切开复位解剖钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的探讨跟骨关节内粉碎性骨折切开复位、解剖钢板内固定的方法、效果及跟骨骨折手术的并发症及对策。方法对46例52足跟骨粉碎性骨折,波及跟距关节,出现跟-结节角变小、关节面移位、跟骨变宽,行外侧入路切开复位加跟骨解剖型钢板内固定,植骨或不植骨。按Sanders分类,型32足,型20足。结果骨折复位满意,切口皮肤坏死裂开1例,窦道形成5例;30例34足得到随访,随访时间18～32个月,平均20.1个月,按Kerr足部评分标准,优16足,良14足,中4足。结论切开复位加解剖型钢板内固定治疗移位的跟骨关节内骨折疗效可靠。     

跟骨关节内骨折内固定手术临床报告

目的通过对跟骨关节内骨折内固定手术和并发症研究,探讨跟骨关节内骨折内固定手术方法和治疗效果,防治并发症。方法 2004年2月至2010年10月我科采用外侧＂L＂型切口、可塑形跟骨解剖钢板进行开放复位内固定,手术治疗Sanders分型～型跟骨骨折42例45足,必要时行植骨。根据Sanders分型,型3足,型20足,型17足,型5足。术中侧位X线片透视观察Bhler角和Gissane角,Broden位透视观察后关节面的恢复情况。结果术后切口坏死感染3例,腓肠神经损伤1足。采用X轴、侧位摄片和病例随访,Maryland足部评分标准评价手术效果。随访时间2～36个月,平均18个月。本组优27足,良12足,可4足,差2足,优良率86.7%。结论经跟骨外侧＂L＂型切口切开复位内固定治疗跟骨关节内粉碎性骨折,能够获得满意的解剖皮肤复位和临床效果,固定可靠,是治疗跟骨关节内粉碎性骨折的有效方法。术中必须仔细保护切口皮瓣,防治术后切口皮肤坏死、感染等并发症。     

跟骨骨折近期疗效观察及体会(38例42足报告)

[目的]探讨切开复位跟骨锁定钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内移位骨折的疗效.[方法]自2008年6月～2012年4月年本院使用钛质跟骨锁定钢板内固定治疗SandersⅡ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型38例42足跟骨关节内骨折.所有患者均为闭合性骨折,术前及术后测量B(o)hler角和Gissane角,评价跟骨骨折的复位情况,足部功能按Maryland足部评分系统评分.[结果]所有患者均获得随访,随访时间8～24个月,平均12.6个月.骨折全部愈合,功能良好.足部功能按Maryland足部评分系统评分,SandersⅡ型优良率为95.2％,SandersⅢ型中优良率为80.0％,SandersⅣ型中优良率为66.7％,术前及术后测量跟骨B(o)hler角和Gissane角,并行t检验,有统计学差异.[结论]采用切开复位跟骨锁定钢板内固定是治疗跟骨SandersