宫腔镜诊治异常子宫出血432例中长期随访结果

目的 评价宫腔镜手术治疗异常子宫出血的中长期随访结果。方法 回顾分析我院2002年1月～2005年11月经宫腔镜诊治异常子宫出血且随访〉12个月的432例临床资料,诊断良性疾患391例[子宫内膜息肉96例（22.2%）,子宫黏膜下肌瘤38例（8.8%）,子宫内膜增生过长257例（59.5%）],行息肉或肌瘤切除、子宫内膜电切术;诊断子宫内膜腺癌41例（9.5%）,均为Ⅰ期,行经腹全子宫双附件切除、选择性盆腔淋巴结清扫术。结果 手术均获成功,未发生子宫穿孔等并发症。391例良性病变中,术后随访12～57个月,平均39个月,闭经占16.1%（63/391）,月经量少（每周期〈10片卫生巾）18.9%（74/391）,月经量正常（每周期10～20片卫生巾）58.3%（228/391）,术后改善不明显占6.6%（26/391）。26例月经量仍多者术后用孕酮治疗,7例有多发子宫肌瘤,术后32～44个月行全子宫切除术,8例复查阴道彩超子宫内膜厚度〉1.5 cm,术后5～19个月第2次行宫腔镜子宫内膜切除术,继续随访18～36个月,月经量少3例,闭经5例。41例子宫内膜癌Ⅰ期术后随访26～41个月,平均38个月,均无瘤存活。结论 异常子宫出血的治疗在结合病理学检查除外恶性病变后首选宫腔镜手术,严格B超监测是提高手术疗效和手术安全的保障。     

宫腔镜电切术治疗子宫黏膜下肌瘤及子宫内膜息肉

目的 探讨采用宫腔镜电切术治疗子宫黏膜下肌瘤及子宫内膜息肉的可行性、安全性及疗效. 方法 2002年1月～2004年7月,我院采用宫腔镜电切术治疗38例子宫黏膜下肌瘤和40例子宫内膜息肉,其中经宫颈子宫肌瘤切除术 （transcervical resection of myoma,TCRM）31例,TCRM联合经宫颈子宫内膜切除术（transcervical resection of the endometium,TCRE ）7例,经宫颈子宫内膜息肉切除术（transcervical resection of polyp, TCRP）35例,TCRP联合TCRE 5例. 结果 78例均一次顺利完成手术.术中出血≥400 ml 2例,水中毒1例,无子宫穿孔及术后感染.术后1、3、6、12个月随访,术后12个月时进行手术效果评定,闭经8例 （10.3%）,点滴月经12例 （15.4%）,少量月经33例 （42.3%）,正常月经量22例（28.2%）,无改善3例（3.8%）. 结论 宫腔镜电切术治疗子宫黏膜下肌瘤及子宫内膜息肉安全性高,并发症少.     

射频与滚球或滚筒电极电凝子宫内膜去除术治疗功能失调性子宫出血的比较

目的 探讨射频子宫内膜去除术治疗功能失调性子宫出血的效果.方法 回顾性分析2011年1月～2012年1月我院异常子宫出血65例,按手术方法不同分为射频组(射频子宫内膜去除术,采用美国HOLOGIC公司子宫内膜去除系统,n=33)和电凝组(滚球或滚筒电极电凝子宫内膜去除术,采用德国诺道夫公司子宫内膜去除系统,n=32),比较2种手术方法的疗效.结果 射频组术后48 h VAS评分明显低于电凝组[(2.1±0.7)分vs.(3.8±1.2)分,t=-7.003,P=0.000].术后6个月射频组月经情况:闭经17例,点滴量月经8例,少量月经6例,正常经量2例,治疗有效率100％;电凝组:闭经16例,点滴量月经8例,少量月经7例,正常经量1例,治疗有效率100％,2组比较无统计学差异(Z=-0.057,P=0.955).术后12个月射频组月经情况:闭经15例,点滴量月经7例,少量月经7例,正常经量4例,治疗有效率100％;电凝组:闭经15例,点滴量月经6例,少量月经8例,正常经量3例,治疗有效率100％,2组比较无统计学差异(Z=-0.105,P=0.916).结论 射频子宫内膜去除术治疗无生育要求的功能失调性子宫出血安全、有效.     

