重庆市城乡居民膳食结构分析

[目的]了解重庆市城乡居民膳食结构和营养状况,为今后开展营养教育和营养改善工作提供科学依据。[方法]依据2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查重庆地区的资料,分析重庆市城乡居民的膳食结构。[结果]重庆市城乡居民平均每人日摄入能量分别为2 413.6 kcal和2 538.2 kcal,达RDA（Recommended Dietary Allwance,RDA）的101.0%和106.1%。蛋白质和脂肪分别为65.8 g和94.6 g,提供能量分别为10.9%和36.9%。钙476.6 mg,达RDA的59.6%。膳食能量的53.2%来自谷类,蛋白质的43.5%来自谷类。动物脂肪占膳食脂肪的37.7%。[结论]重庆市居民的膳食特点为水果、奶及奶制品摄入不足,改善居民的膳食模式应以调整不平衡膳食结构为主要目的。     

石家庄农民秋季能量摄入量抽点调查分析

目的 抽点调查分析石家庄农村成年人能量摄入量和能量构成情况,为我国修订新的营养标准提供科学依据.方法 抽取石家庄市某郊县,随机抽取32名散居成年人作为调查对象.采用24h膳食回顾法结合烹调油和食用糖记录法进行入户调查,通过查阅食物成分表计算每日的能量摄入量和能量成分.结果 每日能量摄入量男性为(11 449.4±2 538.8) kJ即(2 736.5±606.8) kcal,女性为(7 823.8±1 461.7)KJ即(1 869.9±349.3) kcal;每日摄入蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物男性组分别为(80.13±15.43)、(86.70±32.55)和(399.17±108.05)g;女性组分别为(53.84±11.68)、(64.67±23.38)和(272.92±46.64)g.与我国2000年制定的推荐摄入量(recommended nutrient intakes,RNI)比较,女性组能量摄入量低于轻体力活动RNI值,女性组蛋白质摄入量低于RNI值.结论 本抽点调查农村女性居民的能量摄入量低于我国轻体力活动RNI值,男女居民均需增加能量成分中蛋白质的比例.     

高尿酸合并糖或脂代谢异常人群膳食与运动状况的调查分析

[目的]调查分析高尿酸并糖脂异常人群的膳食摄入及运动情况,为今后该人群的营养健康教育提供依据。[方法]膳食营养与运动状况调查,并对相关指标进行评价。[结果]该次调查人群的能量摄入基本合理,膳食结构尚需调整。脂肪供能比偏高(30.09%)。步行、家务是人们的最主要的运动方式,各年龄组都几乎没有重度体力活动,在﹤60岁组中,轻、中度体力活动量有显著差异(P﹤0.05)。[结论]调查对象的膳食结构有待改善,应加强高尿酸并糖脂异常人群的营养健康教育宣传工作,指导人群更合理的膳食摄入及更多的运动锻炼。     

1991-2009年中国九省区居民膳食营养素摄入状况及变化趋势(三) 50～79岁居民膳食能量摄入状况及变化趋势

目的分析中国九省区50～79岁中老年居民膳食能量的摄入状况及能量来源的变化趋势,为膳食指南和营养素参考摄入量的修订提供依据。方法以1991、1993、1997、2000、2004、2006和2009年"中国健康与营养调查"项目中连续三天24小时膳食回顾调查数据为基础。有完整膳食调查资料的50～79岁健康居民作为研究对象。分析能量摄入量及能量来源的变化趋势。结果中国九省区50～79岁居民平均每日能量摄入量在1991-2009年间总体呈缓慢下降趋势,男性由10103 kJ(2416 kcal)下降至9761 kJ(2334 kcal),女性由8825 kJ(2100 kcal)下降至8262 kJ(1975 kcal),年龄越高、体力活动水平越低者能量摄入量越少,同年龄同等体力活动水平的女性能量摄入少于男性。50～79岁居民膳食脂肪供能比逐年增高,2006年之后超过30%,并且轻体力活动者膳食能量密度更高。从能量的食物来源看,谷类食物占总能量的比例逐年下降至55%以下,动物性食物逐年增高至14%。1991-2009年间能量摄入的城乡差异逐渐减弱。结论 1991-2009年间,中国50～79岁居民的膳食能量摄入量呈现下降趋势,但膳食结构趋向于能量密度增高;谷类供能比降低,动物性食物供能比增高;能量摄入情况的城乡差异逐渐减弱。     

