脑动静脉畸形的血管内治疗

目的 探讨脑动静脉畸形（AVM）血管内治疗的方法及效果。方法 2005~2014年血管内栓塞治疗脑AVM 42例,其中单支动脉供血9例,多支动脉供血33例;NBCA胶栓塞23例,真丝线段栓塞7例,先用真丝线段栓塞后再用NBCA胶栓塞12例。结果 6例单支动脉供血用NBCA胶栓塞2次,畸形血管团完全闭塞;多支动脉供血的33例中,10例用NBCA胶栓塞3~4次,其中8例病灶明显缩小,临床症状明显改善;1例因病灶太大栓塞后临床症状略有改善;1例栓塞术中出现心室颤动死亡。真丝线段栓塞的7例中,3例出现脑血管痉挛,4例出现脑水肿,5例（71.4%）在3个月后复查造影见畸形血管再通。先用真丝线段栓塞后再用NBCA胶栓塞的12例中,2例病灶完全闭塞,10例病灶略缩小。所有术后随访1~2年,按GOS评分评估预后恢复良好40例,中残1例,死亡1例。结论 血管内栓塞是一种治疗脑AVM有效方法,对单支血管供血的病变栓塞可达到治愈的效果;用NBCA胶栓塞效果好,并发症少。     

脑动静脉畸形血管构筑学因素与癫疒间的关系及其栓塞治疗效果的研究

目的探讨脑动静脉畸形(AVM)相关血管构筑学因素(AVM的大小、位置、供血动脉)与癫发作的关系以及血管内栓塞治疗的效果。方法采用数字减影血管造影(DSA)对95例脑AVM患者进行全脑血管造影,比较不同AVM大小、位置及供血动脉支数患者的癫疒间发生率。观察血管内注射NBCA或ONYX胶进行AVM栓塞的临床疗效。结果脑AVM3～6cm、>6cm患者的癫疒间发生率(52.5%、57.1%)明显高于<3cm的患者(0)(均P<0.01);AVM位于大脑皮质患者的癫疒间发生率显著高于位于基底节、后颅窝的患者(均P<0.01);不同供血动脉支数患者的癫发生率差异无显著性(均P>0.05);本组43例有癫疒间发作患者,AVM栓塞术后20例症状消失,11例明显改善,总有效率72.1%。结论脑AVM的大小及位置与癫疒间有密切关系,供血动脉的支数与癫疒间发作无关;血管内栓塞治疗AVM的效果较好。     

栓塞对脑动静脉畸形血液动力学的影响

栓塞虽可使脑 AVM 体积缩小,但对其血液动力学影响仍不明确。本文报告30例脑 AVM栓塞治疗前后经颅多普乐(TCD)测得的供血动脉流速改变。单支动脉供血的 AVM 完全栓塞后流速下降50%以上并低于正常值。多支动脉供血者部分栓塞后,早期见被栓塞的供血动脉流速降低,而未被栓塞者流速只有轻度下降或无改变;晚期见被栓塞的供血动脉流速可进一步下降抑或回升,提示 AVM内部血栓形成或再通,而未被栓塞者流速普遍增高。作者认为应争取对每一支供血动脉均行栓塞治疗,对栓塞后残余的 AVM 应采取积极态度,后续的手术时机以两周内为佳。     

脑动静脉畸形出血相关的血管构筑因素研究

目的通过对脑动静脉畸形（AVM）DSA造影特点与出血因素的研究，为判断出血的危险性及为临床选择治疗方案提供依据。方法对我院行血管内栓塞治疗脑AVM80例（其中颅内出血49例）进行分析，了解脑AVM畸形团的大小、部位、供血动脉的类型、引流静脉数目及路径、AVM合并动脉瘤等因素与脑出血的关系。结果脑AVM中、小型畸形团出血危险性高于大型；脑深部基底节和后颅凹的AVM出血的危险性比大脑皮层的AVM大；脑穿支供血动脉和椎动脉供血的AVM出血危险性大；脑AVM引流静脉数越少出血的危险性越高，而引流静脉路径与出血无明显关系；脑AVM合并动脉瘤易出血。结论脑AVM出血与血管构筑因素有关，根据血管不同构筑因素，判断脑AVM出血的可能性，为血管内栓塞治疗提供指导。     

