前列腺导管腺癌一例报告并文献复习

目的探讨前列腺导管腺癌的临床、病理特征及治疗方法。方法1例反复血精5个月，血尿4个月的患者直肠指诊示：前列腺右侧可及直径约1cm质软肿物。血清前列腺特异抗原（PSA）0.7ng/ml。前列腺穿刺活检提示前列腺腺癌。患者行根治性前列腺切除术。结果病理报告：前列腺右叶大导管腺癌，向外浸润右侧精囊，Gleason分级5/4（Sum=9），pT3b;免疫组化染色PSA（＋），前列腺酸性磷酸酶（PAP）（＋＋），雄激素受体（AR）（-）。患者术后恢复良好，血精、血尿消失，随访7年仍存活。结论前列腺导管腺癌是前列腺癌罕见的亚型，难于早期诊断，确诊主要依靠病理和免疫组化检查，治疗方法可采用根治性前列腺切除术。     

前列腺导管腺癌1例报告并文献复习

目的：提高对前列腺导管腺癌诊断及治疗的认识水平.方法：回顾性分析1例前列腺导管腺癌患者的诊治过程,并复习相关文献,探讨本病的组织发生和生物学特点.患者73岁,无痛性间歇血尿2年,PSA 0.897ng/ml,膀胱镜检查发现前列腺尿道部肿物,切除后提示为尿道低分化腺癌.术后2个月复发,转诊我院.检查前列腺尖部偏右侧有一直径0.5 cm结节,质硬,行经尿道肿物电切术,病理检查为前列腺导管腺癌,遂行前列腺根治性切除术.结果：患者术后恢复良好,无血尿和尿失禁,随访1年无局部复发和远处转移.结论：前列腺导管腺癌是前列腺癌的一个亚型,相对于腺泡腺癌,其起病隐匿,进展快,侵袭性强.前列腺根治性切除术是有效治疗方法.     

TUPVP术后前列腺偶发癌的诊治(附15例报告)

目的 :探讨经尿道前列腺等离子汽化切除术 (TUPVP)后前列腺偶发癌的诊断和治疗。　方法 :对 134例良性前列腺增生患者行TUPVP ,术后的组织标本采用连续切片法作常规病理检查。　结果 :134例TUPVP术后的前列腺标本中共检出前列腺癌 15例 ,检出率为 11.2 %。 4例A2 期患者行双侧睾丸切除术加内分泌治疗 ,9例A1期患者行内分泌治疗。除 2例术后没有任何治疗的患者失访外 ,其余 13例患者随访 7～ 15个月 ,全部存活 ,血清前列腺特异性抗原 (PSA)为 0 .15～ 4 .0 μg/L。 　结论 :TUPVP术对前列腺组织的破坏小 ,术后标本多部位连续病理切片 ,可提高前列腺偶发癌的检出率 ,A1期患者可仅行内分泌治疗 ,A2 期患者应加双侧睾丸切除。     

膀胱移行细胞癌伴前列腺癌的诊断与治疗

目的　提高膀胱移行细胞癌伴前列腺癌的诊治水平。　方法　对 8例膀胱移行细胞癌伴前列腺癌患者的临床资料进行分析。　结果　 8例术前均经膀胱镜检查及活检病理证实为膀胱移行细胞癌。 7例经直肠前列腺穿刺活检确诊前列腺癌 ,1例为前列腺增生症 ,行膀胱前列腺全切术后病理证实为前列腺癌。 4例行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切及双侧睾丸切除术 ,术后使用丝裂霉素或BCG等膀胱灌注及氟他胺内分泌治疗。 1例行膀胱前列腺全切加回肠膀胱术。 8例中 2例失访 ,3例因多发性转移 ,术后存活 <1年 ,3例行根治性膀胱前列腺全切术 ,术后随访 1.5～ 4.0年 ,经胸片、CT、同位素和PSA等检查未见肿瘤复发或转移。　结论　血清PSA测定、前列腺直肠指诊、经直肠前列腺B超检查、活检及膀胱镜检查是诊断膀胱移行细胞癌伴前列腺腺癌的主要方法 ,根治性膀胱前列腺切除是影响预后的重要因素     

