应变率成像评价扩张型心肌病患者左室心肌局域收缩及舒张功能的研究

目的探讨应变率成像评价扩张型心肌病患者左心室局部收缩与舒张功能的价值。方法采集正常人20例和扩张型心肌病21例的动态组织多普勒图像后,分别测量其不同心肌节段在收缩期、舒张早期和舒张晚期的最大应变率,并进行对比分析。结果扩张型心肌病组收缩期应变率、舒张早期应变率及舒张晚期应变率明显低于正常组（P〈0．05）。结论应变率成像可快速、无创地定量评价扩张型心肌病患者左室壁节段收缩及舒张功能,为临床评价心功能提供了又一有效方法。     

定量组织速度成像评价扩张型心肌病患者左室壁运动的非同步性

目的 应用定量组织速度成像（QTVI）评价扩张型心肌病患者左室壁收缩、舒张的非同步性。方法利用QTVI技术获取22例扩张型心肌病患者（A组）和20例正常人（B组）的左室壁运动速度曲线，分别测量心尖四腔心、心尖二腔心和心尖长轴切面的左室基段及中段的各相对节段的收缩期及舒张早期速度峰延迟的时间（dTs和dTe）。结果扩张型心肌病患者的收缩期及舒张早期速度峰延迟的时间均明显大于正常组（P〈0．001），中段前室间隔-后壁及中段后室间隔-侧壁为最大收缩、舒张延迟部位。结论QTVI在评价扩张型心肌病患者左室壁收缩、舒张的非同步性方面有较大的应用价值。     

速度向量成像技术评价正常QRS波群心力衰竭患者左心室收缩同步性的初步临床研究

目的 探讨速度向量成像（VVI）技术评估正常QRS波群慢性心力衰竭（CHF）患者左室心肌收缩同步性的应用价值。方法 QRS≤120ms CHF患者和健康志愿者各30例，常规测量左室舒张末期内径（LVDd）、舒张末期容积（LVEDV）、收缩末期容积（LVESV）和射血分数（LVEF）。在系列心尖长轴及胸骨旁短轴观上，VVI成像显示所有受试者的左室速度向量图。心尖长轴观测量各节段收缩期纵向速度达峰时间（Tvl）和纵向应变达峰时间（Tsl），胸骨旁短轴观测量收缩期径向速度达峰时间（Tvr）和环向应变达峰时间（Tsc），计算节段达峰时间的标准差（Tvl—SD，Tsl—SD，Tvr-SD，Tsc-SD）及任意两节段间最大达峰时间差值（Tvl—diff，Tsl-diff，Tvr-diff，Tsc—diff）。结果 与对照组相比，CHF组LVDd，LVESV，LVEDV均显著增加（P〈0．05或0．01），LVEF显著降低（P〈0．01）。左室心肌收缩不同步指标Tvl—SD，Tsl—SD，Tvr—SD，Tsc-SD及Tvl—diff，Tsl-diff，Tvr-diff，Tsc-diff均显著增加（P〈0．01）。结论 QRS波群正常的CHF患者左室心肌在纵向、径向与环向上均存在显著的收缩不同步。VVI技术可准确评价CHF患者左室心肌收缩的同步性。     

应用速度矢量成像检测二尖瓣狭窄亚临床左心室功能不全

目的应用速度矢量成像（VVI）检测单纯二尖瓣狭窄亚临床左室功能不全的临床意义。方法VVI分析软件定量测定28例单纯二尖瓣狭窄患者、28例健康志愿者16节段心肌长轴方向的心肌速度、应变与应变率,分析两组之间的差异。结果与对照组相比,患者组收缩期心肌速度、应变和应变率,舒张早期心肌应变和应变率以及舒张晚期心肌应变率均明显低于对照组（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,舒张晚期心肌应变两组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,两组间左室射血分数差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论VVI技术能够客观、敏感地反映早期单纯二尖瓣狭窄患者亚临床左室长轴功能不全。     

速度矢量成像评价2型糖尿病亚临床左心室收缩功能不全

目的 探讨速度矢量成像(VVI)评价2型糖尿病亚临床左心室收缩功能不全的价值.方法 本研究受试对象分3组:单纯糖尿病组(DM)29例;糖尿病合并高血压组(DM & HP)26例;健康对照组30例.应用Sequoia 512超声诊断仪及VVl分析软件,对85例受试者左心室6个室壁16节段心肌长轴方向的收缩期速度、应变、应变率及达峰时间进行分析.结果 单纯糖尿病组及糖尿病合并高血压组的心肌收缩期速度、应变和应变率均明显低于正常对照组(P<0.01);糖尿病合并高血压组收缩期心肌速度、应变和应变率低于单纯糖尿病组(P<0.05).结论 VVI技术能够客观、敏感地反映糖尿病患者亚临床左心室长轴收缩功能不全.     

