某橡胶制品厂生产性粉尘对工人健康危害的调查

目的了解某橡胶制品厂生产性粉尘对工人健康的危害情况。方法对某橡胶制品厂作业场所进行粉尘浓度测定,并对152名接尘工人和93名非接尘人员进行职业性体检。结果该厂主要生产性粉尘系滑石粉尘。作业场所粉尘浓度时间加权平均允许浓度(PC-TWA)平均为30.2 mg/m3(超标9.1倍),游离S iO2含量平均8.5%。X射线胸片(高千伏)检查接尘组发现肺纹理增多、紊乱等改变19例,无尘肺(0 )5例,而对照组肺纹理改变只有2例。肺功能检查接尘组有15例小气道功能轻度异常,对照组仅为1例。两组检出率比较,差异有非常显著性(P<0.01)。此外,接尘组自觉症状、慢性鼻炎、咽炎以及心电图等改变均比对照组发生率高,两组相比差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论该厂生产性粉尘对工人健康存在一定的危害性,建议加强防尘措施,降低作业场所粉尘浓度,保障工人健康,防止尘肺病发生。     

橡胶工业生产性粉尘对工人健康的危害

目的了解橡胶工业生产性粉尘对工人健康的危害情况，以便更好地采取防治措施。方法对广东省省内5家橡胶制品加工厂开展职业卫生学调查和现场粉尘浓度监测，并对672名接尘工人（接尘组）和598名非接尘人员（对照组）进行职业健康检查。结果5家工厂各生产工序中产生的粉尘主要是滑石粉尘。其中配料、压延、炼胶等工种粉尘浓度最高，平均浓度为6．8～32．6mg／m^3，超标（PC-TWA3mg/m^3）1．3～9．8倍。粉尘中游离SiO2含量平均为5．6％～8．2％。职业健康检查中，X射线（高仟伏）胸片所见，接尘组肺纹理有明显改变者共52例，其中无尘肺（0^＋）7例。而对照组的肺纹理改变只有19例。肺功能测定：接尘组小气道功能轻度异常48例，对照组13例。2组检出率比较，差异有统计学意义（Х^2=17．09，P〈0．01）。此外，接尘组的自觉症状、慢性鼻炎、咽炎以及心电图等改变均比对照组高，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论橡胶制品加工业使用的工业滑石粉，在生产中产生的粉尘对工人健康有一定的危害性，建议使用危害性较小的医用滑石粉来替代。同时加强防尘措施，降低作业场所粉尘浓度，保障工人健康，防止尘肺病发生。     

苏州市工业园区电炉企业生产性粉尘危害调查

目的调查分析电炉厂生产性粉尘对作业工人健康的危害情况。方法对苏州工业园区32家电炉厂作业场所进行劳动卫生学调查,并对1800名作业工人进行职业性体检。结果电炉厂的粉尘种类主要是电焊烟尘和岩棉尘（总尘、下同）,其中电焊烟尘时间加权平均容许浓度（PC-TWA）为0.68～64.07 mg/m^3,超标率12.5%,超限倍数0.2～16.0。岩棉粉尘PC-TWA为1.05～12.53 mg/m^3,超标率26.6%,超限倍数0.3～4.3。作业工人体检1800人（接尘工人1067人,非接尘工人733人）,尘肺0^＋检出人数2人,检出率1.1‰;职业禁忌证14例（肺结核12例、肺气肿2例）,检出率7.8‰;肺部异常阴影2例,检出率1.1‰。肺功能测试结果分为接尘组和非接尘组,结果接触粉尘可导致肺通气功能和小气道功能指标下降,接尘工龄长肺功能值异常率高,接尘工人的肺功能障碍的发生率高于非接尘工人。结论电炉厂存在比较严重的粉尘职业危害,接尘工人的肺功能已受到一定程度的损害,有关部门应重点做好通风防尘工作和个人卫生防护;做好从业人员健康监护,保障作业工人的健康。     

粉尘作业对工人健康危害的调查分析

对接触粉尘作业工人进行健康体检,并对生产环境空气中粉尘浓度进行测定分析。结果表明,接尘组出现上呼吸道症状与对照组比较,差异非常显著（ Ｐ＜ ００１） ,并表明喉痒、喉痛及肺 Ｔ Ｂ的发生随接尘工龄而增长,接尘工人长期吸入较高浓度的生产性粉尘,会导致上呼吸道及肺部疾患的发生。     