204例诺舒子宫内膜去除术治疗月经过多的远期疗效

目的探讨诺舒(Nova Sure)阻抗控制子宫内膜去除系统治疗月经过多的远期疗效。方法 2011年8月～2014年3月,因月经过多药物治疗无效行诺舒子宫内膜去除术349例,其中完成4年以上随访204例,包括月经情况和手术满意度,术后闭经、点状出血、经量少或正常经量且无需再次行诺舒子宫内膜切除术或子宫切除术者为手术有效。结果 204例随访时间(63. 5±8. 1)月(52～81个月)。总有效率93. 1%(190/204),其中闭经率67. 6%(138/204)。子宫切除率6. 9%(14/204),其中8例为子宫腺肌病。手术满意度91. 2%(186/204)。结论诺舒子宫内膜去除术治疗月经过多远期疗效好,子宫切除率低。     

宫腔镜子宫内膜切除治疗子宫腺肌病临床疗效研究

目的探讨宫腔镜子宫内膜切除术（transcervical resection of endometrium,TCRE）治疗子宫腺肌病的手术指征及疗效。方法对2004年11月-2007年10月因子宫腺肌病接受TCRE的31例临床资料进行回顾性分析,比较术前后痛经缓解率、月经量、血Hb、CA125水平。结果31例TCRE手术时间（14.4±1.4）min（10-28min）,术中出血量10-50ml。术后随访24-48个月,痛经缓解有效率93.5%（29/31）,2例痛经不能缓解,且子宫进行性增大,1例行全子宫切除术,另1例服用孕三烯酮仍在随访中。1例术后11个月宫腔粘连致宫腔积血,行宫腔扩创引流积血约10ml痊愈。月经量由术前（102.0±4.7）ml减少至术后（15.6±2.1）ml（t=223.77,P=0.000）,其中闭经7例,点滴状月经18例,月经量显著减少6例。22例术后3个月内贫血纠正,血红蛋白由术前（78.6±3.6）g/L上升至（126.8±8.9）g/L（t=-27.953,P=0.000）。术后血清CA125除2例持续〉35IU/ml,其余术后3个月降至正常范围。结论TCRE治疗子宫腺肌病能有效缓解痛经症状,治疗贫血,但术前应排除盆腔子宫内膜异位症,子宫大小≤8孕周。     

诺舒治疗心脏病术后异常子宫出血15例报告

目的探讨诺舒(Nova Sure)阻抗控制子宫内膜切除系统治疗心脏病术后异常子宫出血(abnormal uterine bleeding,AUB)的临床疗效。方法 2011年6月~2013年1月采用诺舒对15例心脏病术后AUB行子宫内膜去除术,术前排除子宫内膜及宫颈恶性病变,扩张宫颈后先行宫腔镜检查,然后将诺舒阻抗控制子宫内膜切除系统的双极消融器送入宫腔,测试通过后行子宫内膜去除,再次宫腔镜检查,了解子宫内膜去除情况。记录术前后情况,并进行1、3、6个月随访,观察月经情况和并发症。结果 15例术中生命体征平稳,手术顺利。血红蛋白术前(91.33±21.38)g/L,术后6个月升高至(113.89±19.32)g/L,有统计学差异(t=5.640,P=0.000),贫血状态明显好转。1例心功能由Ⅲ级变为Ⅱ级,2例心功能由Ⅱ级变为Ⅰ级,其余患者心功能未见变化。术后1、3、6个月随访15例,治疗均有效(参照月经改善评价标准),闭经率分别为66.7%(10/15)、73.3%(11/15)、80.0%(12/15)。结论诺舒阻抗子宫内膜切除术治疗心脏病术后AUB疗效确切,安全性高。     