速度向量成像技术对肺动脉高压下心室收缩失同步性的评估北大核心CSCD

目的探讨速度向量成像技术衍生的应变、应变率评估肺动脉高压患者的右室收缩功能及心室内、心室间收缩同步性。方法35例正常人和64例肺动脉高压患者,应用速度向量成像技术进行超声检查及应变、应变率分析。测量各节段心肌的收缩应变及应变率,测量QRS波顶点到每一节段应变、应变率的收缩期峰值时间,记录为达峰时间。计算右室6节段应变、应变率达峰时间标准差,评估患者右室失同步性。比较左、右室游离壁基底段的应变、应变率达峰时间,两者时间差即左、右室收缩延迟,提示心室间失同步性。结果与对照组比较,肺动脉高压组的右室各节段及整体收缩应变、应变率减低,出现右室收缩非同步[应变达峰时间标准差：对照组（28±20）ms对重度肺动脉高压组（61±62）ms,P=0．003]。在肺动脉高压组,与左室游离壁基底段相比,右室对应节段的应变率达峰时间明显提前：[对照组（13±13）ms对肺动脉高压组（-49±14）ms．P〈0．01]。结论肺动脉高压降低右室心肌收缩功能,导致右室内及双心室间收缩不同步;速度向量成像技术可以用于肺动脉高压治疗过程中右室功能监测。     

定量组织速度成像对扩张型心肌病患者左心室舒缩功能的研究

目的探讨定量组织速度成像评价扩张型心肌病患者左心室局部舒缩功能的价值。方法采集30例正常人和30例扩张型心肌病患者的动态组织多普勒图像后，分别测量其不同心肌节段在收缩期、舒张早期和舒张晚期的峰值速度；用二维超声心动图方法测量左室射血分数（LVEF）。结果扩张型心肌病组收缩期峰值速度（Vs）、舒张早期峰值速度（Ve）、舒张晚期峰值速度（Va）及舒张早期与舒张晚期峰值速度之比（Ve／Va）明显低于正常组；二尖瓣环水平的平均Vs与LVEF显著相关（r=0．571，P=0．009）。结论定量组织速度成像可快速、直观、无创性定量评价扩张型心肌病患者左心室舒缩功能。     

二维应变显像评价缺血心肌节段运动达峰时间的改变

目的 采用超声二维应变显像评价不同狭窄程度冠状动脉供血心肌节段在不同方向上运动达峰时间的改变.方法 140例冠心病患者,经胸采集左室心尖四腔、两腔和长轴观及二尖瓣、乳头肌、心尖短轴观二维图像.根据冠脉造影结果将所有心肌节段分为5组:0级组,供血冠状动脉正常;1级组,冠脉狭窄25%～49%;2级组,冠脉狭窄50%～74%;3级组,冠脉狭窄75%～99%;4级组,冠脉完全闭塞.分析各组心肌节段在纵向运动、径向运动、周向运动到达收缩期峰值应变、收缩末期应变、收缩期峰值应变率、舒张早期峰值应变率、舒张晚期峰值应变率的时间值以及各组心肌节段到达收缩峰扭转角度、收缩峰扭转率、舒张早期峰扭转率和舒张晚期峰扭转率的时间值.采用心率对所有的时间值进行校正.结果 纵向运动:3级组到达舒张早期峰值应变率的时间较0级组明显延迟,4级组到达舒张早期峰值应变率和收缩期峰值应变率的时间较0级1级、2级、3级组均明显延迟.径向运动、周向运动:1级组到达收缩峰值应变的时间、收缩期峰值应变率的时间、舒张早期峰值应变率的时间和舒张晚期峰值应变率的时间早于0级组,而2级组、3级组、4级组上述指标的达峰时间较0级组延迟,3级组较2级组好转,4级组较其他各组均延迟.扭转运动:1级组到达收缩峰扭转角度的时间、收缩期峰扭转率的时间和舒张早期峰扭转率的时间较0级组提前;3级组到达收缩峰扭转角度的时间和舒张早期峰扭转率的时间较2级组明显好转.结论 心肌节段在冠状动脉轻度缺血(25%～49%)时出现短轴方向上运动达峰时间的改变;冠状动脉狭窄≥75%心肌节段在各个方向的运动达峰时间均明显延迟.当冠状动脉狭窄75%～99%时,相应供血心肌节段运动达峰时间的延迟较冠状动脉狭窄50%～74%供血的相应心肌节段显著好转.     

