脊柱膜与生物蛋白胶联合应用预防硬膜外粘连的实验研究

目的观察椎板切除术后联合使用脊柱膜与生物蛋白胶预防硬膜外粘连的效果,探讨从三维上预防粘连的最佳方案。方法本课题采用动物实验,运用拉丁方实验设计,分别做无植入（A组）,植入生物蛋白胶（B组）,脊柱膜（C组）,脊柱膜和生物蛋白胶（D）于兔的4个节段,术后4周对椎板切除部位进行大体观察、组织学观察及MR I检查,比较各组瘢痕形成和粘连情况。结果①A组可见大量瘢痕组织增生,以硬膜囊后方明显,粘连严重。②B组防粘连的效果差。③C组的防粘连的效果优于A组和B组,但差于D组。④D组,不但能够防止后方肌肉及疤痕组织的长入,而且可防止前方、周围硬膜及神经根的粘连。结论联合使用硬体材料脊柱膜和流体材料生物蛋白胶是防止椎板切除术后硬膜粘连的最佳方案。     

超声骨刀与高速磨钻在颈椎后路全椎板切除减压手术应用中的比较研究

目的:比较超声骨刀和高速磨钻在颈椎后纵韧带骨化症伴椎管狭窄行后路全椎板切除减压手术中的安全性与有效性。方法:回顾分析2013年9月~2016年12月确诊为颈椎后纵韧带骨化伴椎管狭窄症行颈椎后路全椎板切除减压结合侧块/椎弓根螺钉内固定的患者53例。其中超声骨刀组(A组)24例,共切除椎板101个节段。高速磨钻组(B组)29例,共切除椎板124个节段。观察记录两组患者术中全椎板切除时间、手术过程中单节段椎板切除平均出血量、围手术期并发症(脊髓损伤、神经根损伤、硬膜囊损伤、脑脊液漏等),JOA评分及改善率。术后评估两组患者神经症状及并发症情况。结果:两组患者的年龄、性别比、术前JOA评分和减压节段数差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。A组患者平均单个节段全椎板截骨时间为1.7±1.1min(1.4~3.3min),低于B组的2.9±1.8min(1.9~5.6min)(P0.05),手术过程中两组单节段椎板切除平均出血量为52.4±36.5ml(35.1~285.6ml)和60.3±34.2ml(41.1~281.4ml),两组比较无显著性差异(P0.05)。A、B组JOA评分分别由术前9.3±3.1分提高到术后12.7±2.0分和术前9.1±3.4分提高到术后12.9±2.8分,P0.05。两组患者术后JOA评分均明显优于术前(P0.05),但两组JOA改善率(分别为45.6%和51.2%)比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者均未出现脊髓、神经根及硬膜囊损伤,无截骨操作相关并发症发生。结论:超声骨刀和高速磨钻均能安全有效地完成颈椎OPLL后路全椎板切除减压手术,在减轻术者工作强度、不增加出血及并发症的同时,超声骨刀能有效缩短全椎板切除时间。     

颈椎硬膜内髓外肿瘤手术治疗方式选择

目的 探讨颈椎硬膜内髓外肿瘤的手术方式及钛网椎管重建的效果.方法 2002年3月至2008年9月手术治疗颈椎硬膜内髓外肿瘤26例,男14例,女12例;年龄6～76岁,平均38岁.术前神经功能Frankle分级,B级3例,C级8例,D级11例,E级4例.16例行半椎板切除(半椎板组),10例全椎板切除后行钛网椎管重建(全椎板组).术后随访6个月～5年,平均26个月,记录术后神经恢复及植骨融合情况.确认植骨融合后(术后6个月),对半椎板组和全椎板组病例手术前后的颈椎曲度指数、颈椎活动度进行评估.结果 术后神经功能恢复Frankle分级均有改善.术前Frankle分级B级3例,术后提高到C级;术前C级8例提高到D级;术前D级11例提高到术后E级10例、D级1例.全椎板组钛网表面植骨块与上、下椎板融合,术后脊柱稳定,未发生畸形.半椎板组术后颈椎曲度指数丢失2.2±2.3,全椎板组术后颈椎曲度指数丢失4.3±2.5,两组患者手术前后颈椎曲度变化的差异有统计学意义(t=2.05,P＜0.05).半椎板组术后颈椎活动度丢失1.3°±1.2°,全椎板组患者术后颈椎活动度丢失9.2°±4.1°,两组差异有统计学意义(t=1.71,P＜0.05).结论 颈椎硬膜内髓外肿瘤体积小位于椎管一侧,适宜选择半椎板切除.对于需要行全椎板切除的病例,内固定及钛网椎管重建加植骨,可以重建脊柱的稳定性.     

