Carcinoma of the gallbladder: CT findings in 50 cases

Fifty patients with histologically proven carcinoma of the gallbladder were examined by computed tomography (CT). The gallbladder masses were categorized into two broad groups: group 1 (74%) included patients in whom the gallbladder was identified along with a mass lesion; and group 2 (26%), where a large mass was present in the gallbladder fossa with no identifiable gallbladder. Group 1 was further divided into three types according to the nature of the tumor: Type 1, mass almost filling the entire gallbladder lumen; Type 2, a polypoidal mass projecting into the lumen; type 3, an infiltrating tumor seen as focal or diffuse wall thickening. Liver involvement, in the form of localized invasion in the vicinity of the primary gallbladder malignancy, was the most common associated finding (80%). Other ancillary features included presence of calculi, lymphadenopathy, and biliary obstruction. CT was found useful for characterizing and defining the extent of carcinoma of the gallbladder. However, it may not consistently demonstrate involvement of the gastrointestinal tract, omentum, and abdominal wall. CT can also be used for aspiration/biopsy guidance of the gallbladder mass in selected cases.     

Ultrasonographic features of primary carcinoma of the gallbladder: Report of five cases

The sonographic features of primary carcinoma of the gallbladder in five patients are presented. Two sonographic patterns were seen depending on whether or not the lumen of the gallbladder was visualized. In two patients the gallbladder lumen was visualized and an irregular fixed nonshadowing soft tissue mass was seen arising from the wall and projecting into the lumen. In the remaining three patients a solid mass was seen in the predicted location of the gallbladder without visualization of gallbladder lumen. Ancillary findings such as local involvement of liver and signs of biliary obstruction supported the diagnosis.     

Carcinoma of the gallbladder associated with clonorchiasis: clinicopathologic and CT evaluation

BACKGROUND: The computed tomographic (CT) features of three cases with pathologically proven adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder associated with clonorchiasis. METHODS: CT scans of three cases with pathologically proven adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder associated with clonorchiasis were retrospectively reviewed. Scans were analyzed for the following parameters: (a) gross morphologic pattern (intralumenal mass lesion, mass replacing the gallbladder, focal or diffuse wall thickening); (b) contrast enhancement of the tumors; (c) associated gallstones or Chlonorchis sinensis worms; (d) direct invasion into the liver; (e) metastasis to adjacent viscera (pancreas, duodenum); (f) the extrahepatic bile duct (dilatation, metastasis, stone, C. sinensis worms); (g) the intrahepatic bile duct (dilatation); and (h) lymphadenopathy and metastasis. RESULTS: The gross morphologic pattern of three cases with carcinoma of the gallbladder was an intralumenal mass lesion (the least common type), whereas the patterns of infiltration and a mass replacing the gallbladder were not identified. Mild contrast enhancement of the tumors relative to the liver was demonstrated in all patients. Gallstones and C. sinensis worms were not visualized in the gallbladder and the extrahepatic bile duct. An unusual metastasis to the distal common bile duct and the pancreas was found in this series. CONCLUSION: Three cases with adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder associated with clonorchiasis showed intralumenal mass lesions within the gallbladder lumen. The cause-and-effect relation between clonorchiasis and gallbladder carcinoma is discussed.     

原发性胆囊癌的CT诊断(附56例报告)

目的：研究胆囊癌的CT诊断。资料和方法：对照病理回顾分析56例胆囊癌的CT表现。结果:胆囊壁不规则增厚32％；胆囊腔内结节21％；胆囊区肿块46％；肝侵犯52％；胆管扩张53％；胆结石27％；淋巴转移34％。结论：1、胆囊癌CT分型为厚壁型、腔内结节型、肿块型，各型为病理发展中不同的阶段。2、直接侵犯肝脏及胆管受侵扩散为胆囊癌主要转移方式。3、CT对诊断中晚期胆囊癌及判断浸润范围有价值，尤其是增强扫描。     

Ultrasonographic difficulties and pitfalls in diagnosing primary carcinoma of the gallbladder

In order to more specifically define gallbladder carcinoma with real-time ultrasonography, a retrospective study was performed involving 29 sonographically false-negative and 22 sonographically false-positive cases of gallbladder carcinoma. Among the false negative cases, 18 (62.1%) were diagnosed as gallbladder stone only, 6 cases (20.7%) were incorrectly diagnosed as either acute or chronic cholecystitis, 2 cases (6.9%) were diagnosed as bile sludge, 2 cases (6.9%) were diagnosed as polyps, and 1 case (3.4%) was diagnosed as liver tumor. In false-positive cases, 8 (31.8%) were erroneously diagnosed as liver tumor. In false-positive cases, 7 (31.8%) were erroneously diagnosed as a mass projecting from the gallbladder wall but were pathologically proven to be polyps (4 cases) or bile sludge (3 cases); 8 cases (36.4%) were incorrectly diagnosed due to irregular thickening of the gallbladder wall but histology revealed them to be acute (3 cases) or chronic (5 cases) cholecystitis. Seven cases (31.8%) had a solid mass in porta hepatis, indicating gallbladder carcinoma; of these, 2 cases were lumps of bile sludge and 5 cases were acute cholecystitis with empyema. The differentiation of gallbladder carcinoma from cholecystitis (acute or chronic), polyps, and bile sludge is sometimes very difficult. With an understanding of the sonographic pitfalls and difficulties in the diagnosis of gallbladder carcinoma, a more specific diagnosis may be made.     

