咽后壁瓣断蒂对腭咽闭合影响的探讨

目的 探讨咽后壁瓣成形术后腭咽闭合功能不全(velopharyngeal insufficiency,VPI)及其并发症阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)治疗中咽后壁瓣断蒂的作用.方法 1993至2008年于北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院唇腭裂治疗中心接受咽后壁瓣断蒂术患者20例(不完全腭裂11例、完全性唇腭裂9例),20例断蒂术前均行鼻咽纤维镜、头颅定位侧位X线片检查及语音录音,对有OSAHS主述者行睡眠呼吸监测.全部患者术后48 h后进行语音评价.术中单纯断蒂14例,断蒂后重新改变咽成形术式6例.结果 ①14例成形术后语音改善不明显,仍存在过高鼻音,咽后壁瓣断蒂术后语音改善明显;②3例成形术后虽发音正常但出现呼吸道阻塞症状,断蒂术后呼吸睡眠状况改善,语音仍正常;③3例成形术后发音正常,因正颌手术的麻醉需要断蒂,断蒂后的语音无明显改变.结论 咽后壁瓣成形术后出现OSAHS或仍存在VPI,需手术断蒂或其他类型咽成形术治疗;断蒂的时间应在咽后壁瓣成形术半年后.     

唇裂196手术治疗的体会

唇裂１９６手术治疗的体会汪达江唇裂多为胚胎发育异常所致，是口腔颌面部的先天性畸形。患者的发育异常导致功能和容颜缺陷，对患者及其家庭在心理上也造成较大影响。我院自１９８３年至１９９５年共收治先天性唇裂患者１９７例，施行手术１９６例。现结合我们的一些体会...     

同期咽后壁组织瓣转移修复后大龄腭裂患者语音改善效果的评价

目的探讨咽后壁瓣转移修复术对大龄腭裂患者语音效果的影响。方法选择2006年8月～2008年8月就诊于青岛大学医学院附属医院口腔颌面外科的大龄腭裂患者37例,20例采用两瓣法关闭裂隙并同期行咽后壁瓣转移修复术;17例单纯关闭裂隙。比较手术前后腭咽闭合不全率（RVPI）,单元音[i]三个共振峰频率,辅音[ka]、[pa]、[si]、[qi]冲直条和擦音乱纹及语音清晰度变化,并与健康儿童20例对照。结果所有患者均达到临床Ⅰ期愈合,两手术组术后RVPI均显著降低,语音也有不同程度改善,且关闭裂隙同期行咽后壁瓣转移修复术组明显优于单纯关闭裂隙组。结论大龄腭裂患者同期行腭裂修复术和咽后壁瓣转移修复术能显著改善患者的腭咽闭合功能,可作为大龄腭裂患者常规术式。     

腭帆提肌重建联合咽后壁瓣术在先天性腭裂中的临床应用

目的　探讨腭帆提肌重建联合咽后壁瓣术在先天性腭裂中的临床应用。方法　采用腭帆提肌重建联合咽后壁瓣术,共修补47例先天性腭裂患者,其中单侧完全性腭裂21例,不完全性腭裂26例。结果　所有患者均一期愈合,未出现腭瘘,随诊1~3年,语音清晰度满意。结论　腭帆提肌重建联合咽后壁瓣术较好地恢复了腭帆提肌正常的解剖结构和位置,获得了良好的腭咽闭合,并有效地降低了术后腭瘘的发生率,是一种值得推荐的功能性腭裂修复方法。     

Long-term effect of pharyngeal flap surgery on craniofacial and nasopharyngeal morphology in patients with cleft palate

The craniofacial morphology of 48 consecutive adult males with isolated cleft palate was studied by means of lateral cephalograms at the mean age of 18.8 years. Twelve of the patients had received pharyngeal flap surgery between 4 and 12 years of age (mean age 6 years) to improve speech. No significant differences were noticed in craniofacial cephalometric relations between the patients who had not had velopharyngeal flap surgery (VPF &#109 ) and those who had (VPF+), although the latter showed a tendency toward a more vertical growth direction. In the pharynx, the VPF+ group showed larger sagittal depths of nasopharyngeal airway but smaller depths of oropharyngeal airway. The differences were significant at the levels of the upper nasopharynx and lower oropharynx. According to the hospital records, none of the patients demonstrated persistent airway obstruction. Cephalometry may be useful in evaluating the changes in pharyngeal airway dimensions that may be related to velopharyngeal flap surgery.     