脊髓双重结构并脊柱畸形的分类和治疗

目的：探讨脊髓双重结构的特征、分类及其与脊柱畸形的相关性和手术方法。方法：对1989年10月－2000年10月收治的117例先天性脊柱脊髓畸形患者的临床表现、影像学所见、术中所见和临床疗效做了分析,并对其进行了分类。结果：脊髓纵裂114例,双脊髓3例。AⅠ15例,AⅡ39例,AⅢ47例;BⅠ4例,BⅡ4例,BⅢ5例;CⅠ3例,未见CⅡ。主要治疗术式为椎板切除、纵隔切除、终丝切断、脊髓及神经根粘连松解、修复硬膜。结论：脊髓双重结构的分类便于整体认识脊髓畸形和指导手术治疗。手术对疼痛、下肢运动和感觉、膀胱上位神经原性麻痹及大部分脊柱变形的改善是有效的,而对下位神经原性麻痹型膀胱、直肠功能障碍和足部畸形改善则效果不佳。     

腰椎后路手术对硬膜囊容量和脊柱稳定性的影响

目的 :进一步了解腰椎后路手术对脊柱功能的影响 ,为临床合理选择术式提供依据。方法 :采用平行光三维测量系统 ,对 12具人新鲜尸体腰椎实施全椎板切除、半椎板切除及交叉半椎板切除 ,对其屈伸状态下硬膜囊容量和脊柱稳定性的定量变化结果进行双因素方差分析。结果 :腰椎屈曲活动时硬膜囊容量增大 ,仰伸位变小 ;全椎板切除与交叉半椎板切除 ,硬膜囊容量改变相近 ,但均较半椎板切除明显增大 (P <0 0 1) ;任何一种腰椎后路手术 ,均能破坏腰椎稳定性 ,其中半椎板切除与交叉半椎板切除破坏性较小 ,而与全椎板切除相比较 ,后者破坏性大于前二者 (P <0 0 1)。结论 :下腰椎疾病后路手术应尽量保留棘突及其韧带 ,交叉半椎板切除可使椎管得到充分减压 ,同时又较好地保留脊柱的稳定性     

同种异体骨板覆盖预防硬膜外瘢痕粘连的实验研究

目的 探讨经冻干辐照处理后的同种异体骨板预防椎板切除术后硬膜外瘢痕粘连的作用。方法 12只成年雄性绵羊,随机分成A、B两组,每组6只。两组均作L3,4和L4,5椎板切除,A组的L4,5和B组的L3,4椎板缺损用“H”形同种冻干辐照骨板覆盖,为实验节段;A组的L3,4和B组的L4,5不覆盖骨板作为对照节段。于术后4、8、12、16、20和24周取材,行大体、X线平片和组织切片观察;并对4、24周取材行CT扫描。结果 术后4周,实验节段可见同种骨板形态、位置保持完好,椎管内无狭窄,硬膜囊无压迫,镜下椎板咬除缘有多量新生骨小梁生成,周边有大量软骨细胞及其分泌黏多糖和坏死后所留下的空腔,骨板内侧有增生纤维组织及少量炎性细胞浸润;对照节段可见大范围致密的纤维组织夹杂变性坏死肌肉嵌入椎板缺损处,硬膜广泛粘连,硬膜囊受压。术后24周,实验节段椎管重建基本完成,覆盖骨板吸收完全,并与再生椎板融合,椎管形态完好,硬膜外未见瘢痕组织;对照节段椎板再生未完成,瘢痕组织自椎管外嵌入椎管内,压迫硬膜囊及脊髓,硬膜外间隙几乎消失。统计学分析表明手术后期（16～24周）,实验节段与对照节段相比硬膜粘连程度明显减轻,椎管矢状径均较对照节段大,硬膜囊形状保持良好,无明显压迫。结论 同种异体冻干辐照骨板在实验羊椎板切除后的硬膜外能有效减少瘢痕形成和粘连。     