血管内栓塞治疗脑动静脉畸形

目的探讨血管内栓塞治疗脑动静脉畸形(AVM)的临床意义。方法应用血管内栓塞治疗脑AVM 37例,栓塞剂为NBCA或(和)ONYX,栓塞后11例行γ-刀治疗。结果畸形血管团完全消失6例,消失90％以上11例,70％～90％17例,70％以下3例。栓塞后2例发生灌注压突破出现脑肿胀,另2例发生脑出血。结论血管内栓塞治疗脑AVM的方法是安全的,可治愈部分脑 AVM;对于大型、重要功能区的脑AVM,血管内栓塞联合手术或放疗可提高治愈率,降低致残率和死亡率。     

颅内多发动静脉畸形

目的：讨论颅内多发动静脉畸形（AVM）的临床特征和临床治疗方法。方法：报告2例多发脑AVM病例，分析该病的临床表现、影像特征，同时探讨其治疗方法。结果：1例多发AVM采用NBCA胶1次栓塞2个病灶，达到完全栓塞；1例多发AVM应用ONYX胶完全栓塞1个病灶，另l病灶行放射治疗。结论：血管内栓塞是治疗多发AVM的一种较好方法，但有时需结合手术及放射治疗手段才能达到治疗目的。     

介入栓塞联合显微外科手术治疗硬脑膜动脉参与供血的高级别脑动静脉畸形单中心临床疗效

目的 分析硬脑膜动脉供血的高级别脑动静脉畸形(AVM)患者的临床特点,探讨介入栓塞联合显微外科手术治疗的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析7例合并硬脑膜动脉供血的高级别脑AVM患者的临床资料,其中首发症状表现为头痛4例,意识障碍1例,肢体无力1例,顽固性癫痫1例。Spetzler-Martin分级Ⅳ6例,Ⅴ级1例。所有患者均Onyx-18胶栓塞硬脑膜供血动脉和/或部分高流量的颅内供血动脉、深部供血动脉,栓塞术后48 h内行显微外科手术切除脑AVM,术后1周复查脑血管造影评估手术切除效果。结果 6例患者成功栓塞10支硬脑膜动脉及其对应的畸形团,1例患者仅栓塞供血动脉近端,同时栓塞4例大脑后动脉(其中1例有血流动力学相关性动脉瘤),2例大脑前动脉分支(1例有血流动力学相关性动脉瘤),1例小脑上动脉。所有患者AVM均被完全切除。1例患者肌力较术前下降,2例出现颅内感染。临床随访7例,改良Rank评分0～1分7例,6例血管造影复查AVM未显影。结论 硬脑膜动脉供血的脑AVM以高级别多见,同时兼备脑AVM和硬脑膜动静脉瘘的临床表现,显微外科手术前行介入栓塞治疗能降低手术并发症,提高临床疗效。     

脑动静脉畸形血管内栓塞术和围手术期的处理

目的 探讨脑动静脉畸形应用ONYX胶和NBCA胶行血管内栓塞的临床疗效和围手术期并发症的处理.方法 本组17例,男14例,女3例,年龄22～56岁,平均39岁.首发症状头痛2例,脑出血10例,癫(癎)3例,肢体功能障碍2例.5例应用ONYX胶,12例应用NBCA胶行血管内栓塞.结果 本组完全栓塞11例,大部分栓塞6例,患者术后均无严重并发症发生,术后1周左右出院.结论 ONYX胶比NBCA胶具有更好的弥散性、易于控制、不粘管等优点,且其操作可控性好,不易栓塞正常血管,因此减少了再通和复发的可能性,可以使脑动静脉畸形获得较高的治愈率,尤其对于较大的AVM的栓塞治疗效果显著.术后严密监测病情变化,严格控制血压,及时进行对症处理,消除不利因素,防止并发症发生.     