1989-2009年中国九省区居民膳食营养素摄入状况及变化趋势(二)18-49岁成年居民膳食能量摄入状况及变化趋势

目的分析九省区18-49岁居民能量摄入状况及其变化趋势,为中国居民能量参考摄入量修订和相应的膳食指导提供依据。方法以"中国健康与营养调查"项目1989-2009年间8次调查中有膳食调查资料的18-49岁调查对象作为研究对象。使用SAS9.2软件对数据库资料进行统计分析。结果 2009年九省区18-49岁男女性成年居民的能量摄入[kJ/d(kcal/d)]分别为10277.6(2456.4)和8539.1(2040.9)。其中城市、郊区、县城和农村男性成年居民的能量摄入[kJ/d(kcal/d)]分别为9707.3(2320.1),10022.8(2395.5),9876.3(2360.5)和10632.8(2541.3);女性分别为7923.7(1893.8),8120.7(1940.9),8340.0(1993.3)和8909.0(2129.3)。能量的食物来源以谷类食物为主,尤其是农村成年居民,约占总能量的57.7%。蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物供能比分别为15.1%、31.4%和53.5%。其中,城市、郊区、县城和农村成年居民的脂肪供能比分别为36.0%、33.7%、32.19%和29.2%,1989-2009年我国成年居民能量摄入呈现出总体下降的趋势,能量摄入从高到低依次为农村、郊区、县城、城市,以郊区降低最明显,20年间减少1966.1 kJ/d(469.9 kcal/d)。结论 2009年我国九省区18-49岁成年居民能量摄入较前有较大幅度减少,脂肪供能比显著增加,使肥胖及膳食相关慢性病的高危人群增加。其原因可能在于动物性食物和食用油摄入的增加,值得重点关注。在修订能量参考摄入量和制订膳食指导原则时,应充分考虑我国的经济发展水平及不同地区的人群膳食消费特点。     

宝鸡地区铁路乘务人员出乘期间膳食营养调查及评价

目的了解宝鸡地区铁路乘务人员出乘期间膳食供餐状况,分析目前的膳食营养状况存在的问题,为铁路职工健康行动计划提供参考。方法采用整群抽取法调查出乘时间为3 d的宝鸡地区铁路乘务人员,调查统计2017年1月出乘期间在餐车集体就餐的膳食数据,采用查账法和称重法连续调查3 d摄入的食物数据,对照食物成分表计算营养素摄入量,按照《中国居民平衡膳食指南(2016)》及《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(2013)》进行评价。结果共调查4个班组共计160人,其中男性95人、女性65人,年龄范围为22~60岁,平均年龄38岁;出乘期间的集体膳食人均每日实际摄入谷薯类和蔬菜类分别为474.0、438.0 g,畜禽肉、蛋类、大豆及坚果类、油脂类分别为60.8、58.3、56.5、56.3 g,未摄入水果类、水产类、奶及奶制品类;乘务人员人均每日总能量摄入为2 279.5 kcal、蛋白质摄入量为62.9 g;日人均各餐能量和比例为早餐668.4 kcal(占29.3%)、午餐1 043.9 kcal(占45.8%)、晚餐567.2 kcal(占24.9%);日人均三大营养素热比为蛋白质11%、脂肪34%、碳水化合物55%。结论铁路餐车乘务人员食谱中缺少水果类、水产类、奶及奶制品类供应,谷薯类、油脂类、畜禽肉类、蛋类摄入均较高,建议在铁路职工健康行动计划中,对乘务人员加强营养知识宣传,调整完善餐车食谱,使铁路乘务人员能够按照平衡膳食的原则理性选择食物,使膳食营养摄入趋于合理,不断提高健康素质。     

武汉市3～6年级小学生膳食营养素与高血压、超重肥胖的关系

目的 探究儿童膳食营养素摄入与高血压、超重肥胖的关系。方法 于2016年4月采用整群抽样法抽取武汉市洪山区两所小学3～6年级学生1033名,年龄9～12(10.55±1.10)岁,其中男生545名(52.8%),女生488名(47.2%),对儿童进行体格检查和膳食调查,体格检查包括身高、体重、血压等,膳食调查采用3天24 h回顾法。通过主成分因子分析法探讨儿童膳食营养素模式,并用Logistic回归分析不同膳食营养素模式对高血压、超重肥胖的影响。结果 营养素摄入量以M(P25, P75)表示,高血压组能量摄入高于血压正常组[1761.97(1617.17,1940.43)kcal比1730.95(1556.06,1905.71)kcal,P=0.011]。超重肥胖组和体重正常组相比,碳水化合物[250.65(226.55,281.29)g比244.41(220.04,273.01)g,P=0.011]、维生素B₁[0.29(0.22,0.36)mg比0.27(0.22,0.34)mg,P=0.022]、维生素B₂[0.45(0.33,0.60...     