应用超声骨刀行腰椎后路椎板切除术与传统手术技术的对比研究

目的 :探讨应用超声骨刀行腰椎后路椎板切除术的效果及安全性。方法 :总结分析2015年2月~2016年11月由北京大学国际医院完成的腰椎手术病例共计85例,A组为采用超声骨刀行腰椎后路椎板切除的62例患者,其中28例由具备2年脊柱外科手术经验的医师c完成(Ac组),34例由具备25年脊柱外科手术经验的医师d完成(Ad组);B组为采用传统操作器械行腰椎后路椎板切除术的23例患者,其中10例由医师c完成(Bc组),13例由医师d完成(Bd组)。所有病例术前诊断均为腰椎管狭窄症,手术切除腰椎椎板共计119节段,手术方式均采用后路腰椎体间融合术(posterior lumbar interbody fusion,PLIF),实时记录术中椎板切除时间,手术出血量,统计术中硬膜损伤及神经根损伤等并发症发生情况,手术前1d及术后1周行ODI评分评估患者症状缓解情况。结果:A组椎板切除平均耗时分别为3.24±0.80min(Ac组)和3.48±0.82min(Ad组);B组椎板切除平均耗时分别为18.84±4.21min(Bc组)和3.72±1.03min(Bd组),Bc组手术耗时较其他组显著延长(P0.05)。术中出血量、各组手术前后ODI及VAS改善情况无显著统计学差异(P0.05)。A组硬膜损伤2例,B组1例,Ad组神经根损伤1例。结论:采用超声骨刀行腰椎后路椎板切除术具备可行性,应用超声骨刀并没有增加硬膜损伤及神经根损伤的发生率,相对于应用骨刀及椎板咬骨钳等普通器械切除腰椎椎板,超声骨刀技术更加容易掌握,学习曲线更短。     

有限椎板减压内固定治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症的疗效分析

目的:探讨有限椎板切除减压内固定治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症的疗效.方法:2002年9月～2007年3月共收治45例退行性腰椎管狭窄症患者,男16例,女29例,年龄36～80岁,平均61.3岁,病程5个月～20年,平均16个月.依据Hansraj等的经典与复杂型腰椎管狭窄症分型标准及引起症状的"责任"部位,经典的腰椎管狭窄症患者采用有限椎板切除椎管减压术(A组,14例):复杂型腰椎管狭窄症患者行有限椎板切除椎管减压并脊柱融合内固定术(B组,10例)或行全椎板切除减压并脊柱融合内固定术(C组,21例).采用日本骨科学会(JOA)15分法及Eule法对术前和末次随访时的神经功能与自觉症状进行评估,计算改善率,并对结果进行统计学分析.结果:随访9个月～5年,平均3.4年,末次随访时JOA评分改善率A组58.2%±34.0%,B组61.7%±23.6%,C组56.4%±26.8%,优良率A组78%,B组80%,C组76%,三组间无统计学差异.Eule法评估除A组与C组分别有1例术后疼痛加重外,其余病例腰腿痛症状均改善.结论:有限椎板切除减压是治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症的一种可靠术式,只要把握好手术适应证与减压范围,无论单纯有限减压还是减压并植骨融合内固定均可获得良好的疗效.     

