江苏省不同疟区的疟疾监测

目的为了制定针对性的疟疾防治对策.方法根据江苏省疟疾流行因素,将流行区分为6个监测组,即中华按蚊和嗜人按蚊共存地区(1组)、嗜人按蚊分布毗邻地区(2组)、中华按蚊单一媒介地区(3组)、基本消灭疟疾地区(4组)、流动人口较集中地区(5组)、献血员疟疾较多地区(6组).于1997～1999年分别在上述地区,对疟疾进行了分类监测.结果1组疟疾年发病率、API、发热病人血检阳性率和IFA阳性率均显著高于其它组,发病数占全省病例总数的74.38%,嗜人按蚊占按蚊总数的3.73%;2组年发病率、发热病人血检阳性率、IFA阳性率明显高于3～6组;3组和4组年发病率、发热病人血检阳性率、IFA阳性率已降至较低水平;5组流动人口发热病人血检阳性率和IFA阳性率显著高于当地居民;6组疟疾疫情已得到有效控制.结论1组地区是江苏省疟防重点地区,2组地区需加强疟疾监测,3～4组地区可进一步简化现有抗疟措施,5组地区重点开展流动人口监测,6组地区可列入当地常规监测.     

岑溪市消除疟疾后12年监测结果分析

对广西岑溪市1996～2007年疟疾监测资料进行回顾性分析,结果12年间共血检当地发热病人4 805人次,未发现疟疾病例;血检外出回归人员和外来流动人口发热病人16 675和1 412人次,分别检出疟疾病例12和14例,血检阳性率分别为0.07%和0.99%;重点人群IFAT抗体阳性率为0.08%。提示岑溪市疟疾监测和防治措施可行有效,加强对流动人群、特别是从高疟区回归人群疟疾管理和监测是巩固疟疾防治成果的重要措施。     

江苏省不同疟区的疟疾监测

目的 为了制定针对性的疟疾防治对策。方法 根据江苏省疟疾流行因素,将流行区分为6个监测组,即中华按蚊和嗜人按蚊共存地区（1组）、嗜人按蚊分布毗邻地区（2组）中华按蚊单一媒介地区（3组）、基本消灭疟疾地区（4组）流动人口较集中地区（5组）、献血员疟疾较多地区（6组）。于1997－1999年分别在上述地区,对疟疾进行了分类监测。结果 1组疟疾年发病率、API、发热病人血检阳性率和IFA阳性率均显著高于其它组,发病数占全省病例总数的74．38％,嗜人按蚊占的按蚊总数的3．73％;2组年发病率、发热病人血检阳性率、IFA阳性率明显高于3－6组;3组和4组年发病率、发热病人血检阳性率、IFA阳性率已降至较低水平;5组流动人口发热病人血检阳性率和IFA阳性率显著高于当地居民;6组疟疾疫情已得到有效控制。结论 1组地区是江苏省疟防重点地区,2组地区需加强疟疾监测,3－4组地区可进一步简化现有抗疟措施,5组地区重点开展流动人口监测,6组地区可列入当地常规监测。     

南通市疟疾疫情现状分析

目的分析南通市疟疾流行现状,为制定疟防措施提供科学依据。方法对南通市2003～2007年疟疾年报表、疫情报告、个案调查表、“三热”病人及流动人口血检资料进行统计分析。结果南通市2003～2007年共发生184例疟疾病例,年发病率为0.323/10万。间日疟164例,恶性疟20例。外来流动人口疟疾发病数分别为5、4、10、13、27例,呈逐年上升趋势。实验室共血检发热病人88 285人,阳性68例;其中本地人口血检发热病人82 240人,阳性27例,外来流动人口血检发热病人6 045人,阳性41例,两者差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论对流动人口采取切实有效的疟防措施是当前南通市疟疾防治工作重点。加强流动人口疟疾疫情管理和开展“三热”病人血检为主的监测工作是控制疟疾传播与流行的主要措施。     

江苏省如皋市本地居民与流动人口疟疾镜检结果比较

为了解我市近几年本地区居民的疟疾流行情况,以及流动人口的病原特点,于1989-1993年对全市53个乡镇卫生院门诊在5—10月查治的“三热”病人,采血镜检疟原虫。进行了流行病学调查。结果本地居民与流动人口疟疾阳性率情况见表1。全部疟原虫阳性者,均为间日疟。原虫密度为1—5个/视野。由表1可见疟疾阳性率呈逐年下降的趋势。经χ2检验,各年疟疾阳性率间差别具有极显著意义(χ2=154.20,P<0.01)。表明本市的疟疾防治工作是扎实的。经χ2检验,本地居民与流动人口疟疾阳性率间差别具有显著意义(χ2=25.09,P<0.05)。流动人口的阳性率高可能与来往…     