能量平衡观察法测定南方轻体力活动健康成人总能量消耗量

目的采用能量平衡观察法探究我国南方轻体力活动健康成人的总能量消耗量。方法选择符合能量代谢试验条件的34名南方轻体力活动健康成人为研究对象,为其设计和制备三日循环膳食,用称重法准确获得每日膳食实际摄入量,并用化学分析法测得膳食能量平均摄入量,结合试验期间的体重变化,得到我国南方健康成人总能量消耗量。结果采用称重-化学分析法测得膳食能量平均摄入量为(8424±1616)kJ/d[(2013±386)kcal/d],其中男性(9990±798)kJ/d[(2388±191)kcal/d],女性(7032±384)kJ/d[(1681±92)kcal/d]。16天的试验期间体重平均减轻0.02kg,其中男性体重平均增长0.15kg,女性体重平均减轻0.17kg,根据成人能量平衡原理最后计算得出我国南方健康成人总能量消耗量为(8468±1762)kJ/d[(2024±421)kcal/d],其中男性为(9680±1759)kJ/d[(2314±420)kcal/d],女性为(7391±827)kJ/d[(1767±198)kcal/d]。结论我国南方轻体力劳动健康成年男性总能量消耗量约为9680±1759kJ/d[(2314±420kcal/d)],女性约为7391±827kJ/d[(1767±198kcal/d)],与2000年制定的男、女性能量推荐值2400kcal和2100kcal相比,该研究男性测量值比其RNI值低86kcal,女性测量值比其RNI值低333kcal。     

中国6～17岁儿童青少年膳食纤维摄入状况

目的分析中国6～17岁儿童青少年膳食纤维摄入状况。方法选择2010-2012年中国居民营养与健康状况监测中6～17岁儿童青少年5657人作为研究对象。该调查抽样采用多阶段分层与人口成比例的整群随机抽样,膳食调查采用3d 24h膳食回顾法。研究中不可溶膳食纤维(insoluble dietary fiber, IDF)的摄入量参照中国食物成分表,总膳食纤维(total dietary fiber, TDF)的摄入量按照各类食物中不可溶膳食纤维和总膳食纤维的折算系数通过计算得到,个体膳食纤维的摄入水平用适宜摄入量进行评价。结果我国6～8岁儿童膳食纤维摄入量男性为(10.2±0.3)g/d,女性为(9.8±0.3) g/d,9～11岁儿童膳食纤维摄入量男性为(12.2±0.3)g/d,女性为(11.4±0.3) g/d,12～14岁青少年膳食纤维摄入量男性为(14.0±0.3)g/d,女性为(13.0±0.3) g/d,15～17岁青少年膳食纤维摄入量男性为(15.0±0.4) g/d,女性为(13.5±0.4)g/d,仅11.8%的儿童膳食纤维摄入量达到适宜水平。儿童青少年膳食纤维摄入最主要的来源是米面类和叶菜类食物,贡献率分别为35.5%和27.8%。结论我国6～17岁儿童青少年膳食纤维的摄入水平各年龄组达到适宜摄入量的比例均较低,且食物来源较为单一,为提高其膳食纤维摄入量,父母和学校需给儿童青少年提供更多更美味的富含膳食纤维的食物。[营养学报,2019,41(4):316-320]     

柳州市某区1000名55岁及以上中老年人膳食营养状况调查

目的了解柳州市某社区55岁及以上中老年人膳食营养状况,为当地中老年人合理膳食提供基础性依据。方法采用食物模型和食物容器结合24 h回顾性膳食调查社区居民摄入食物种类和数量,与中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量及膳食平衡宝塔、2002年广西营养调查相比,评价调查对象的营养素摄入情况。结果粮谷类[(239.66±123.73)g]、大豆类[(5.75±25.18)g]、鱼类[(22.76±51.62)g]、奶类[(5.74±25.18)g]、蔬菜[(169.92±203.41)g]、水果[(49.11±89.62)g]摄入不足,奶类,大豆类,蔬菜和水果明显低于推荐量。除蛋白质、硫胺素和铁等外,其他营养素均低于推荐摄入量、2002年广西营养调查(城市居民)水平,差异有统计学意义(P0.001)。结论当地中老年人群膳食结构不合理,营养素缺乏,建议增加奶类和豆类,增加蔬菜和水果的摄入。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.