原发性胆囊癌的CT分析(附30例报告)

目的 探讨原发性胆囊癌的CT表现特征。方法对30例病理证实的原发性胆囊腺癌的CT资料进行回顾性分析。结果 肿块型16例，其增强特点可用于鉴别原发性肝癌；厚壁型8例，表现为胆囊壁不规则性、非对称性增厚，区别于胆囊炎的均匀性增厚；腔内结节型6例，表现为腔内分叶状软组织结节，横径大于1.0cm，不同于胆囊息肉的表现。结论掌握原发性胆囊癌的特征性CT表现，有助于提高其诊断与鉴别诊断的准确性。     

胆囊癌的CT诊断及对手术指导价值分析

目的:探讨胆囊癌的CT诊断并分析其对手术指导价值。材料与方法:回顾性分析经手术病理证实的胆囊癌27例,均经螺旋CT平扫,19例经双期或三期增强扫描,层厚7mm,3mm薄层重建。结果:胆囊癌腔内肿块型3例,胆囊壁增厚型5例,浸润型9例,混合型10例。肝脏受侵犯11例,肝内转移4例,淋巴结转移10例,腹水5例,肝内外胆管扩张6例,合并胆囊炎胆结石7例,胰腺、肝曲结肠、十二指肠受累各2例,胃受累1例。结论:螺旋CT对胆囊癌的诊断、分期及指导手术有很大价值。     

Usefulness of Ultrasound in Differentiating Xanthogranulomatous Cholecystitis from Gallbladder Carcinoma

Our study was aimed at finding the ultrasound (US) features of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) and evaluating the usefulness of US in differentiating XGC from gallbladder carcinoma (GBC). Through use of an electronic medical record system and the picture archiving and communication system, 31 cases of XGC and 52 cases of GBC with both sonograms and pathologic results were identified. Sonographic features of the abnormal gallbladder were evaluated. The smooth and intact interface between gallbladder lumen and mucosa was observed in most XGC cases (23/31, 74.2%) but in no GBC cases. XGC featured hyper-echoic foci, small hypo-echoic nodules and a layered appearance in the lesion, which were more frequently seen in the XGC group than in the GBC group. In conclusion, US may prove useful in the differential diagnosis of XGC and GBC, but more studies are required.     

超声造影在胆囊癌诊断中的应用价值

目的 探讨超声造影对胆囊癌的诊断价值.方法 回顾分析经手术病理证实的24例胆囊癌的超声造影表现.结果 胆囊癌的超声造影具有一定的强化特点,24例胆囊癌均可见造影增强,病灶较常规超声显影清晰,采用时间-强度曲线分析可以发现病变部位曲线上升支较为陡直,病变峰值强度高于同水平面上相邻肝组织.10例厚壁型胆囊癌中9例胆囊壁快速明显强化,1例胆囊壁在整个造影过程中呈弱增强,增厚的胆囊壁内可见增粗扭曲的血管;8例肿块型胆囊癌快速整体不均匀增强;6例结节型胆囊癌结节内可见造影剂快速进入,不均匀增强.5例胆囊癌伴肝转移造影后检出更多的转移病灶.结论 超声造影强化特征对胆囊癌的诊断有重要的价值,有助于提高胆囊癌的诊断水平.     

Carcinosarcoma,an atypical subset of gallbladder malignancies

Carcinosarcoma represents an atypical subset of gallbladder malignancies, and sonographic imaging features have not yet been precisely defined. Previously reported cases have shown a heterogeneously echogenic solid mass protruding into and filling the gallbladder lumen. We present herein a case of carcinosarcoma and propose another finding suggestive of this tumor. The patient was a woman in her 70s. Abdominal sonography revealed that the gallbladder lumen was half-filled by a large mass (maximum diameter, 68 mm) showing heterogeneous echogenicity slightly higher than that of bile. However, despite the large size of the mass, gallbladder shape was well-preserved. Considering the findings on computed tomography, cholecystectomy was performed under a diagnosis of gallbladder malignancy. Pathological examination revealed two types of malignant histology: a sarcomatous element of malignant spindle cells and a carcinomatous element of adenocarcinoma tissue. Foci of malignant cartilage and bone areas were also found sporadically. Accompanied by immunohistochemical examination, the mass was diagnosed as carcinosarcoma. The present case showed somewhat different imaging findings from those of ordinary gallbladder carcinoma. Carcinosarcoma should be considered when a well-preserved shape of the gallbladder is recognized along with protrusion of a large heterogeneously echogenic mass into and filling the gallbladder lumen.     