TUEVP、双侧睾丸切除术及氟他胺联合应用治疗前列腺癌23例

目的探讨经尿道前列腺电汽化术（TUEVP）、双侧睾丸切除及氟他胺三联疗法治疗前列腺癌的临床效果。方法23例患者行TUEVP加双侧睾丸切除术，术后用氟他胺治疗（0．25g3次／d），观察术后PSA、IPSS、QOL、Qmax及转移情况。结果随访1～36个月，PSA大部分恢复正常，IPSS、QOL、Qmax明显改善，转移灶缩小。结论TUEVP、双侧睾丸切除术及氟他胺联合应用治疗前列腺癌有明确效果。     

前列腺电切术后前列腺偶发癌的临床分析与处理

目的:总结分析前列腺汽化电切术后前列腺偶发癌的临床治疗方式和结果。方法:回顾性分析我院2009年3月~2015年6月术前诊断为良性前列腺增生症的1 157例患者病理资料,选取术后病理检查确诊为前列腺癌的病例为研究对象,研究这些前列腺电切术后确诊为前列腺偶发癌的治疗经过和结果。结果:1 157例患者中,术后病理诊断为偶发性前列腺癌的患者20例。TNM分期为T1a期6例,T1b期14例。其中14例接受前列腺癌根治性切除手术,5例选择内分泌治疗,1例选择等待观察。14例前列腺根治性切除术患者围术期无严重并发症发生,3例出现短期尿失禁,于术后3个月内恢复控尿;1例发生真性尿失禁,术后6个月仍无法控尿。5例选择内分泌治疗的患者于治疗后3个月血清前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)均降至正常值范围内。所有患者均随访1~6年,平均4.2年,均未发现肿瘤相关性死亡。结论:经尿道前列腺等离子汽化电切术虽然增加了前列腺根治性切除术的手术难度,但手术疗效满意。     

经尿道电汽化术治疗晚期前列腺癌

我们自 1996年 1月至 1999年 12月 ,对 40例因前列腺癌 (Ｐｃａ)致尿路梗阻的患者采用经尿道前列腺电汽化术(ＴＶＰ) ,疗效满意 ,报道如下。1.资料与方法 :本组 40例 ,平均年龄 76岁 ,均以排尿困难就诊。 35例术前经前列腺穿刺活检证实为Ｐｃａ ,5例以良性前列腺增生症 (ＢＰＨ)行ＴＶＰ ,术后病理诊断为Ｐｃａ。其中腺癌 31例 ,低分化腺癌 7例 ,未分化癌 2例。ＥＣＴ示骨转移灶 2 8例。 35例术前诊断Ｐｃａ者均行ＴＶＰ加双侧睾丸切除术。 5例术前诊断ＢＰＨ行ＴＶＰ者 ,俟病理诊断明确后另行双侧睾丸切除术。所有患者术后均行放射治疗 ,并…     

前列腺黏液腺癌1例报告

前列腺黏液腺癌是前列腺癌中罕见的病理分型, 本文报道1例。患者因间断血尿就诊, 术前诊断为前列腺腺癌, 行腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术, 术后病理检查示前列腺黏液腺癌, 术后随访6个月, 影像学检查无复发、转移征象, tPSA正常。     