宫腔镜手术治疗子宫内膜息肉85例临床观察

目的探讨宫腔镜手术治疗子宫内膜息肉的临床效果。方法因子宫内膜息肉行各类宫腔镜手术85例。其中单纯息肉切除25例,息肉切除+子宫内膜切除术41例,息肉切除+浅层内膜切除术17例,息肉切除+内膜剥除术6例。随访时间3~24个月。结果57例月经紊乱者术后闭经14例,点滴出血16例,月经减少27例。34例中、重度贫血患者术后1~3个月血红蛋白恢复正常,16例痛经患者术后7例症状消失,7例缓解,2例加重,6例不孕者4例妊娠。结论宫腔镜手术治疗子宫内膜息肉月经改善满意率达94.12%。无生育要求者,息肉切除同时应行子宫内膜电切术,可避免复发,需保留生育功能者可行单纯息肉切除,如合并内膜息肉样增生可行浅层内膜切除术。绝经后患者可行单纯息肉切除术,如合并内膜息肉样增生应行子宫内膜剥除术。     

诺舒治疗异常子宫出血38例

目的探讨诺舒治疗异常子宫出血的疗效。方法 2013年1月~2016年1月,因异常子宫出血行诺舒阻抗子宫内膜去除术38例,其中合并严重内科疾病22例(57.9%)。先行宫腔镜检查,评估宫腔情况,并取子宫内膜活检,待常规病理排除子宫内膜恶性病变后行宫腔镜诺舒阻抗子宫内膜去除术,术后门诊或电话随访,观察月经、血红蛋白改善及并发症情况。术后闭经、点滴出血、少量月经、正常月经认定为临床治疗有效。结果 38例均顺利完成手术,诺舒治疗时间66~122 s,(89.5±24.5)s,术中出血均30 ml,术中术后均无严重并发症发生。二次手术率5.3%(2/38)。术后3、6、12、36个月有效率分别为100%(37/37)、100%(29/29)、100%(24/24)、100%(8/8);闭经率分别为62.2%(23/37)、69.0%(20/29)、75.0%(18/24)、87.5%(7/8);满意率为97.3%(36/37)、96.6%(28/29)、100%(24/24)、100%(8/8)。术后3个月贫血纠正率为54.1%(20/37)(1例因原发病死亡)。32例非血液系统疾病患者术前血红蛋白为(84.37±21.58)g/L,术后3个月升高至(105.21±10.43)g/L(配对t检验,t=17.092,P=0.000)。结论诺舒操作简单,安全,微创,效果好,患者满意率高,特别适用于合并严重内科疾病无法采用药物及子宫切除术的患者。     

微波子宫内膜去除术前刮宫内膜预处理的临床及实验研究

目的探讨刮宫子宫内膜预处理在微波子宫内膜去除术(microwave endometrial ablation,MEA)中的应用价值。方法2001年6月～2005年6月对126例子宫异常出血行MEA之前刮宫预处理子宫内膜。同期12例因异常子宫出血行子宫切除术,先刮宫处理子宫内膜后行MEA,再切除子宫,取材进行组织病理学和酶组织化学检测子宫壁组织热损伤深度。结果126例术中无并发症发生,术后闭经78例(61.9%),正常月经46例(36.5%),少量不规则阴道出血2例(1.6%),治疗满意率98.4%(126/128)。术后10例子宫内膜炎,2例宫腔积血,2例术后因痛经行子宫切除术。126例术后随访6～28个月,(22±4)月,其中116例随访到术后2年以上,疗效稳定。MEA作用后子宫底的损伤深度为4.2～4.9mm,前壁的损伤深度为4.1～5.7mm,后壁的损伤深度为4.7～6.6mm,宫角的损伤深度为4.0～4.7mm。结论MEA术前全面刮宫预处理内膜,可以充分完整破坏子宫内膜全层,临床疗效好、满意率高,不增加组织过度损伤的危险。     

子宫镜子宫内膜切除术加点状烧灼电凝术治疗功血78例

目的 :探讨子宫镜子宫内膜切除术加点状烧灼电凝术治疗功血的效果及其安全性。方法 :选择有手术指征的功能失调性子宫出血患者 78例 ,采用子宫镜电切子宫内膜后对切面实施点状烧灼电凝术 ,观察其月经改善情况。结果 :术后随访 3～ 12个月 ,2 3例无月经 ;38例每月仅有点滴状月经 ;17例表现月经明显减少。月经改善满意。结论 :子宫镜子宫内膜切除术加点状烧灼电凝术治疗功血是较理想的方法 ,可提高手术成功率 ,减少术后并发症     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.