厚壁型胆囊癌超声造影征象及诊断价值的研究

目的研究厚壁型胆囊癌的超声造影特征,并评价其对胆囊癌的诊断价值。 方法选取2014年7月至2017年10月在解放军总医院接受超声造影检查及手术切除的26例厚壁型胆囊癌及37例良性厚壁型病变患者的超声造影图像、临床资料及手术病理。观察不同超声造影征象诊断壁厚型胆囊癌的价值。厚壁型胆囊癌26例为恶性组,良性厚壁型占位37例为良性组,2组患者年龄、胆囊长度、宽度、胆囊壁厚度采用t检验,超声造影特征（胆囊壁增强强度、黏膜层形态、黏膜下低增强区）比较采用χ²检验。诊断性试验采用ROC曲线计算敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及准确性。 结果恶性组胆囊壁厚度、年龄均大于良性组[（1.63±0.68）cm vs（0.96±0.55）cm,（63.7±10.1）岁 vs（53.2±11.8）岁],差异均有统计学意义（t=3.70、4.32,P均<0.001）。恶性组超声造影表现为黏膜层形态不规则、胆囊壁高增强、黏膜下无低增强区,与良性组比较,差异均有统计学意义（χ²=48.7、42.9、23.8,OR=9.25、6.17、2.47,P均<0.001）。黏膜层形态不规则、胆囊壁高增强、黏膜下无低增强区诊断厚壁型胆囊癌的敏感度均为100.0%,准确性分别为93.7%、90.5%、76.2%。前2项联合诊断（同时出现黏膜形态不规则与胆囊壁高增强诊断厚壁型胆囊癌）准确性可进一步提高至98.4%。 结论超声造影有助于胆囊厚壁型病变的良恶性鉴别,具有较高的诊断价值。     

螺旋CT在胆囊癌诊断中的价值

目的提高螺旋CT对胆囊癌的诊断率,减少误诊和漏诊。方法搜集38例胆囊癌患者的临床、病理及影像资料,着重观察其原发灶的CT表现。结果38例胆囊癌术前CT确诊31例,误诊7例。其原发灶CT表现为3种类型：胆囊窝肿块型、胆囊壁增厚型和胆囊腔内结节型。增强后扫描病灶均匀或不均匀强化,强化效应明显。结论螺旋CT扫描可较清楚地显示原发灶及其对邻近组织的侵犯和转移,增强扫描原发灶显著强化是其特征性表现。螺旋CT扫描,特别是增强扫描可以为临床提供重要的诊断和治疗依据。     

Primary gallbladder carcinoma: Imaging findings in 50 patients with pathologic correlation

Different diagnostic imaging modalities [contrast cholangiography, ultrasonography, and computed tomography (CT)] in a large group of patients with proven gallbladder carcinoma are reviewed. Noninvasive cross-sectional imaging methods strongly correlated with the different gross pathologic types of gallbladder carcinoma. The most common observed type was a mass replacing the gallbladder (39%). Other types observed either by sonography and/or CT were a focal/diffuse gallbladder wall thickening and the presence of an intraluminal polypoid mass. Despite the improvement in several imaging modalities, most of the preoperatively diagnosed gallbladder carcinomas were in advanced stage (84%). A combined approach using noninvasive diagnostic methods and percutaneous aspirative biopsies may reduce the number of explorative laparotomies in the final diagnosis of gallbladder carcinoma.     

原发性胆囊癌的超声诊断及漏误诊分析

目的分析原发性胆囊癌的超声特点及误诊原因,提高超声对胆囊癌的诊断正确率。方法回顾性分析26例经手术和病理证实的胆囊癌的超声资料,分析胆囊癌超声表现及误诊为胆囊其他疾病的胆囊癌的超声影像学特点。结果26例胆囊癌中超声诊断18例（69．2％）,漏误诊8例（30．8％）。胆囊癌的超声影像学表现分成4种类型：①囊壁局部或弥漫性增厚型11例（42．3％）;②肿块型6例（23．1％）;③乳头结节型8例（30．8％）;（9胆囊增大型1例（3．8％）。结论原发性胆囊癌超声表现多样化,易诊断为胆囊其他疾病,细致观察胆囊声像图,综合应用二维超声与彩色多普勒超声检查,有助于提高对早期诊断胆囊癌的诊断率。     