聚-DL-乳酸膜可吸收医用膜在全椎板减压术中的应用价值(附42例疗效与术后MRI表现观察)

目的 对比在椎板切除减压术中使用或不使用可吸收医用脊柱膜术后1年临床结果、术后MRI表现的差异,观察其效果及临床安全性.方法 42例行单节段腰椎椎板切除减压的患者随机分为两组:A组在术中使用医用可吸收膜,B组术中不使用医用可吸收膜.结果 本组平均随访时间16个月(13～18个月),术后1年根据手术评价标准测定,A组中优16例,良5例;B组中优13例,良8例,两组间疗效优良率比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).术后1年腰痛VAS评分,A组为(1.43±0.49)分、B组为(2.59±0.64)分,两组疗效的优、良例数比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).术后1年MRI复查发现A组中硬膜囊与周围组织有明显分隔的比例为76.2％、B组为42.9％,两组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 聚-DL-乳酸膜可吸收医用膜用于全椎板切除减压时,相比对照组可更好地隔离硬膜与周围瘢痕,可获得更佳的临床效果,临床应用中安全性较高.     

快速交换球囊扩张导管技术制备兔急性脊髓压迫损伤模型

目的 :探讨快速交换球囊扩张导管技术制备兔单纯脊髓压迫损伤模型的可行性。方法 :将24只新西兰大白兔随机分为3组,麻醉成功后备皮,以T10为中心取背部正中切口,长约4cm,显露T8~T11,假手术组(A组)行T8一侧椎板切除,不置入球囊;对照组(B组)将T8一侧椎板切除后置入球囊达T10水平,不扩张球囊;实验组(C组)行T8一侧椎板切除后,将球囊通过T8置入达T10水平,将球囊快速充起,占据椎管前后径约30%,术中采用CT平扫确定球囊位置并记录球囊扩张达到占位程度时的压强值并维持此压强值压迫48h。术前和术后48h行体感诱发电位(SSEP)检查并记录图形和数值变化,采用改良Tarlov评分记录各组术后48h动物后肢活动情况。同时记录各组兔术后1d、2d体重下降值和饮食量。术后2d各组随机选取5只实验兔取出以T10为中心脊髓组织进行病理学检查,每组剩余3只均以T8为中心上下约0.5cm范围进行拆线,B、C组将球囊内压力减为负压后将球囊轻轻抽出,最后缝合切口,继续观察并记录术后4d、7d、14d时体重下降值及饮食量。结果:C组造模球囊扩张达到椎管前后径30%占位程度时球囊内压强为67.23±22.34k Pa,95%置信区间为(48.55~85.91)k Pa。造模术后C组SSEP波幅显著性降低,与A、B组术后及C组术前比较均有统计学差异(P0.05),A组与B组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。造模后48h改良Tarlov评分A组(6.00±0.00分)与B组(5.88±0.35分)比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),A、B组与C组(1.13±0.35分)比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后1d、2d、4d、7d、14d时3组兔体重下降值及饮食量均无统计学差异(P0.05),术后14d时体重恢复至正常体重,术后7d时饮食恢复正常。结论:快速交换球囊扩张导管技术制备兔单纯脊髓压迫损伤模型可模拟临床急性脊髓压迫损伤的状态。     

Morphometric effects of acute shortening of the spine: the kinking and the sliding of the cord,response of the spinal nerves

Spinal shortening is performed for a wide spectrum of diseases. This study was designed to investigate the morphologic effects of shortening on the spinal cord, to enlighten the amount and direction of the sliding of the cord, the alteration of the angles of the roots, and to identify the appropriate laminectomy length. Total vertebrectomy of T12 was applied to ten sheep models after spinal instrumentation. Gradual shortening was applied to five sheep; then, the degree and direction of the sliding of the spinal cord and the angles of the adjacent roots were measured. On five other sheep, additional sagittal sectioning was performed via excision of the pedicles. Measurements were taken at different laminectomy lengths to record kinking of the spinal cord with gradual shortening. The mean sliding of the spinal cord was 9 mm cranially and 7.8 mm caudally. T11 spinal nerves became more vertical caudally, and T12 spinal nerves achieved an ascending position with gradual shortening. Both T11 and T12 spinal nerves were sharply bent in the foramen and on the pedicle of T13, respectively. In full-length shortening, the mean kink of the spine in the sagittal plane was 92.4° for two levels of hemi-laminectomies, 24.6° for complete laminectomy of T11 with hemilaminectomy of T13, and 20.2° for two levels of complete laminectomies. The slippage of the cord is dominant in the earlier stages and kinking is dominant in later stages of shortening. Increasing the laminectomy length by only a half or one level prevents excessive kinking and compressions at the upper and lower margins of the laminectomy. In the later stages of shortening, the spinal nerves near the vertebrectomy site are at risk because of the sharp bending of the nerves. This study describes the mechanism of the sliding and kinking of the cord due to gradual shortening of the spine, which might be useful in spinal surgery procedures. It also states that it is possible to avoid excessive kinking by planning the appropriate technique of laminectomy style in full-length shortening. This study has been approved by Institutional Review Board by sentence number 1150 on 26 April 2006.     

