疗脓肿逐渐吸收而愈,3例经手术引流后治愈。结论小儿阑尾炎术后较成人易发生腹腔残余脓肿,早期明确诊断,术中术后的正确处理可以降低小儿阑尾术后腹腔残余脓肿的发生率。     

脐环小切口阑尾切除术35例临床报道

目的 介绍经脐环小切口行小儿阑尾切除的手术方法,探讨小儿阑尾炎的新术式.方法 采用脐环小切口阑尾切除术治疗小儿阑尾炎35例.结果 手术时间12～30 min,平均18 min.患儿术后切口疼痛轻、恢复快、愈合后疤痕小且隐藏于脐眼皮肤皱褶中.无一例出现继发性阑尾系膜出血、切口疝、切口感染、阑尾残株炎,肠粘连梗阻等并发症.结论 脐环小切口阑尾切除术治疗小儿阑尾炎具有微创化、创伤小、手术时间短、康复快、切口隐蔽、美容效果好及住院费用低等优点,但有其特定的适应证及特殊的术中处理方法.     

腹腔镜阑尾切除术64例临床分析

目的:总结腹腔镜阑尾切除术的经验。方法:回顾性分析我院行腹腔镜阑尾切除术治疗64例阑尾炎的临床资料,其中急性单纯性阑尾炎30例,急性化脓性阑尾炎23例,急性坏疽性阑尾炎2例,慢性阑尾炎8例,慢性阑尾炎伴脓肿形成1例。结果:本组64例均成功完成腹腔镜阑尾切除术,手术时间40～150min,手术均顺利完成,无1例中转开腹,术后无1例发生切口感染、肠粘连、肠梗阻、腹腔残余脓肿形成、粪漏、术后出血、阑尾残株炎等并发症,全部治愈出院。结论:腹腔镜阑尾切除术具有安全可靠,创伤小,术后恢复快,住院时间短、术野清晰、探查范围广、并发症少等优点,尤其在术前诊断不明确时可弥补开腹阑尾切除术的不足,是急慢性阑尾炎的首选治疗方法,值得进一步推广。     

小儿急性阑尾炎58例临床诊治分析

目的：探讨小儿急性阑尾炎的临床特点和诊治方法。方法回顾性分析本院自2011年1月~2013年6月收治的58例小儿阑尾炎的临床资料,记录其临床特点、实验室检查和治疗效果。结果58例急性阑尾炎患儿有49例在入院时即确诊为阑尾炎,9例患儿因发病不典型误诊为急性胃肠炎、急性上呼吸道感染、腹型过敏性紫癜、肠系膜淋巴结炎等疾病,6例在确诊时已经出现阑尾穿孔,初诊误诊率为15.5%。所有患儿均进行了手术治疗,其中单纯的阑尾切除术31例,阑尾切除术＋腹腔冲洗术6例。术后出现并发症6例,其中切口感染3例,肠梗阻3例,经保守治疗后均痊愈出院。结论小儿急性阑尾炎病情进展迅速,容易出现并发症,发病早期及时诊断并给予治疗可以明显改善预后。     

手术切除治疗小儿急性阑尾炎的临床效果体会

目的分析手术切除治疗小儿急性阑尾炎的临床效果。方法回顾性分析我院收治的86例患者的临床资料,并观察手术切除治疗的效果及并发症发生情况。结果 86例患儿分阑尾切除和阑尾切除加腹腔引流两种手术方式,其中阑尾切除占83.72%(72/86),阑尾切除加腹腔引流占16.29%(14/86);术后并发症发生率9.30%(8/86),所有患儿均康复出院,无1例死亡。结论小儿急性阑尾炎的临床表现种类多,应该仔细检查以及询问病史,进行必要的辅助检查,确诊后应及时行手术治疗,为减少术后并发症。     

小儿急性阑尾炎临床诊疗分析

目的:总结小儿阑尾炎的临床诊疗,及时做出临床诊断与手术治疗,减少术后并发症的发生.方法:对本院6年来外科手术治疗的56例小儿急性化脓穿孔性阑尾炎临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果:56例均行手术治疗,其中化脓性阑尾炎22例,坏疽、穿孔性阑尾炎28例,阑尾周围脓肿6例,首发症状以腹泻为主8例,以感冒发热为主7例,以肠梗阻为主5例,术前诊断与术后诊断均为阑尾炎者40例,符合率为71.4%.术前诊断与术后诊断不相符16例,误诊率28.6%.并发症有切口感染7例,肺部感染5例,腹腔残余感染4例,肠梗阻3例,粪瘘1例,腹膜裂开2例.结论:详细了解病史、仔细体格检查、合理运用辅助诊断及综合分析可避免延误诊断及治疗,减少术后并发症的发生.     

小切口切除治疗阑尾炎60例临床分析

目的探讨小切口切除阑尾治疗阑尾炎的临床效果。方法60例阑尾炎患者随机分为对照组和观察组。对照组采用传统切口切除阑尾治疗,观察组采用小切口切除阑尾治疗。比较两组的手术情况及术后并发症发生情况。结果观察组手术情况优于对照组,术后并发症发生率显著低于对照组。结论采用小切口切除阑尾治疗阑尾炎疗效优于传统切口治疗,术后并发症发生率低,使用方便,值得临床推广应用。     

腹腔镜阑尾切除术与开腹阑尾切除术治疗急性阑尾炎的临床效果分析

目的 分析腹腔镜阑尾切除术与开腹阑尾切除术治疗急性阑尾炎的临床效果.方法 选取2014年5月至2015年5月在我院接受腹腔镜阑尾切除术治疗的40例急性阑尾炎患者作为观察组,另随机选取同期在我院接受开腹阑尾切除术治疗的40例急性阑尾炎患者作为对照组,对比两组的手术疗效及并发症发生情况.结果 观察组的手术时间、切口长度、肛门排气时间及住院时间短于对照组,术中出血量少于对照组,术后疼痛评分低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).观察组的并发症发生率为5.0％,低于对照组的20.0％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 腹腔镜阑尾切除术与开腹阑尾切除术相比,在缩短手术时间、减轻术后疼痛、减少并发症、改善预后等方面具有明显优势,值得推广.     

单孔腹腔镜结合阑尾悬吊治疗小儿急性阑尾炎

【摘要】 目的 总结经脐单孔结合阑尾腹壁悬吊腹腔镜阑尾切除术在治疗小儿急性阑尾炎中的经验。方法 回顾性分析安徽省儿童医院2013年6月-2015年12月44例经脐单孔结合阑尾悬吊腹腔镜阑尾切除术治疗小儿急性阑尾炎患者的临床资料。结果 40例行经脐单孔法顺利完成,4例中下腹增加一个操作钳切除阑尾,无中转开腹,无切口感染等术后并发症。结论 经脐单孔结合阑尾腹壁悬吊法腹腔镜阑尾切除术是安全可行的,具有微创、美观、疗效确切等优点,它比完全单孔腹腔镜下操作要更加简单、方便,值得在临床开展。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.