胆囊癌的临床分期和CT诊断

目的:探讨螺旋CT对原发性胆囊癌临床分期的诊断价值。方法:搜集经手术病理证实的胆囊癌患者32例,回顾性分析其术前CT资料。结果:32例胆囊癌中腔内型5例,壁厚型17例,肿块型10例。腔内型属于胆囊癌的较早期表现,预后较好;厚壁型和肿块型属于胆囊癌的中晚期表现,伴局部或邻近组织器官浸润,血行及淋巴结转移。结论:胆囊癌为胆道系统常见的恶性肿瘤,CT检查能准确描述其病变范围和特征,评价其分期为临床手术治疗提供帮助。     

胆囊癌肝侵犯的CT诊断及临床价值

目的：探讨胆囊癌肝侵犯的CT诊断及临床价值。方法：回顾性分析经手术、病理证实的17例胆囊癌肝侵犯CT资料。结果：肿块型11例,腔内型2例,厚壁型4例。侵犯肝左内叶5例,肝右叶前段3例,同时侵犯肝左内叶及右叶前段9例。5例侵犯深度〈2cm,12例侵犯深度〉2cm。CT表现为胆囊窝脂肪间隙消失,邻近胆囊窝的肝脏组织内出现不规则形低密度影,边界模糊,胆囊癌肿与肝脏组织分界不清,增强后肝内病灶不规则强化。结论：CT对胆囊癌肝侵犯的诊断及I临床分期、治疗方案的选择具有重要价值。     

胆道闭锁的超声诊断

目的：总结并分析20例胆道闭锁患儿的超声图像表现，探讨超声检查对胆道闭锁诊断的临床价值。方法：应用彩色多普勒超声仪观察和记录肝脏及脾脏大小、内部回声；空腹胆囊、餐后胆囊的变化；左右肝管汇合部纤维斑块存在与否。结果：10例左右肝管汇合部可见明显高回声斑块（厚径0-3～0．8cm）；3例高回声斑块较小（厚径0．2～0．26cm）。2例胆囊未显示；1例呈条索状，无囊腔；15例胆囊瘪小，胆囊发育及收缩不良；2例胆囊大小、形态正常，但餐后无收缩。全部病例肝脏不同程度增大及肝实质回声粗糙，9例腹腔存在少量积液，14例脾脏增大。结论：左右肝管汇合部纤维斑块具有特异性，可作为胆道闭锁超声诊断的客观指标，胆囊瘪小及收缩不良也具有重要的诊断和鉴别诊断意义。肝脏增大与肝脏回声增强、粗糙程度，及肝纤维化呈正比，可以提示病程长短和预后。     

Carcinoma of the gallbladder: role of sonography in diagnosis and staging

PURPOSE: In an attempt to define the sonographic characteristics of gallbladder cancer, we retrospectively analyzed the sonographic findings in 203 cases of gallbladder cancer confirmed by cytology or histopathology. Patients and Methods Patients with proven gallbladder cancer presenting to a single surgical unit between 1991 and 1995 were identified through a records search. All patients underwent sonographic examination followed by fine-needle aspiration (FNA), biopsy, or laparotomy for establishing the diagnosis. RESULTS: A mass in the gallbladder and gallbladder wall thickening (> 12 mm) were cardinal sonographic findings of carcinoma. Liver infiltration was correctly identified in all patients who had it. Sonography was highly accurate for detecting mass lesions, gallstones, liver infiltration, metastasis, and ascites. However, visualization of lymph nodes, common bile duct infiltration, and peritoneal dissemination was poor. CONCLUSIONS: Sonography was found to be a good diagnostic tool for carcinoma of the gallbladder; however, its sensitivity was poor for staging nodal spread of the disease.     

胆囊癌的CT诊断(附9例报告)

作者回顾总结了9例胆囊癌的CT表现，并与手术病理检查进行对照研究。主要CT表现包括：胆囊壁不规则增厚33．3％，腔内肿块22．2％，肝区和／或胆囊窝肿块44.4％，常伴有胆管系统扩张55．5％，邻近器官受侵犯22．2％。CT诊断早期胆囊癌仍有一定困难，但对中晚期胆囊癌的诊断与确定病变范围很有帮助。     

胆囊癌肝脏转移动物模型的实验研究

目的 建立胆囊癌肝脏转移动物模型,并对其进行初步评估.方法 用脾内接种法建立人胆囊癌细胞系(GBC-SD)的裸鼠肝脏转移模型.接种后第45天行肝脏CT检查,并处死裸鼠后取下肝脏行病理检查.结果 CT检查肝转移率为40%(4/10),探查发现肝转移率为50%(5/10),CT检查的阳性率为80%(4/5),组织病理学证实肝脏瘤结节均为转移瘤.结论 脾内接种法可以成功建立胆囊癌肝脏转移动物模型,CT可以作为初步评估该模型的影像学工具.