原发性非脐尿管型膀胱黏液腺癌临床病理学特点分析

目的 探讨原发性非脐尿管型膀胱黏液腺癌的临床及病理学特点.方法 原发性非脐尿管型膀胱黏液腺癌患者9例.男6例,女3例.平均年龄62(55～78)岁.间歇性、无痛性全程肉眼血尿8例,其中黏液血尿4例;体检发现1例.B超及CT检查均提示膀胱占位性病变;膀胱镜检发现膀胱肿物9例,取活检5例.病理报告均为膀胱黏液腺癌.肿瘤直径平均3.1(1.9～4.7)cm.手术治疗8例,其中膀胱部分切除术4例,膀胱全切加尿流改道3例,TURBt 1例.TURBt 1例术后6个月肿瘤复发,再行膀胱全切加尿流改道.1例体弱患者未手术.结果 9例病理报告均为原发性非脐尿管型膀胱黏液腺癌,病理分期T_(2a)5例、T_(2b) 2例、T_(3a)2例.病理分级高分化5例、中分化4例.9例平均随访16.5(3～60)个月.术后1年内死亡4例,1例未手术者随访4个月死于心功能衰竭;1例行TURBt患者,再行根治术术后3个月死于肺转移;2例行膀胱部分切除术者分别于术后9、11个月死于肿瘤转移.其余5例未见肿瘤复发及转移.结论 原发性非脐尿管型膀胱黏液腺癌少见,预后差.手术为主要的治疗手段,对复发或转移患者,配合放疗或化疗等综合治疗可延长患者生存期.     

诊断性前列腺电切术对血清PSA异常患者的应用研究

目的:探讨诊断性前列腺电切(TURP)在前列腺增生合并血清PSA异常患者中的应用价值及意义,为临床处理前列腺增生合并血清PSA异常的患者提供一种新的手段。方法:收集符合入组标准的患者71例,总结病理为前列腺癌患者的Gleason评分及预后。对所有患者进行术后随访,检测其TURP术后6个月、1年的PSA值及IPSS评分,分析术后血清PSA值、IPSS的变化,评估TURP在前列腺增生伴血清PSA异常患者中的诊疗效果。结果:①40例前列腺穿刺活检阴性而血清PSA持续异常的患者中,2例术后病理示前列腺腺癌(2/40),Gleason评分为6分,另1例电切后病理示前列腺增生组织,但术后血清PSA持续异常(18μg/L),行2次活检,病理诊断为前列腺癌,Gleason评分6分,3例均行前列腺根治性切除术,术后随访恢复好。31例拒绝活检患者中术后病理示前列腺腺癌9例(9/31)。Gleason评分7⁹分,平均8分,1例行前列腺根治性切除术,8例行内分泌治疗。②59例病理诊断为良性前列腺增生(BPH),其中血清PSA恢复正常者56例,显著降低者3例,IPSS评分有明显改善53例,6例尿道狭窄经过尿扩处理后评分亦有改善。结论:诊断性TURP可提高前列腺癌的早期检出率,改善患者的下尿路症状,且有利于患者血清PSA持续正常化。对血清PSA异常(>4μg/L),伴有下尿路梗阻状态、前列腺穿刺活检阴性的患者可考虑行诊断性TURP。     

前列腺上皮内瘤诊治分析(附13例报告)

目的　探讨前列腺上皮内瘤 (PIN)的临床特征、诊断和处理。　方法　分析 13例PIN患者的临床资料。良性前列腺增生合并PIN 4例 (HGPIN 1例 ,LGPIN 3例 ) ,行TURP手术 3例 ,耻骨上经膀胱前列腺摘除术 1例 ;前列腺癌并发PIN 8例 (均为HGPIN) ,行前列腺根治性切除术 5例 ,TURP手术 3例 ;体检发现LGPIN 1例 ,因血PSA持续升高 ,TURP术后给予雄激素全阻断治疗。　结果　 13例均经病理确诊 ,血PSA检测、直肠指诊和经直肠B超等检查对PIN诊断无意义。 4例BPH合并PIN患者均健康存活 (3～ 5年 ) ,1例 1年后随访活检发现进展为前列腺癌 ,行前列腺根治性切除术 ;5例前列腺癌并发PIN患者随访 2～ 5年后健康存活 ,1例死于其它疾病 ,2例失访 ;体检发现者 3个月后血PSA明显下降。　结论　病理检查是诊断PIN的惟一方法。对PIN应进行雄激素全阻断治疗并密切随访 ,定期穿刺活检是早期发现PIN恶变的有效方法。     

Ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate diagnosed on transurethral biopsy or resection is not always indicative of aggressive disease: implications for clinical management

Study Type – Prognosis (case series)
Level of Evidence 4

OBJECTIVE

To report the clinicopathological characteristics of 23 cases of ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate (DCP) and discuss the implications for clinical management, as DCP is considered an aggressive subtype of prostate adenocarcinoma (PA).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The presence of DCP in transrectal ultrasonography‐guided prostate biopsy (TRUSB) is associated with adverse pathological findings at radical prostatectomy (RP) and clinical outcomes, and the significance of detecting DCP initially in transurethral biopsy (UB) or transurethral resection (TURP) in the present era of screening with prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) is unclear. The study included 23 cases of pure DCP without acinar PA diagnosed on UB or TURP. Demographic information, serum PSA level, follow‐up surgical procedures (RP, TURP or TRUSB) and outcome data were collected.

RESULTS

The mean age of the men was 67.5 years and the mean PSA level before the procedure was 12.5 ng/mL; 14 cases were detected on UB and nine were diagnosed on TURP. The mean (range) follow‐up was 4 (1–23) months after the initial procedure. In all, 21 (89%) patients had DCP or PA in follow‐up procedures. Two (11%) patients had no residual cancer, one on RP and the other on two repeat TURPs. DCP or PA was found in 12 RP cases; four patients had Gleason score 7 PA, three of which were organ‐confined, and eight had Gleason score ≥8 PA. Extraprostatic extension, seminal vesicle invasion and regional lymph node metastasis were present in seven, six and two cases, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Most DCP diagnosed on UB or TURP in this contemporary series was associated with aggressive PA, but a subset presented as a small periurethral tumour with no concomitant acinar PA, and was eradicated by the initial biopsy/TURP alone. We recommend that patients with a diagnosis of DCP on UB or TURP undergo follow‐up TURP and TRUSB before radical surgery is offered.     

A prostatic duct carcinoma difficult to distinguish from transitional cell carcinoma: a case report

A 77-year-old male with a complaint of dysuria and gross hematuria for 3 months visited our hospital. Abdominal ultrasonography, computed tomographic scan and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a prominent tumor from the bladder neck. Serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level was high (1,130 ng/ml) suggesting prostate cancer, but transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) was detected by transurethral biopsy. Bone scintigraphy revealed multiple bone metastasis. Since gross hematuria requiring bladder tamponade continued, simple cystoprostatectomy and cutaneous ureterostomy were performed. Pathological findings showed prostatic acinar carcinoma and prostatic duct carcinoma mimicking TCC, and PSA immunohistochemically weak positive. The final diagnosis was prostate cancer consisting of acinar and ductal component. Adjuvant hormonal therapy was performed, but was ineffective. The patient died 2.5 months after operation. We reviewed and discussed 66 cases of prostatic duct carcinoma, including our case, in the Japanese literature.     

绿激光汽化联合电切治疗前列腺增生症的选择(附520例报告)

目的探讨经尿道选择性绿激光前列腺汽化术(photoselective vaporization of prostate,PVP)和PVP联合经尿道前列腺电切术(transurethral resection of prostate,TURP)治疗良性前列腺增生(benign prostatic hyperplasia,BPH)两种手术方式的选择。方法应用PVP或PVP联合TURP治疗520例BPH。前列腺重量≥70g年龄85岁186例行PVP联合TURP;≥70g年龄≥85岁72例行PVP;70g者中,215例两侧叶增生为主者行PVP,47例中叶球形增生突入膀胱较多者先PVP汽化腺体5、7点及两侧叶,后TURP辅助彻底切除大部分腺窝内增生腺体。结果本组520例手术时间15~180min,(49.2±33.3)min。术后68例未行膀胱冲洗,452例膀胱冲洗12~48h。住院时间4~9d,(5.6±1.8)d。术后3个月随访431例,国际前列腺症状评分(IPSS)从术前(25.1±6.3)降至(5.5±2.6),最大尿流率(Qmax)从术前(3.9±2.7)ml/s增至(18.1±9.1)ml/s。结论 PVP治疗BPH手术过程安全,出血少,尤其适合于高龄高危患者,对于大容量腺体应用PVP联合TURP效果满意。     