下颈椎损伤改良Moore分类的临床应用研究

目的：探讨改良Moore分类法在下颈椎损伤中的临床应用。方法：2006年8月至2010年3月收治下颈椎损伤患者200例,男165例,女35例;年龄19-88岁,平均52岁。应用下颈椎损伤改良Moore分类全面地描述下颈椎损伤的状态,颈椎损伤严重程度（稳定性）量化评分与有否神经症状表现相结合,根据骨折类型和稳定性、脊髓或神经根受压损伤情况、韧带损伤后的稳定程度及其他参考因素进行分类诊治,选择治疗方法。其中伴有脊髓神经损伤者130例（ASIA评分：A级6例,B级13例,C级43例,D级68例）,不伴有脊髓神经损伤者70例。对伴有脊髓神经损伤的下颈椎损伤患者,根据ASIA评分进行疗效评定;对不伴有脊髓神经损伤的患者,根据影像学检查对颈椎的序列和高度进行观察。结果：前、左、右侧和后柱均损伤35例;前柱损伤33例;前、后柱均损伤90例;前、左侧和后柱均损伤5例;前、右侧和后柱均损伤3例;前、左侧和右侧柱均损伤3例;前、右侧柱损伤2例;前、左侧柱损伤5例;后柱损伤12例;左侧柱损伤7例;右侧柱损伤5例。200例患者中手术治疗98例,非手术治疗102例（其中可以手术而患者家属要求非手术治疗39例）。完全性脊髓损伤患者中3例行手术后脊髓功能无恢复迹象,ASIA分级无变化,但其肢体麻木、疼痛等症状有不同程度的缓解,另3例未手术患者脊髓功能及肢体症状均无变化。不完全性脊髓损伤患者手术后脊髓功能均有一定程度恢复,ASIA评分平均提高1．2级。未手术的不完全性脊髓损伤患者非手术治疗后ASIA评分平均提高0.3级。不伴有脊髓神经损伤者手术后经影像学检查显示均恢复了颈椎的正常序列和高度。结论：根据改良Moore分类法,稳定性量化评分值大于等于4分有下颈椎不稳可能,需要手术治疗,分值越大,手术指征越明显,若伴有脊髓或神经根受压损伤表现者则有绝对手术指征。稳定性量化评分为3分且伴有脊髓或神经根受压损伤表现者一般也有手术指征。稳定性量化评分为3分不伴有脊髓或神经根受压损伤表现者或3分以下者均不需要手术治疗。应用改良Moore分类法有利于下颈椎损伤患者的临床规范化、标准化诊治,以获得较满意的疗效。     

Surgical technique and long-term follow-up of laminoplasty using titanium miniplates]

Problems concerning a spinal deformity due to simple laminectomy and the usefulness of laminoplasty are often reported recently. In our hospital, laminoplasty with titanium miniplates for spinal operations has been used in all cases since 1992. We started to use this method after we encountered several cases of post-operative spinal deformity following multiple-level laminectomy. We reviewed two different subgroups of patients. Group A consisted of 38 cases who were operated on using simple laminectomy. Group B consisted of 32 cases who were operated on using laminoplasty with titanium miniplates. Postoperative spinal deformity occurred in 5 patients of Group A (13%), and in none of Group B (0%). In particular, postoperative spinal deformity occurred in one child case of Group A (33%), and in none of Group B (0%). Laminoplasty is a very simple and efficient technique, and advantages are the presentation of stability of the posterior column and curvature of the laminae, as well as protection of the spinal cord. Compatibility with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is another advantage of titanium miniplates, because long follow-up using MRI is always necessary in these cases. In conclusion, laminoplasty with titanium miniplates for spinal operations are a very useful and safe technique.     