云南省1991～2000年疟疾监测报告

目的　分析云南省 1991～ 2 0 0 0年疟疾监测结果 ,为制定云南省的疟疾防治措施提供依据。　方法　收集 1991～ 2 0 0 0年全省发热病人血检和重点人群 IFAT监测结果 ,边境地区流动人口管理及媒介监测资料进行流行病学统计分析。　结果　 10年间云南省共血检发热病人 6 193 85 3例 ,检出阳性 170 5 78例 ,年平均血检率为 3.5 2 % ,阳性率为2 .75 % ,恶性疟占 2 1.48%。重点人群的 IFAT抗体阳性率为 5 .80 % ,阳性几何平均滴度在 2 2 .14～ 6 0 .14之间。对边境地区不同流动人员的发热病人血检结果 :外国入境边民的血检阳性率为 13.0 5 % ;我国出境边民的血检阳性率为7.6 7% ;内地到边境地区流动人员的血检阳性率为 12 .45 %。云南省主要媒介微小按蚊、昆明按蚊和嗜人按蚊的人房次平均捕获数分别为 2 .2 9、2 .46和 2 .90只。人、牛房比例分别为 1∶ 3.2 9、1∶ 3.19和 1∶ 1.0 4。　结论　云南省经过 10年疟疾监测 ,发热病人血检阳性率已从 1991年的 3.30 %下降至 2 0 0 0年的 1.93% ,以微小按蚊为主要传疟媒介地区的发病率已从 1991年的 8.49 下降至 2 0 0 0年的 3.79 。云南省的疟疾发病保持了稳中有降。但在云南边境地区 ,受境外发病和流动人口的影响 ,疟疾的控制工作仍很艰巨。     

海南农垦系统流动人口疟疾发病规律的探讨

改革开放以来,大量易感人群出入疟区,疟疾局部暴发流行的报告时有所见。作者于1991～2000年对海南农垦系统流动人口疟疾疫情进行了监测,报告如下。1 方法 实施流动人口管理,外来人口及外出回归人员均登记造册,纳入抗疟计划工作。“四热病人”镜检厚、薄血膜,阳性者填写管理卡片,正规治疗1～2wk后复检、随访至原虫阴转。2 结果与讨论 1991～2000年流动人口“四热病人”共血检110 017人次,阳性6 288例,阳性率5.72％,各年依次为6.67％、8.32％、7、83％、11.70％、5.65％、4.80％、4.11％、4.44％、1、68％和1.58％。间日疟占66.25％,恶性疟占33.44％,混合感染     

云南省1991—2000年疟疾监测报告

目的分析云南省1991－2000年疟疾监测结果，为制定云南省的疟疾防治措施提供依据。方法 收集1991－2000年全省发热病人血检和重点人群IFAT监测结果，边境地区流动人口管理及媒介监测资料进行流行病学统计分析。结果 10年间云南省共血检发热病人6193853例，检出阳性170578例，年平均血检率为3．52％，阳性率为2．75％，恶性疟占21．48％。重点人群的IFAT抗体阳性率为5．80％，阳性几何平均滴度在22．14－60．14之间。对边境地区不同流动人员的发热病人血检结果；外国入境边民的血检阳性率为13．05％；我国出境边民的血检阳性率为7．67％；内地到边境地区流动人员的血检阳性率为12．45％。云南省主要媒介微小按蚊，昆明按蚊和嗜人按蚊的人房次平均捕获数分别为2.29,2.46和2．90只。人，牛房比例分别为1：3．29，1：3．19和1：1．04。结论 云南省经过10年疟疾监测，发热病人血检阳性率已人1991年的3．30％下降至2000年的1．93％，以微小按蚊为主要传疟媒介地区的发病率已从1991年的万分之8．49下降至2000年的万分之3．79。云南省的疟疾发病保持了稳中有降。但在云南边境地区，受境外发病和流动人口的影响，疟疾的控制工作仍很艰巨。     

一少数民族乡发热史人员两次疟疾间接荧光抗体实验结果比较

目的通过比较两次发热史人员疟疾间接荧光抗体实验(IFAT)结果,评价一个少数民族边境乡的疟疾发病和流行程度的变化。方法分别于2006年8月和2007年8月,2次采集前一年有发热史人员的血清样品,进行疟疾荧光抗体检测。结果2006年8月和2007年8月采集的血样IFAT阳性率分别为71.6%(95%CI66.6%～76.2%)和45.9%(95%CI38.2%～69.5%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。两次检测IFAT滴度≥1∶80者分别占21.89%和15.92%。结论该乡疟疾发病和流行程度较上一年度显著下降;发热史人员的IFAT可用于弥补当地发热病人血检技术之不足。     

常州市武进区基本消灭疟疾后的监测

武进区是以中华按蚊为单一媒介的间日疟流行区 ,1991年疟疾发病率高达 2 7.49% ,经数十年综合防治 ,1987年疟疾发病率降至 0 .0 66‰ ,1992年基本消灭疟疾 ,当年发病率为0 .0 0 9‰ ,之后进入监测阶段。1　措施与方法1.1　设立疟疾纵向监测点　开展疟疾疫情和媒介监测 ,并加强对流动人口和传染源的管理 ,提供疟疾预警信息 ,指导全区疟疾防治。1.2　人群血检和血清学监测　每年 5～ 10月份在全区开展以“三热病人”为主的疟疾血检 (含流动人口 ) ,流行末期在重点人群和低年级小学生中开展疟疾血清学监测。1.3　传染源治疗和疫点处理　确诊疟…     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.