真丝线段血管内栓塞治疗脑动静脉畸形46例

我院1993年9月至1996年12月对46例脑动静脉畸形（AVM）病人进行真丝线段血管内栓塞治疗，效果良好。现介绍如下。资料一般资料本组46例，男性29例，女性17例，年龄6－67岁，平均325岁。病程1个月至4年，平均38个月。25例有脑出血史。脑血管造影《DSA）检查本组经全脑血管造影检查，示脑AVM供血的动脉包括有大脑中动脉、大脑前动脉、大脑后动脉、小脑上动脉、脉络膜前动脉及颈外动脉。其中由1支动脉供血的6例（13％），2支供血10例（22％），3支供血20例（43％），4支以上供血7例（15％），颈内外联合供血者3例（7％）。巨大型、高血流量…     

脑AVM栓塞术中供血动脉压力变化的评价

脑AVM的血流动力学和栓塞治疗的研究已愈来愈受到神经科医师的重视。1990年6月至1992年3月作者用Tracker—18微导管测量了21例脑AVM患者在栓塞术前、术中及术后47条供血动脉的压力。21例中巨型AVMC>60cm~3)7例,大型(30—60cm~3)6例,中型(10—30cm~3)3例,小型(<10cm~3)5例。结果,AVM栓塞后,供血动脉收缩压平均升高22mmHg,与系统血压的比值升高约18％。在多次栓塞时,每次注射栓塞材料后病灶逐渐闭塞,供血动脉压逐渐升高。术中快速明显的压力升高提示病灶可能在血管造影上几乎完全闭塞,而在巨型AVM栓塞术中,供血动脉压升高不明     

国产α-氰基丙烯酸正丁酯栓塞治疗脑动静脉畸形的临床研究

目的　本组报告用自行研制的胶体栓塞剂ａ氰基丙烯酸正丁酯（ＮＢＣＡ） 栓塞治疗脑动静脉畸形（ＡＶＭ） １０６ 例。方法　均经股动脉和同侧颈动脉入路, 使用ＮＢＣＡ 的方法有三种： 包括完全根据畸形血管团的动静脉循环时间配制不同比例的碘苯酯和ＮＢＣＡ混合液; 微螺旋圈和ＮＢＣＡ混合栓塞; 循环时间长于２ 秒时直接注入３０ ％ 的ＮＢＣＡ混合液。结果　单支供血的ＡＶＭ均在一次栓塞后完全消除; 多支供血的ＡＶＭ 在栓塞１ ～３ 次后畸形血管团消除范围从４０％ ～１００％ 不等。结论　国产ＮＢＣＡ在栓塞脑ＡＶＭ 的弥散性能良好, 聚合速度可控制, 是治疗脑ＡＶＭ 性能良好的栓塞材料。     

Haemodynamic changes in arteriovenous malformations induced by superselective embolization: transcranial Doppler evaluation

To reduce the intraoperative and postoperative complications in patients who suffer intracerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVM's), the slow reduction of the shunt flow to a brain perfusion flow has been tried by the use of several methods: microsurgical techniques, selective and superselective embolization, intraoperative embolization, staged operation. The risk of re-bleeding and intraoperative oedema increases in AVM's with two or more feeders. Our policy was to exclude such AVM's by primary superselective embolization. If there was only a small residual angioma, we tried to remove this by microsurgical techniques. The haemodynamics in AVM's could be examined by measuring the blood flow velocities in the feeding arteries and in the other parts of the circle of Willis by transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD). Signs of haemodynamic effective embolization could be measured by the reduction of flow velocities. After exclusion of an AVM the velocities in the brain and feeding arteries decreased to below normal values in the first days after the operation. In the feeding arteries this was due to the fact that the arteries were enlarged so that the velocity must be decreased when there was normal volume flow. The combination of superselective angiography and microsurgical resection of the residual angioma seemed to be the best way to treat AVM's which are fed by more than two arteries and which are 3 or more cm in diameter. TCD investigations were used to measure the haemodynamic changes before and after angioma superselective embolization and microsurgical operation.     