他克莫司对犬急性脊髓损伤神经保护作用的实验研究

目的探讨他克莫司（FK506）对犬急性脊髓损伤的神经保护作用。方法采用Allen＇s法制成犬急性脊髓损伤实验模型。动物随机分为：A组（n=8）,经动脉插管注入生理盐水;B组（n=8）,FK5060.18mg／kg;C组（n=8）．FK5060.3mg／kg。B组、C组均在致伤后2h经动脉插管单次给药。致伤后行脊髓MRI影像学检查、脊髓功能评分、脊髓组织病理观察、神经丝蛋白（NF200）及胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）的免疫组织化学分析。结果脊髓功能评分C组优于A组（P〈0.05）;B组优于A组,但无统计学差异;MRI显示：脊髓损伤后C组病变范围小,恢复快,B组次之．A组最差。C组NF和GFAP表达高于A组（P〈0.05）,B组与A组无统计学差异。结论局部应用FK506（0.3mg／kg）对急性脊髓损伤具有神经保护作用,可减轻继发损伤,加快脊髓功能的恢复;局部应用FK506对急性脊髓损伤治疗有一定的剂量-效应依赖关系。     

Corticomotor and somatosensory evoked potential evaluation of acute spinal cord injury in the rat

Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) and corticomotor evoked potentials (CMEPs) were utilized to study acute blunt spinal cord trauma. Rats, anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride, were subjected to a parasagittal craniotomy and a midthoracic laminectomy. SSEPs were cortically recorded and CMEPs were transcortically produced using epidural ball and disc electrodes. SSEPs were elicited and CMEPs were recorded via hindlimb percutaneous needle electrodes. After control records were made, animals were subjected to a 25-, 50-, or 75-g/cm impact to the dorsal cord surface via a modified weight drop procedure. Evaluation of neurological injury was made by SSEP and CMEP analysis as well as by physical testing with noxious stimulation applied to the hindlimb. Neurohistopathological verification of each spinal cord lesion was performed. No significant change in SSEP configuration was identified in animals subjected to a 25-g/cm cord impact; however, a small decrement in CMEP amplitude was consistently observed. Although vocalization to noxious stimulation was present, flexion activity was less than normal. Animals subjected to a 50-g/cm cord impact also showed no change in SSEP wave forms. All components of the CMEP were greatly attenuated with this injury. Either very weak movement or no movement to noxious stimulation was present without vocalization. After a 75-g/cm cord impact, both SSEPs and CMEPs were abolished. There was no movement or vocalization in response to noxious stimulation. Serial sections of the spinal cords revealed incremental destruction with increasing severity of injury. These results support the hypothesis that CMEPs are a more sensitive indicator of residual spinal cord function after injury than are SSEPs.     

Laminectomy and posterior cervical plating for multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament: effects on cervical alignment,spinal cord compression,and neurological outcome