Long-term effect of pharyngeal flap surgery on craniofacial and nasopharyngeal morphology in patients with cleft palate

The craniofacial morphology of 48 consecutive adult males with isolated cleft palate was studied by means of lateral cephalograms at the mean age of 18.8 years. Twelve of the patients had received pharyngeal flap surgery between 4 and 12 years of age (mean age 6 years) to improve speech. No significant differences were noticed in craniofacial cephalometric relations between the patients who had not had velopharyngeal flap surgery (VPF-) and those who had (VPF+), although the latter showed a tendency toward a more vertical growth direction. In the pharynx, the VPF+ group showed larger sagittal depths of nasopharyngeal airway but smaller depths of oropharyngeal airway. The differences were significant at the levels of the upper nasopharynx and lower oropharynx. According to the hospital records, none of the patients demonstrated persistent airway obstruction. Cephalometry may be useful in evaluating the changes in pharyngeal airway dimensions that may be related to velopharyngeal flap surgery.     

Incidence and severity of obstructive sleep apnea following pharyngeal flap surgery in patients with cleft palate.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence and severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) associated with pharyngeal flap surgery in patients with cleft palate at least 6 months postoperatively and to determine whether age or the flap width had an effect on them. The hypothesis tested in this study was that the severity of OSA associated with pharyngeal flap surgery is greater in children than in adults. SUBJECTS: Ten adults, six men and four women, with a mean age of 28.0 years at pharyngeal flap (adult group). Twenty-eight children, 13 boys and 15 girls, with a mean age of 6.3 years at pharyngeal flap (child group). DESIGN: A prospective analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: An overnight polysomnographic study was used to determine the incidence and severity of OSA 6 months after pharyngeal flap. RESULTS: The incidence of OSA following pharyngeal flap was high but not significantly different between these two groups (90% in adults and 93% in children, p = 1.000). When OSA was stratified into different levels of severity according to the values of respiratory disturbance index, there were noticeable differences between these two groups (p =.022). In the adult group, eight patients (89%) had mild OSA and 1 patient (11%) had moderate to severe OSA. In the child group, 11 patients (42%) were found to have mild OSA, and 15 patients (58%) had moderate to severe OSA. No relation was found between the flap width and the incidence (p =.435 in adults and.640 in children) or the severity (p =.325 in adults and.310 in children) of OSA in each group. CONCLUSIONS: Six months following pharyngeal flap surgery, more than 90% of the patients with cleft palate still had OSA. The severity of OSA associated with pharyngeal flap surgery tended to be greater in children than in adults. The flap width was unrelated to the incidence and severity of OSA, no matter in adults or in children.     

Long-term outcome analysis of two treatment methods for cleft palate: combined levator retropositioning and pharyngeal flap versus double-opposing Z-plasty.

OBJECTIVE: Two surgical techniques for repair of a cleft palate include levator retropositioning in combination with a pharyngeal flap and the Furlow double-opposing Z-plasty. This study compared morbidity and speech results from the use of these two methods in an effort to determine which was the superior technique. DESIGN: Patient records from 1986 to 1996 were retrospectively reviewed, and 10 patients with a cleft palate who underwent repair with a levator retropositioning and pharyngeal flap were compared to 14 patients who underwent a double-opposing Z-plasty repair. Postoperative complications including fistula formation, obstructive sleep apnea, and residual velopharyngeal insufficiency were recorded. Speech was assessed perceptually and through the use of nasometry. RESULTS: Both surgical techniques resulted in good speech in the majority of patients. Only two patients in the study, both in the Z-plasty group, had severe postoperative hypernasality. Two patients in the levator retropositioning and pharyngeal flap group developed severe postoperative obstructive sleep apnea, requiring additional surgery. CONCLUSION: The levator retropositioning and pharyngeal flap technique was successful in achieving good speech results, but it also caused more serious postoperative complications when compared to the double-opposing Z-plasty technique.     

Early hard palate closure using a vomer flap in unilateral cleft lip and palate: effects on cleft width

Objectives

Although no universal consensus exists on treatment of cleft palates, early hard palate closure is commonly performed. The aim of the present study was to determine the influence of a vomer flap for early hard palate closure on residual palatal cleft width in patients with a unilateral complete cleft lip and palate (UCLP).

Materials and methods

Forty-seven UCLP patients were retrospectively divided into two groups. Group A consisted of 25 patients who underwent early lip closure and simultaneous hard palate closure using a vomer flap. Group B included 22 patients who had lip closure only at first surgery. Palatal cleft widths of both groups were measured at two time points and were compared using the Mann–Whitney U test to examine the influence of vomerplasty in this very early stage.