Hemorrhage risk after partial endovascular NBCA and ONYX embolization for brain arteriovenous malformation

Abstract

Objective: To estimate for hemorrhage risk of partially endovascularly embolized brain arteriovenous malformation (BAVM).

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 147 consecutive patients with BAVM-treated mainly with endovascular N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) and ONYX embolization. In Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, the index date was the dated of initial endovascular embolization; cases were censored at time of subsequent intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), or loss to follow-up, and multivariate proportional-hazards regression models included age of presentation (?30 years old), clinical presentations, and other potential confounders.

Results: We reviewed 147 patients with BAVM (58·8% male; mean age±SD at treatment: 27·5±11·1 years) treated with endovascular embolization. One hundred and forty-four NBCA and 76 ONYX embolizations were performed. Complete obliteration of BAVMs was achieved in 29 patients (19·7%). Thirty-two (21·8%) patients were treated with additional Gamma-knife radiosurgery. During 499·5 years of follow-up, 15 partially treated patients suffered a further hemorrhage, which caused four deaths. The crude annual risk of hemorrhage was 3·0% and the annual death rate was 0·8%. Among partially treated patients with hemorrhage at initial presentation, the risk of hemorrhage was 3·8%, while the risk of hemorrhage for patients without hemorrhage at initial presentation was 2·5%. The annual rate of subsequent hemorrhage was 2·6% for non-ICH and 4·2% for ICH in the partial NBCA embolization group compared with 2·4% for non-ICH and 2·4% for ICH in the partial ONYX embolization group.

Conclusions: The effect of partial AVM embolization with liquid embolic agents may still be unclear as for risk reduction of annual hemorrhage rate of cerebral AVM.     

脑血管畸形出血后的治疗时机及方法选择

目的探讨脑血管畸形出血后的治疗时机及方法的选择。方法56例脑动-静脉畸形患者均采用经股动脉插管行选择性全脑血管造影。出血量大者先开颅手术、血肿清除或去骨瓣减压、颅内动静脉畸形(AVM)切除,然后全脑血管造影,利用Magic微导管及NBCA胶行介入栓塞治疗。结果22例患者7d内仅用NBCA栓塞治愈,且未留下任何后遗症,26例经血肿清除术后30d栓塞治愈,其中8例在血肿清除术中部分切除AVM后7d再栓塞治愈,8例手术全切AVM;14例患者遗留不同程度的偏瘫、失语、智力下降。所有患者随访6个月均无复发。结论早期确诊AVM的关键是尽早行全脑血管造影,NBCA栓塞是治疗AVM理想、安全、可靠的方法,早期治疗能明显减少后遗症。     

NBCA栓塞治疗脑动静脉畸形并发症分析

目的探讨NBCA栓塞治疗脑动静脉畸形(AVM)的并发症的发生率及高危因素.方法回顾性研究469例施行NBCA栓塞治疗的脑AVM的临床和影像学资料,总结并发症的情况以及分析他们的血管构筑学特征.结果469例脑AVM共行1108次栓塞,每例栓塞1～8次,平均2.3次;共发生并发症11例(出血性并发症4例,缺血性并发症7例),其中死亡2例,植物生存l例,轻度永久性神经功能缺损1例,短暂性神经功能缺损7例.结论本组脑AVM行NBCA栓塞治疗有较低的手术相关并发症.但对于栓塞高危病人,应采取特殊的栓塞策略.     