某火力发电厂接触煤尘工人职业健康状况十年前后对比分析

目的长期追踪火力发电厂煤尘对作业工人健康的影响情况。方法调查187名在职火力发电厂燃料车间工人为接尘组和80名非接触尘毒职工为对照组,分别比较10年前后的职业健康状况。同时测定生产环境中粉尘浓度及二氧化硅含量。结果生产环境粉尘中游离SiO2含量3．48％,粉尘浓度0．5～37．4mg／m^3,合格率82．16％。接尘组职业健康体检主要阳性结果中慢性咽炎、鼻炎、肺通气功能减退等检出率十年后明显增加,小气道功能减退出现得比较早。结论火力发电厂低浓度煤尘对长期作业工人健康的主要影响是引起呼吸道慢性炎症和肺功能减退。应加强防护措施。     

某烧结厂接尘工人肺功能损害分析

目的 评价某烧结厂粉尘作业工人肺功能损害情况。方法 调查该厂352名接尘工人，并选择同行业性别、年龄、工龄相似的不接触粉尘的320名工人为对照组，进行体格及肺功能检查，比较接尘组与对照组几项肺功能指标。结果 接尘组和对照组肺功能损伤者的比率分别为29．26％和19．38％，两组比较，差异有非常显著性（χ^2=8．84，P〈0．01）；接尘组与对照组的肺功能各指标（FV-c、FVE1.0、FVE1．0％、MVV）损害情况也发现，接尘组的肺功能损害明显高于对照组，两组比较，差异有非常显著性（P〈0．01）。结论 接尘工人肺功能已受到一定损害，有关部门应注意做好从业人员上岗前、岗中及岗后的健康监护，切实保障作业工人的健康。     

陶粒砂作业场所粉尘危害及治理

对陶粒砂作业场所进行劳动卫生学调查，并对接尘工人进行体检。结果表明，作业场所粉尘浓度严惩超标，部分接尘工人有气喘、胸闷、咳嗽、咯痰等呼吸道症状，X射线胸片可见肺纹理改变及散在的类圆形小阴影，肺功能各项指标均低于对照组；血液脂质过氧化产物含量升高，超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活力下降。说明陶粒砂粉尘对机体具有损伤的作用。对粉尘危害较重的制粒车间进行了粉尘治理，使作业场所粉尘浓度降低了90.71%，效果良好。     

某轮胎制造厂生产性粉尘对工人健康的危害

目的了解橡胶轮胎制造厂生产性粉尘对工人健康危害的情况。方法对某轮胎制造厂作业场所粉尘浓度进行测定,并对接尘工人178人和非接尘工人(对照组)103人进行职业性体检。结果生产作业场所粉尘浓度平均为6.8 mg/m3,是国家卫生标准的2.3倍,粉尘分散度5μm以下占78.6%~86.1%,粉尘中游离SiO2含量5.6%。职业性健康检查中,观察组接尘工人肺纹理改变、肺功能异常、慢性鼻咽炎、胸部X线改变均比对照组工人高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论橡胶行业轮胎制造厂生产性粉尘对工人健康危害大,该次调查虽然没有发现尘肺病,但是工人呼吸道的异常改变应引起有关部门的重视。     

叶腊石磨粉作业职业危害调查

[目的]调查叶腊石磨粉对工人的职业危害。[方法]对8家叶腊石磨粉厂作业环境进行劳动卫生学调查，对接触叶腊石粉尘的84名工人和不接触粉尘的60名人员进行健康检查。[结果]8家企业作业场所作业岗位粉尘浓度626．7mg／m^3，大大超过国家卫生标准(2mg／m^3)，接尘组肺话量和FEVt％低于对照组(P＜0．05，P＜0．01)，接尘组尘肺患者患病率20．2％(17／84)。[结论]叶腊石粉尘对作业工人呼吸系统损害明显。     

棉尘对女工呼吸系统的影响

选择117名接触棉尘的作业人员作为接触组,113名非接触粉尘的作业人员作为对照组,采用GBZ56—2002制订的接触棉尘工人呼吸系统症状询问表和肺功能测定方法对女性作业人员的呼吸系统症状和肺通气功能进行调查。结果显示,胸部紧束感、胸闷、气短症状,接触组均高于对照组;急性肺功能改变(APFC)和慢性肺功能改变(CPFC)检出率,接触组较对照组增高,接尘工龄>10年的差异有统计学意义(P<0·05)。两组胸片异常指标肺纹理增粗、肺纹理紊乱和胸膜增厚,本次分析结果差异无统计学意义(P>0·05)。提示棉尘对呼吸系统功能的损害随着工龄的增长、接触空气棉尘浓度的增高、接触空气棉尘分散度愈高有加重的趋势,且以急性肺功能改变更为明显。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.