前列腺癌首次治疗失败后的临床处理

本文总结了前列腺癌首次治疗失败后的临床处理经验。对85例临床资料齐全的病例分析、观察其恶化的临床表现、治疗方法及其疗效。结果16例病情稳定，占18．8％；69例出现局部复发或远处转移症状，占81．2％。主要恶化症状为骨痛、尿潴留、肾积水、血尿和脊髓压迫等。内分泌治疗和放疗仍是目前主要的治疗手段，内分泌治疗宜早不宜迟，间断性雄激素阻断治疗应予提倡，放疗对骨痛的缓解有一定价值。     

KTP激光汽化治疗伴下尿路梗阻的晚期前列腺癌

目的 总结经尿道KTP激光前列腺汽化术(PVP)治疗伴有下尿路梗阻晚期前列腺癌的临床疗效.方法 伴有下尿路梗阻的晚期前列腺癌患者33例.年龄(76±6)岁.其中T3 18例,T4 15例.前列腺体积36～140 ml.患者术前IPSS为28.2±3.6,QOL为5.0±0.7,Q_(max) 4.7～10.1 ml/s,残余尿量(RU)为(126.0±25.2)ml.33例均行KTP激光经尿道汽化前列腺治疗.19例初发前列腺癌患者同时行PVP和睾丸切除,14例为睾丸切除和抗雄激素等治疗后仍有明显的排尿梗阻症状,有尿潴留史15例.分别对术前及PVP术后1、6个月患者IPSS、QOL Qmax、血PSA、RU等指标进行统计分析.采用SPSS 13.0软件处理数据,均数间比较采用配对t检验.结果 33例手术经过顺利.28例术后3～4 d拔除导尿管,排尿情况改善明显;5例初次拔管后仍有排尿困难而再次留置导尿,延时拔管后均能自行排尿.术后并发症包括血尿14例、短暂尿失禁3例.术后1个月时IPSS、QOL、Q_(max)、血PSA、RU分别为14.6±2.8、3.1±0.4、(13.2±5.6)ml/s、(16.3±13.4)ng/ml、(24.6±5.9)ml;术后6个月时分别为14.2±3.3、3.4±0.5、(12.2±3.4)ml/s、(8.0±6.5)ng/ml、(31.1±8.7)ml.术后1、6个月的IPSS评分、QOL、Qmax、血PSA与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01),术后1、6个月间IPSS评分、QOL、Q_(max)比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 PVP可以有效解除前列腺癌患者的下尿路梗阻症状,明显改善患者生活质量.安全、有效.     

Photoselective vaporization of the prostate with GreenLight 120-W laser versus transurethral resection of the prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

The aim of this study is to assess the overall efficacy and safety of photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP) with GreenLight 120-W laser versus transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) for treating patients of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). We performed a literature search of The Cochrane Library and the electronic databases, including Embase, Medline, and Web of Science. Manual searches were conducted of the conference proceedings, including European Association of Urology and American Urological Association (2007 to 2012). Outcomes reviewed included clinical baseline characteristics, perioperative data, complications, and postoperative functional results, such as postvoid residual (PVR), international prostate symptom score (IPSS), quality of life (QoL), and maximum flow rate (Q_max). Six randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were enrolled. Three hundred and forty-seven patients undergone 120-W PVP, and 350 patients were treated with TURP in the RCTs. There were no significant differences for clinical characteristics in these trials. In perioperative data, catheterization time and length of hospital stay were shorter in the PVP group. However, the operation time was shorter in the TURP group. Capsular perforation, blood transfusion, clot retention, and macroscopic hematuria were markedly less likely in PVP-treated subjects. The other complications between PVP and TURP did not demonstrate a statistic difference. There were no significant differences in QoL, PVR, IPSS, and Q_max in the 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months of postoperative follow-up. There was no significant difference at postoperation follow-up of functional outcomes including IPSS, PVR, Q_max, and QoL between the TURP-treated subjects and PVP-treated subjects. Owing to a shorter catheterization time, reduced hospital duration and less complication, PVP could be used as an alternative and a promising minimal invasive surgical procedure for the treatment of BPH.     