OBJECTIVE: Multilevel anterior decompressive procedures for cervical spondylotic myelopathy or ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament may be associated with a high incidence of neurological morbidity, construct failure, and pseudoarthrosis. We theorized that laminectomy and stabilization of the cervical spine with lateral mass plates would obviate the disadvantages of anterior decompression, prevent the development of kyphotic deformity frequently seen after uninstrumented laminectomy, decompress the spinal cord, and produce neurological results equal or superior to those achieved by multilevel anterior procedures. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 38 patients who underwent laminectomy and lateral mass plating for cervical spondylotic myelopathy or ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament between January 1994 and November 2001. Seventy-six percent of patients had spondylosis, 18% had ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, and 5% had both. Clinical presentation included upper extremity sensory complaints (89%), gait difficulty (70%), and hand use deterioration (67%). Spasticity was present in 83%, and weakness of one or more muscle groups was seen in 79%. Spinal cord signal abnormality on sagittal T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was seen in 68%. Neurological evaluation was performed using a modification of the Japanese Orthopedic Association Scale for functional assessment of myelopathy, the Cooper Scale for separate evaluation of upper and lower extremity motor function, and a five-point scale for evaluation of strength in individual muscle groups. Lateral cervical spine x-rays were analyzed using a curvature index to determine maintenance of alignment. Each surgically decompressed level was graded on a four-point scale using axial MRI to assess the adequacy of decompression. Late follow-up was conducted by telephone interview. RESULTS: Laminectomy was performed at a mean 4.6 levels. Follow-up was obtained at a mean of 30.2 months after the procedure. The score on the modified Japanese Orthopedic Association scale improved in 97% of patients from a mean of 12.9 preoperatively to 15.58 postoperatively (P < 0.0001). In the upper extremities, function measured by the Cooper Scale improved from 1.8 to 0.7 (P < 0.0001), and in the lower extremities, function improved from 1.0 to 0.4 (P < 0.0002). There was a statistically significant improvement in strength in the triceps (P < 0.0001), iliopsoas (P < 0.0002), and hand intrinsic muscles (P < 0.0001). X-rays obtained at a mean of 5.9 months after surgery revealed no change in spinal alignment as measured by the curvature index. There was a decrease in the mean preoperative compression grade from 2.46 preoperatively to 0.16 postoperatively (P < 0.0001). There was no correlation between neurological outcome and the presence of spinal cord signal change on T2-weighted MRI scans, patient age, duration of symptoms, or preoperative medical comorbidity. CONCLUSION: Multilevel laminectomy and instrumentation with lateral mass plates is associated with minimal morbidity, provides excellent decompression of the spinal cord (as visualized on MRI), produces immediate stability of the cervical spine, prevents kyphotic deformity, and precludes further development of spondylosis at fused levels. Neurological outcome is equal or superior to multilevel anterior procedures and prevents spinal deformity associated with laminoplasty or noninstrumented laminectomy.     

胚胎脊髓不同移植方法对成年大鼠损伤脊髓神经元的影响

目的：探讨胚胎脊髓不同移植方法防止成年鼠脊髓轴突损伤后引起的神经元萎缩的作用。方法：采用Wistar成年大鼠腰脊髓半切洞损伤模型。将实验动物分为五组：A组为正常对照组,B组为损伤组;C组为损伤＋移植组;D组为损伤＋移植＋椎旁肌组;E组为损伤＋移植＋大网膜组,手术后应用行为学和电生理检查观察大鼠神经功能恢复情况,应用尼氏染色方法观察神经元的大小,采用计算机图像分析技术,进行定量分析。结果 胚胎脊髓不同移植方法均可以防止老年鼠脊髓轴突损伤引起的神经元萎缩,图像分析发现其作用为E组＞D组＞C组＞B组＞A组,尤以E组效果最好,可以完全恢复损伤神经元的形态,大鼠神经功能的恢复也出现了相同的变化趋势。结论 鼠胚胎脊髓不同移植方法能维持神经元的细胞形态,对成年大鼠损伤脊髓功能恢复有促进作用。     

Indirect posterior decompression with corrective fusion for ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the thoracic spine: is it possible to predict the surgical results?

