嗅觉障碍与阿尔茨海默病

阿尔茨海默病（AD）为老年期常见的退行性神经变性疾病,以进行性记忆力、智力和认知功能减退为主要表现,至今病因未明,现有药物仅对疾病早期有效,因此,早诊断、早治疗意义重大。阿尔茨海默病的典型病理改变最先累及内嗅区皮质（EC）,然后逐渐向海马等扩散,最终累及全脑皮质。     

嗅觉障碍与阿尔茨海默病

阿尔茨海默病(AD)为老年期常见的退行性神经变性疾病,以进行性记忆力、智力和认知功能减退为主要表现,至今病因未明,现有药物仅对疾病早期有效,因此,早诊断、早治疗意义重大.     

嗅觉障碍与阿尔茨海默病的研究进展

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)患者嗅觉系统病理改变与皮层退行性变的损害程度完全一致,而且嗅觉系统发生病变在时间上早于皮层病变。AD患者均有不同程度的嗅觉缺损,表现为嗅觉阈升高,嗅觉识别和嗅觉记忆减退。嗅觉缺损可见于AD的前期。是AD早期诊断的重要指标。嗅觉系统与大脑皮层许多部位有广泛联系,药物经嗅觉通路能被转运到脑内多个部位,通过嗅觉通路有可能找到治疗AD有效药物。     

阿尔茨海默病与帕金森病嗅觉障碍的对比研究

对比分析阿尔茨海默病(AD)与帕金森病(PD)嗅觉障碍状况，揭示AD与PD临床表现的相似与重叠。     

嗅觉障碍与常见神经认知障碍的研究进展

嗅觉障碍在老年人中患病率较高,不仅影响人的生活质量及心理健康,而且是多种神经精神疾病的临床表现,尤其是阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)等神经认知障碍。AD是一种常见的以进行性痴呆为主要表现的神经退行性疾病,无法治愈,给个人、家庭及社会带来沉重的负担。通过AD标志物检测,早期发现,早期干预,对延缓AD进展大有帮助。嗅觉障碍与AD及轻度认知障碍(mild cognitive impairment,MCI)密切相关,嗅觉功能检测或许能辅助早期识别MCI及AD,因此我们将重点综述嗅觉障碍与MCI及AD常规诊断手段相关联的最新研究进展,以评估嗅觉障碍在MCI及AD等常见神经认知障碍研究中的价值。     

嗅觉功能检测在阿尔茨海默病早期诊断中的研究进展

AD是老年痴呆最常见的类型,约占所有痴呆患者的60％～80％[1],研究表明每5yAD发病率将上升一倍[2].同时,AD是一个连续的疾病发展过程,2011年Sperling等[3].制定的AD诊断标准,正式将AD分为3个连续的阶段,即临床前期、MCI和痴呆期;其病程呈现不可逆性,药物仅对早期疾病有效,尚无有效治愈或显著...     

嗅觉功能检测在阿尔茨海默病早期诊断中的研究进展

AD 是老年痴呆最常见的类型,约占所有痴呆患者的60％ ～80％ [1] ,研究表明每5 y AD发病率将上升一倍[2].同时,AD 是一个连续的疾病发展过程, 2011 年 Sperling等[3].制定的AD诊断标准,正式将AD分为3 个连续的阶段,即临床前期、MCI和痴呆期;其病程呈现不可逆性,药物仅对早期疾病有...     

帕金森病与嗅觉障碍

帕金森病被认为是纯运动性疾病,近年来,越来越多的研究发现帕金森病患者存在感觉障碍,尤其是嗅觉障碍。帕金森病患者可出现嗅觉阀值增高,嗅觉辨别能力下降,嗅觉诱发电位潜伏期延长。嗅球、海马等部位神经元的破坏可能是导致嗅觉障碍的原因。嗅觉障碍的发生可能与遗传因素、病毒感染、环境因素或神经递质的改变有关。     

阿尔茨海默病的书写障碍研究

阿尔茨海默病（AD）患者常合并书写障碍,认识AD患者书写障碍有助于AD患者的早期筛查。本文主要对AD不同时期患者书写障碍的临床表现及机制进行讨论,并附1例病例。     

Olfactory evoked potentials in Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and anosmic patients