以动静脉瘘为主的脑动静脉畸形的栓塞治疗

目的探讨以动静脉瘘为主的高血流量脑动静脉畸形(AVM)的血管内栓塞治疗方法.方法将Spinnaker-1.5F微导管送至AVM近动静脉瘘口处,超选择造影测量动静脉微循环时间,先用液态弹簧圈2～3枚经微导管作初步填塞以减慢血流,再根据不同微循环时间配制不同浓度NBCA胶(17%～33%)栓塞AVM.结果采用液态弹簧圈和NBCA胶联合栓塞13例以动静脉瘘为主的AVM,完全栓塞3例,90%栓塞5例,60%栓塞3例,40%栓塞2例,无一例出现并发症.结论采用液态弹簧圈联合NBCA胶能安全、有效地治疗以动静脉瘘为主的脑动静脉畸形.     

11例非Galen静脉脑动静脉瘘的血管内栓塞治疗

作者报告了1979年至1995年治疗的11例非Galen静脉的脑动静脉瘘(AVF),对其诊断标准及治疗原则进行探讨.1例以球囊栓塞失败后行手术夹闭供血动脉;8例以IBCA/NBCA栓塞治疗,其中1例经3次栓塞缩小静脉球后手术切除残留的动静脉畸形(AVM);2例以弹簧圈栓塞瘘口.结果:动静脉瘘100%闭塞8例,恢复良好.8例中的6例脑血管造影复查,未见复发;植物生存1例;死亡2例.对治疗原则,血管内栓塞进行了讨论,认为栓塞材料首选弹簧圈.     

侧窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的血管内介入治疗

目的本文报道我科对连续收治的10例侧窦区(横窦和乙状窦)硬脑膜动静脉瘘(DAVF)行超选择性动脉内栓塞的初步经验。方法所有病人先进行脑血管造影,确诊为侧窦区DAVF后立即对供血动脉行超选择性造影术并用NBCA胶或PVA颗粒进行栓塞。结果10位病人进行16次栓塞治疗(有6例行2次),共对23根供血动脉进行了栓塞。其中8例采用NBCA胶,另2例采用PVA颗粒进行栓塞。8例栓塞后获得解剖学和临床治愈,另2例虽获临床治愈,但造影中仍可见少量病灶残留。4例伴有搏动性耳鸣和杂音者在首次栓塞后其症状和体征消失,其中1例搏动性耳鸣在第一次部分栓塞后2个月复发,但在第二次栓塞后消失。无一例病人在栓塞后出现并发症。结论超选择性动脉内栓塞治疗对于某些类型的侧窦区DAVF是一个安全、有效和微侵袭的治疗方法。     

Intra-operative embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations by means of isobutylcyanoacrylate (experience in 20 cases)

20 cases of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVM's) are reported, treated by direct intraoperative embolization. A 50% mixture of butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (IBC) and ethyl mono-iodostearate (Duroliopaque) was used. The clinical history of the patients was a long history of seizures in 10 cases, a haemorrhage in 9 cases, and a motor deficit in 1 case. In the immediate post-operative course, 1 patient died, 3 patients had a serious post-operative haemorrhage, 6 patients presented with a transient post-operative deficit, and in 10 patients the post-operative course was uneventful. During the following years, a late haemorrhage occurred after incomplete AVM eradication in 3 patients, leading to AVM resection. The AVM eradication was eventually complete in 3 cases with embolization only, and in 7 cases with embolization and AVM resection. The overall management of AVM in all 20 patients was: embolization only in 13 cases, embolization and resection in 7 cases. The long term results are: operative death 1, late death 3, long lasting deficit 1; uneventful 15. The authors discuss the technique of embolization, the effect of IBC on the vessel walls, the evolution of their general management of AVM's after this experience. Eventually the intra-operative embolization may be helpful after incomplete intra vascular embolization, to facilitate the AVM eradication.