To investigation of the outcomes of indirect posterior decompression with corrective fusion for myelopathy associated with thoracic ossification of the longitudinal ligament, and prognostic factors. Conservative treatment for myelopathy associated with thoracic ossification of the longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is mostly ineffective, and treatment is necessary. However, many authors have reported poor surgical outcomes, and no standard surgical procedure has been established. We have been performing indirect spinal cord decompression by posterior laminectomy and simultaneous corrective fusion of the thoracic kyphosis. Twenty patients underwent indirect posterior decompression with corrective fusion, and were included in this study. The follow-up period was minimum 2 years and averaged 2 years and 9 months (2–5 years 6 months). Operative results were examined using JOA scoring system (full marks: 11 points) and Hirabayashi’s recovery rate, as excellent (100–75%), good (74–50%), fair (49–25%), unchanged (24–0%) and deteriorated (i.e., decrease in score less than 0%). Cases in which the spinal cord is floating from OPLL on intraoperative ultrasonography were defined as the floating (+) group, and those without floating as the floating (−) group. In addition, we used compound muscle action potentials (CMAP) as intraoperative spinal cord monitoring and the cases were divided into three groups: Group A, no change in potential; Group B, potential decreased, and Group C, potential improved. The mean pre- and postoperative JOA scores were 6.2 and 8.9 points, respectively, and the recovery rate was 56%. The outcome was rated excellent in three, good in eight, fair in six, unchanged in two, and deteriorated in one. The mean preoperative thoracic kyphosis measured 58°, and was corrected to 51° after surgery. On intraoperative ultrasonography, 12 cases were included in the floating (+) and 8 in the floating (−) groups; the recovery rates were 58 and 52%, respectively, showing no significant difference between the recovery rates of the two groups. Regarding intraoperative CMAP, the outcome was excellent in one, good in seven, fair in four, and unchanged in one in Group A; fair in one, unchanged in one, and deteriorated in one in Group B, and excellent in two and good in one in Group C. The recovery rates were 50, 48 and 68.3% in Groups A, B and C, respectively, showing that the postoperative outcome was significantly poorer in Group B. Although indirect posterior decompression with corrective fusion using instruments obtained satisfactory outcomes, not all cases achieved good outcomes using this procedure. We consider that additional application of anterior decompressive fusion is preferable when improvement of symptoms occurs not satisfactory after indirect posterior decompression with corrective fusion using instruments. Intraoperative spinal cord monitoring of CMAP demonstrated that the spinal cord was already impaired during the laminectomy via the posterior approach. Concomitant intraoperative monitoring of CMAP to avoid impairment of the vulnerable spinal cord and corrective posterior spinal fusion with indirect spinal cord decompression is recommendable as a method capable of preventing postoperative neurological aggravation.     

开放性椎体成形术治疗脊柱转移瘤和多发性骨髓瘤

目的 探讨开放性椎体成形术治疗脊柱转移瘤和多发性骨髓瘤的适应证选择和临床治疗效果.方法 自2004年6月至2007年6月,对22例患者施行了开放性后路椎管减压内固定联合椎体成形术,5例为多发性骨髓瘤,17例为脊柱转移瘤.患者年龄36～75岁,平均56.9岁.所有患者术前均有严重的背痛或腰痛并伴有不同程度的下肢神经损害症状,平均疼痛VAS评分为7.4分(5～10分),55个以上椎体节段进行了治疗.术后第3天评估患者的疼痛缓解情况、活动能力的改善情况.出院后每3个月门诊随访1次.结果 所有患者术后3 d内疼痛缓解,平均VAS评分降至1.8分,且术前神经损害情况改善.椎体成形术中骨水泥的平均注入量为4 m1(3～6 ml).12例术中出现骨水泥泄漏,5例在椎间隙,5例在椎旁静脉,2例椎管内渗漏.术后患者均接受化疗和(或)放疗,平均随访18个月(6～36个月),14例死于原发病,8例患者病情稳定.结论 此手术一次性完成椎管减压内固定,稳定脊柱,同时行椎体成形术,可以提高患者的活动能力,减轻疼痛,临床效果显著,尤其对于体质较差,多椎体病变,椎体压缩骨折压迫脊髓,无法承受脊柱前路手术的患者提供了一种可选择的手术方式.     

急性脊髓损伤后手术减压时限的临床研究

目的探讨急性脊髓损伤后在不同时间点行手术减压对患者神经功能恢复的影响。方法回顾2005年1月~2009年12月收治的胸椎骨折合并脊髓不完全损伤的89例,按照手术减压时限分为3组:A组,伤后24 h内手术减压(25例);B组,伤后1～3 d内手术减压(47例);C组,伤后3～7 d内手术减压(17例)。根据ASIA残损分级比较术前和术后1年的神经功能情况,比较3组的神经功能恢复情况,分析不同的减压时间疗效有无统计学差异。结果治疗前3组的ASIA残损分级,差异无统计学意义。治疗后3组ASIA残损分级较治疗前提高,A组高于B组和C组(P<0.05),B组高于C组(P<0.05)。结论脊髓不完全损伤后手术减压可以改善神经功能,且手术越早,神经功能恢复越好。