Abstract Olfactory evoked potential (OEP) recordings were undertaken using amyl acetate stimulation in 20 patients with Parkinson's disease, nine patients with Alzheimer's disease, seven patients with olfactory dysfunction with no other neurological disorder, and 17 control subjects. In order to eliminate the somatosensory factor from the combined somatosensory and olfactory components produced by amyl acetate stimulation, we subtracted the potentials using odorless air from those using amyl acetate. In normal subjects, three components were observed, the mean latencies of which were 309 ± 46, 484 ± 61 and 710 ± 55 ms. In all subjects with anosmia ( n = 7), no responses were observed. In the patients with Alzheimer's disease, the components were fewer despite having no olfactory dysfunction. In the 20 patients with Parkinson's disease, four patients showed no components, seven patients showed one component and eight patients showed two components. The components rarely were detected in spite of whether the patients had olfactory dysfunction or not. Olfactory evoked potentials are useful in detecting olfactory dysfunction and the early stages of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.     

阿尔茨海默病患者认知功能损害的调查研究

目的 探讨阿尔茨海默病（AD）患者的认知功能损害特征.方法 采用精神状态简易速查表（MMSE）对32例AD患者及32例正常老年人（对照组）进行了测评,并将测评结果加以比较.结果 AD组患者的MMSE总分及各项分测验（除物体命名外）评分均极明显低于正常对照组（P＜0.01）.轻度痴呆组在时间定向、地点定向、语言即刻记忆、注意和计算、短程记忆、阅读理解、言语表达及图形描述等项评分均极明显高于中度痴呆（P＜0.01）.结论 AD患者普遍存在着认知功能损害,且与痴呆的程度有关.     

血小板活化在Alzheimer病中的意义

目的探讨血小板活化在Alzheimer病中的意义。方法应用流式细胞术检测了24例AD和13例对照组人群的血小板膜糖蛋白(GMP)CD4l、CD62p和CD63的阳性表达率。结果AD患者血小板3种GMP的表达率均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05)，其差异具有统计学意义。结论血小板活化可能与AD患者血浆中淀粉样前体蛋白(APP)和β-淀粉样肽(βA4)浓度增高有关，故血小板活化与AD的发病机制有关。     

Alzheimer病患者发病前后认知功能改变及预测因子的研究

目的 研究Alzheimer病(AD)患者发病前后认知功能的改变及发病预测因子.方法 于2004年对46例AD患者(2000年未发病)及167名正常老年人(正常对照组)采用简易精神状态检查(MMSE)量表进行检查,并与2000年的检查结果比较.用Logistic多元回归分析寻找AD预测因子.结果 AD组2000年的MMSE量表执行、时间定向、空问定向、延迟记忆、计算、注意亚项以及总分显著低于正常对照组(P＜0.05～0.01),阅读、命名、识记、构图、书写得分与正常对照组差异无统计学意义;2004年仅命名得分与正常对照组差异无统计学意义,其他各项得分均显著低于正常对照组(P＜0.05～0.01).AD组2004年MMSE的命名、构图、时间定向、空间定向得分和总分显著低于2000年(均P＜0.05).正常对照组2004年命名、构图、时间定向得分显著低于2000年(均P＜0.05),其余各亚项以及总分与2000年差异无统计学意义.将两组2000年与2004年MMSE得分的差值进行秩和检验,AD组识记、时间定向、空间定向和延迟记忆得分差值平均秩次显著大于正常对照组(均P<0.05);AD组以上亚项得分的下降程度大于正常对照组.Logistic多元回归分析,空间定向和延迟记忆亚项的OR值分别为2.12和1.49(P＜0.001,P＜0.05),为AD独立的预测因子.结论 AD患者在临床发病之前其时间定向、空间定向、延迟记忆、计算、注意、执行得分已经明显降低;发病后又出现命名、构图得分下降.老年人MMSE空间定向和延迟记忆得分下降是提示有发生AD危险的预测因子.     

Olfactory dysfunctions in neurodegenerative disorders

Olfactory dysfunction is a common symptom in the patients with neurodegenerative disorders, particularly in Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recently, studies of olfactory dysfunction have focused on its potential as a medication-independent biomarker for disease progression and as an early indicator for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders. In the past decades, great achievements have been obtained in elucidating the neuroanatomy and the function of olfactory system, yet the pathogenesis of olfactory dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders remains elusive. The neuropathologic changes of olfactory dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases may involve the olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb, primary olfactory cortices, and their secondary targets changes. This article summarizes the up-to-date knowledge on pathophysiological changes of the olfactory system in neurodegenerative disorders and attempts to find the association between olfactory dysfunction and neurodegenerative disorders.     