应用定量组织速度成像评价肥厚型心肌病患者心功能

目的 探讨定量组织速度成像技术评价正常人和肥厚型心肌病患者局部心肌收缩和舒张功能的价值。方法 采集正常人18例和肥厚型心肌病患者20例的动态组织多普勒图像后，分别测量其不同心肌节段在收缩期、舒张早期和舒张晚期的峰值速度，对两组结果进行分析比较。结果 肥厚型心肌病组收缩期峰值速度、舒张早期峰值速度及舒张早期与舒张晚期峰值速度之比均明显小于正常组，而舒张晚期峰值速度与正常组的差异无显著性意义。结论 定量组织速度成像显示肥厚型心肌病患者左心室收缩功能和舒张功能均较正常人减低。     

应变率成像评价肥厚型心肌病左心室局部功能

目的探讨应变成像技术评价肥厚型心肌病患者左心室功能的价值。方法对17例肥厚型心肌病患者和42例健康志愿者行心脏超声检查,获取标准心尖四腔、二腔和长轴观以及胸骨旁短轴观,脱机分析测量纵向峰值收缩速度、应变、应变率,径向应变、应变率,周向应变、应变率。结果肥厚型心肌病组纵向峰值收缩速度S峰和舒张早期速度E峰明显低于正常对照组,且从基底段至心尖段的纵向速度（S峰、E峰、A峰）存在递减趋势。肥厚型心肌病组的舒张早期纵向应变率和周向应变率也明显低于对照组。结论应变成像技术能够定量评价左室功能。肥厚型心肌病患者虽然左室射血分数在正常范围内,但其局部心肌已经存在收缩和舒张功能异常。     

儿童遗传性心律失常的诊治进展

回顾在遗传性心律失常领域最新发表的相关研究,主要关注与儿童心源性猝死关系密切的离子通道病,包括长QT综合征（LQTS）、短QT综合征（SQTS）、Brugada综合征（BrS）和儿茶酚胺敏感性多形性室性心动过速（CPVT）,总结它们在发病机制及诊治方面的进展。     

The acoustic characteristics of the skull

Many investigators have stated that the difficulties of imaging with acoustical energy through the skull result from the marked attenuation of the energy by the skull. In the literature measurements of total attenuation have been confused with those for absorption.Measurements made by us show that absorption by compact bone varies between 2–3 dB cm^?1 MHz^?1 and, in the low megaHertz region appears to be directly proportional to frequency.It has also between shown that the convoluted inner surface of the ivory bone of the inner table of the skull may degrade the collimation and directionality of the beam by refraction.Cancellous bone, such as is present in the dipole of the skull, greatly attenuates the energy. It is postulated that this largely results from scattering. It is also postulated that the energy propagates through cancellous bone as two components, one in the soft tissues and the other partly in the bony spicules. Observations suggest that attenuation due to scattering much more markedly affects the latter of these components and scatters more greatly the higher frequencies in a pulse of broad bandwidth.The energy in each component has varying propagation paths so that the later cycles in the pulse of each component are subject to increasing interference as a result of the variations in propagation times. The two components moreover may have different propagation times so that interference may occur between the pulses of each component as well.All of these phenomena degrade the collimation, coherence, directionality, beam width, pulse length, frequency and other properties of the ultrasonic energy upon which imaging through the skull depends.The interference effects described above are least for the first cycle in the pulse which usually is not the cycle of highest amplitude. Since, in the free field, most of the energy is concentrated around the beam axis, most of the energy in the field which is deflected from its normal propagation path is deflected away from the beam axis. Thus the directionality of the beam is least degraded in the beam axis. The effects of the skull in degrading the properties of the ultrasonic pulse would therefore be lessened if the amplitude of the first cycle of the pulse and the directionality of its energy could be used for imaging.     

Organ Preservation: Current Concepts and New Strategies for the Next Decade

SUMMARY: Organ transplantation has developed over the past 50 years to reach the sophisticated and integrated clinical service of today through several advances in science. One of the most important of these has been the ability to apply organ preservation protocols to deliver donor organs of high quality, via a network of organ exchange to match the most suitable recipient patient to the best available organ, capable of rapid resumption of life-sustaining function in the recipient patient. This has only been possible by amassing a good understanding of the potential effects of hypoxic injury on donated organs, and how to prevent these by applying organ preservation. This review sets out the history of organ preservation, how applications of hypothermia have become central to the process, and what the current status is for the range of solid organs commonly transplanted. The science of organ preservation is constantly being updated with new knowledge and ideas, and the review also discusses what innovations are coming close to clinical reality to meet the growing demands for high quality organs in transplantation over the next few years.     