Results

No significant difference of baseline characteristics between the groups was found, and comparison of age at the time of surgeries was not significantly different. Mean age at the time of vomerplasty was 4.0 months. After the first surgery, a significantly greater total cleft width reduction of 5.0 mm average was found in group A compared to only 1.5 mm reduction in group B. This reduction took place after an average of 7.1 and 7.0 months, respectively.

Conclusions

Lip closure accompanied by early hard palate closure using a vomer flap is associated with a significant postoperative reduction of the residual cleft when compared to lip closure only.

Clinical relevance

This study shows another great advantage of performing early hard palate closure using a vomer flap.     

Webbing of the pharyngeal recess in adults with cleft palate

The limited literature on the lateral pharyngeal recess of Rosenmüller and the various presentations of pharyngeal webbing are reviewed. Webbing across the lateral pharyngeal recess is described in 28 of 31 adults with cleft palate examined. The phenomenon has not been reported before and does not appear to be a feature of the nasopharyngeal wall in noncleft individuals.     

72例腭隐裂修复方式的回顾分析

目的：通过回顾性分析8年的腭隐裂修复治疗，寻求较合适的修复方法及修复时机。方法：1999年9月至2007年1月行腭隐裂修复的患者72例，男37例，女35例，年龄1-35岁，平均11．2岁。术后1个月复诊，检查伤口愈合情况，并进行语音评估。同时将72例患者按所接受的手术方法分为三组：Ⅰ组（腭成形术），Ⅱ组（改良咽后壁组织瓣转移术），Ⅲ组（腭咽成形术）；按手术年龄将其分为：〈4周岁；t〉4周岁、〈8周岁；≥8周岁三组，统计各组的构成比，及比较各组术后的腭咽闭合及语音情况。结果：术后穿孔的患者为3例（4．2％），69例患者术后接受了语音评估，1例（兰氏术后）仍遗留VPI。10例患者语音检测为正常（96．15％±2．11％），余58例患者腭咽闭合功能改善，但仍伴代偿性发音，需语音治疗。手术方式分组：Ⅰ组13例（18．1％），Ⅱ组46例（63．89％），Ⅲ组13例（18．1％）；年龄分组：〈4周岁7例（9．72％），t≥4周岁、但〈8周岁25例（34．72％），≥8周岁40例（55．56％）。〈4周岁的患者采用腭成形术最多，占57．1％，≥4周岁、但〈8周岁及≥8周岁的患者采用改良咽后壁组织瓣转移术的最多，各占68％，和70％。语音评估发现〈4周岁组的患者术后正常语音的比例最高，占71．4％，其次是t〉4周岁、但〈8周岁组，正常语音的比例为该年龄组的19．2％，VP完全，有代偿性发音的占76．9％，而大年龄组（≥8周岁），均伴有代偿性发音而需语音治疗。结论：小年龄组（〈4周岁）的腭隐裂修复术后语音效果较好，大年龄组（≥8周岁）的腭隐裂修复可首选咽成形术或腭咽成形术，术后须辅以语音训练，t≥4周岁、但〈8周岁的患者修复方式的选择可根据具体情况选用。     

Caudally-based single-layer septum-vomer flap for cleft palate closure

The surgical technique using a single-layer caudally-based septum-vomer flap for cleft palate surgery, especially for unilateral cleft lip and palate cases, is described and introduced in this paper. The advantages and disadvantages of this primary technique are discussed and compared with other types of vomer-flap closures for the hard palate. Additionally, a lip flap, for anterior nasal floor closure, is introduced for the uninterrupted closure of the cleft of the premaxilla and palate.     

Timing of the orthodontic treatment in patients with cleft lip and cleft palate]

There is now a general concensus of opinion that the specific care of patients with congenital clefts should be performed in the framework of their rehabilitation in large centres. The values of timely and competent care is deduced from results obtained from 100 orthodontic patients. In cleft patients orthodontic treatment must begin several years earlier than in patients without clefts.     

Possibilities of early orthodontic treatment in patients with cleft lip and cleft palate]

Prior to lip operations upon children with cleft lip and palate, the authors make use of denture-like acrylate plates and external elastic rubber bands. Occurring anomalies are treated already in the deciduous dentition. In this way, the very marked jaw deformity in cleft children may be reduced to a minimum.     

Reoperations in cleft lip and cleft palate treatment

The surgical management of cleft lip and palate is a difficult and complex endeavor. Several surgical techniques for the treatment of this deformity have been described around the world; each one, when properly done by expert surgeons, renders good and predictable results most of the times. However, the fact that there are so many techniques means that there is no universal procedure that will always deliver great esthetic and functional results. This article discusses the causes of inadequate results in primary cleft lip and palate surgery and describes the various secondary surgical techniques to correct the same.