Scents and Nonsense: Olfactory Dysfunction in Schizophrenia

Among the sensory modalities, olfaction is most closely associated with the frontal and temporal brain regions that are implicated in schizophrenia and most intimately related to the affective and mnemonic functions that these regions subserve. Olfactory probes may therefore be ideal tools through which to assess the structural and functional integrity of the neural substrates that underlie disease-related cognitive and emotional disturbances. Perhaps more importantly, to the extent that early sensory afferents are also disrupted in schizophrenia, the olfactory system—owing to its strategic anatomic location—may be especially vulnerable to such disruption. Olfactory dysfunction may therefore be a sensitive indicator of schizophrenia pathology and may even serve as an “early warning” sign of disease vulnerability or onset. In this article, we review the evidence supporting a primary olfactory sensory disturbance in schizophrenia. Convergent data indicate that structural and functional abnormalities extend from the cortex to the most peripheral elements of the olfactory system. These reflect, in part, a genetically mediated neurodevelopmental etiology. Gross structural and functional anomalies are mirrored by cellular and molecular abnormalities that suggest decreased or faulty innervation and/or dysregulation of intracellular signaling. A unifying mechanistic hypothesis may be the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. With the opportunity to obtain olfactory neural tissue from live patients through nasal epithelial biopsy, the peripheral olfactory system offers a uniquely accessible window through which the pathophysiological antecedents and sequelae of schizophrenia may be observed. This could help to clarify underlying brain mechanisms and facilitate identification of clinically relevant biomarkers.     

Olfactory bulb changes in Alzheimer's disease

Summary Olfactory bulbs in cases of Alzheimer's disease and age-matched controls have been examined by means of combining silver staining of pathological filaments with pigment-Nissl staining of the cell bodies. Neuritic plaques were found in the anterior olfactory nucleus. Neurofibrillary tangles and neuropil threads occurred in the anterior olfactory nucleus and in all layers of the olfactory bulb except the outer fibrous layer. The tangle-bearing neurons of the olfactory bulb were identified as tufted cells, outer granule cells, and two different types of nerve cells forming the rostral part of the anterior olfactory nucleus.Supported by grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft     

阿尔茨海默病72例临床报告

目的:探讨阿尔茨海默病(AD)的临床特征及诊断。方法:随访并分析72例很可能AD患者的临床表现及相关资料。结果:AD的临床表现特点为智能全面的衰退,最常见的首发症状是记忆力减退,远近记忆力均减退,定向力障碍较严重,常有走失,多数伴有精神症状,核磁共振检查可发现不同程度脑萎缩,部分表现为海马萎缩。结论:AD患者早期表现为记忆力减退,因此对记忆力减退人群进行神经精神量表筛查有助于AD的早期诊断。     

Voiding Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease

Abstract: A micturitional history of unselected 110 patients with Parkinson's disease revealed that 66 (60%) had urinary symptoms such as irritative in 28%, obstructive in 11%, and both symptoms in 21%. The frequency of urinary symptoms statistically correlated with severity of the disease, but not with the duration of illness and no sexual difference was noted. A urodynamic study was conducted in 39 patients and 7 had residual urine of 30 ml or more, 19 had detrusor hyperreflexia, 19 had a small bladder capacity and only 1 had detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia. The results indicate that the disturbed urine storage is more frequent and to a severer degree than that of urine evacuation in Parkinson's disease.     

阿尔茨海默病和血管性痴呆的精神行为症状

目的 探讨阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease，AD)和血管性痴呆(vascular dementia，VD)患者的精神行为症状特点及对早期诊断的价值。方法 对80例AD和72例VD的精神行为症状进行分类、比较和分析。结果 VD患者焦虑(P＝0．0024)和抑郁(P＝0．0059)的发生率显著高于AD患者，AD患者则以无目的闲逛(P＝0．0018)明显多见；而情感失控和情绪不稳的发生率在两组痴呆患者中无明显差异。结论 AD和VD患者的精神行为改变各有其不同特点，这对二者的早期诊断和鉴别诊断有一定帮助。