2017年呼吸疾病主要进展

2017年,国内外学者在呼吸系统疾病的临床和基础领域均进行了深入研究,不仅对相关指南进行了更新,并且针对一些临床热点、难点问题达成专家共识,现就2017年呼吸疾病相关进展作一简单介绍。     

家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症1例并文献复习

目的加强对家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（familially hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,FHL）的认识。方法报道确诊为FHL的新病例1例,结合国内外报道的FHL的病例,对该病的临床特点进行汇总分析。结果FHL2常与PRF1基因突变相关,约20%~40%的患者存在穿孔素基因突变。结论对于有阳性家族史,基因诊断明确,应尽早行化疗或者造血干细胞移植。若无家族史,未发现与继发性HLH相关的原发病因,可考虑行基因筛查以明确是否存在FHL的可能。     

COVID‐19 and COVID‐19 vaccine‐related dermatological reactions: An interesting case series with a narrative review of the potential critical and non‐critical mucocutaneous adverse effects related to virus,therapy, and the vaccination

This narrative review article was conducted to lay out a summarized but exhaustive review of current literature over mucocutaneous manifestations in 4 dimensions of SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic: virus itself, treatment‐related, vaccine‐induced, and alteration of chronic dermatologic diseases following infection. Virus and vaccine‐related were mainly self‐limited and non‐severe. Treatment‐related reactions could be life‐threatening.     

Burkitt's lymphoma of maxillary gingiva: A case report

Burkitt's lymphoma(BL) is an aggressive form of nonHodgkin's B-cell lymphoma with three variants namely endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated types. It is endemic in Africa and sporadic in other parts of the world. While the endemic form is widely reported to occur in early childhood and commonly involves the jaw bones, the sporadic form typically presents as an abdominal mass. This presentation reports a rare case of sporadic form of BL clinically manifesting as a generalized gingival enlargement in an immunocompetent adult male which demonstrated an aggressive behavior. The patient reported with a prominent anterior gingival swelling of 6 mo duration which slowly enlarged in size and associated with multiple lymph node involvement. Microscopic examination of the lesion using H, E and immunohistochemical diagnosis confirmed the diagnosis as BL. The patient succumbed to the disease before any therapy could be instituted. Since a wide array of causes can be attributed to gingival enlargements, it is necessary to consider malignancies as one of the important differential diagnosis so as to facilitate the need for appropriate diagnosis and prompt treatment.     

Real‐life effectiveness of biological therapies on symptoms in severe asthma with comorbid CRSwNP

BackgroundWe aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different antibody therapies on nasal polyp symptoms in patients treated for severe asthma.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of patients with severe asthma and comorbid CRSwNP who were treated with anti‐IgE, anti‐IL‐5/R or anti‐IL‐4R. CRSwNP symptom burden was evaluated before and after 6 months of therapy.ResultsFifty patients were included hereof treated with anti‐IgE: 9, anti‐IL‐5/R: 26 and anti‐IL‐4R: 15 patients. At baseline median SNOT‐20 was similar among groups (anti‐IgE: 55, anti‐IL‐5/R: 52 and anti‐IL‐4R: 56, p = 0.76), median visual analogue scale (VAS) for nasal symptoms was 4, 7 and 8 (p = 0.14) and VAS for total symptoms was higher in the anti‐IL‐4R group (4, 5 and 8, p = 0.002). After 6 months SNOT‐20 improved significantly in all patient groups with median improvement of anti‐IgE: −8 (p < 0.01), anti‐IL‐5/R: −13 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −18 (p < 0.001), with larger improvement in the anti‐IL‐4R group than in anti‐IgE (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐5/R (p < 0.001) groups. VAS nasal symptoms improved by median anti‐IgE: 0 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −1 (p < 0.01) and anti‐IL‐4R: −3 (p < 0.001), VAS total symptoms by anti‐IgE: −1 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −2 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −2 (p < 0.001).ConclusionsTreatment by all antibodies showed effectiveness in reducing symptoms of CRSwNP in patients with severe asthma, with the largest reduction observed in anti‐IL‐4R‐treated patients.     

Recalcitrant giant orf recurrence after amputation: A case report and review of the literature

Orf is caused by a parapoxvirus. We present a recurrent, giant digital orf case in a female patient with a history of hairy cell leukemia. In spite of shave excision, the lesion progressed and recurred after digital amputation. Treatment with topical imiquimod cream and systemic subcutaneous interferon alfa‐2a was successful.