Radical prostatectomy versus external beam radiation therapy for high-grade,clinically localized prostate cancer: Emulation of a target clinical trial

PurposeThe comparative effectiveness of surgery and radiation therapy for high-grade, clinically localized prostate cancer remains a seminal, open question in urologic oncology, with no randomized controlled trials to inform management. We therefore emulated a hypothetical target clinical trial of radical prostatectomy (RP) versus external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) for high-grade, clinically localized prostate cancer.Materials and MethodsWe conducted observational analyses using the National Cancer Database from 2006-2015 to emulate a target clinical trial in men 55-69 years with cT1-3cN0cM0, PSA<20 ng/mL, Gleason 8 to 10 prostate adenocarcinoma treated with RP or 75 to 81 Gy EBRT with androgen deprivation therapy (EBRT+ADT). The associations of treatment type with overall survival (OS) were estimated using Cox regression with stabilized inverse probability weights (IPW).ResultsA total of 26,806 men formed the study cohort (RP: 23,990; EBRT+ADT: 2,816). Baseline characteristics were well-balanced after IPW-adjustment. Median follow-up was 48.4 (IQR 25.5-76.2) months. After IPW-reweighting, RP was associated with improved OS compared to EBRT+ADT (HR 0.54;95% CI 0.48-0.62; P<0.001), with 5- and 10-year OS of 93% vs 87%, and 76% vs 60%, respectively. RP was associated with improved OS across all categories of Gleason score, PSA, cT stage, age, and Charlson comorbidity index examined. In sensitivity analyses adjusting for biopsy tumor volume and a biopsy-specific Gleason score, RP remained associated with improved OS compared to EBRT+ADT (HR 0.62;95% CI 0.49-0.78; P<0.001).ConclusionsIn observational analyses designed to emulate a target clinical trial of men with high-grade, clinically localized prostate cancer, RP was associated with improved OS compared with EBRT+ADT.     

A case of ductal carcinoma of the prostate after transurethral resection of prostate

A 66-year-old man visited our hospital complaining of a high prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (6.9 ng/ml) and dysuria. Prostatic needle biopsies revealed no malignancy in January 1998 and February 1999 (PSA 8.0 ng/ml). Transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) was performed in March 1999. Although none of the TURP specimen showed any malignancy, the PSA level remained high (3.7 ng/ml 1 year after the TURP), and gradually increased. About 3 years later, re-biopsy was done (PSA 13.2 ng/ml) and pathological finding was moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma (Gleason score 3 + 3 = 6). After 9-month MAB, radical prostatectomy (RP) was performed in January 2003 (PSA 4.2 ng/ml). Though the RP specimen showed moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma with negative capsule penetration and negative surgical margins, PSA decreased to 2.5 ng/ml and gradually increased. Computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and bone scintigraphy showed neither distant metastasis nor local recurrence. Review of the RP specimen revealed ductal carcinoma with positive capsular penetration and suspicion of positive surgical margins. Although the patient was treated with maximum androgen blockade, diethylstilbestrol diphosphate, and tegafururacil, PSA gradually increased and was kept at a high level (5-6 ng/ml). In December 2005, the patient complained of anal pain and MRI showed a 4.8 x 2.3 cm tumor in the prostatic bed. Needle biopsy of the tumor revealed ductal carcinoma (PSA 6.39 ng/ml). In January 2006 (PSA 11.9 ng/ml), we initiated a treatment with 66 Gy of intensity modulated radiation therapy. In November 2006, PSA decreased to 0.279 ng/ml, and the tumor reduced (3.8 x 1.0 cm) on MRI.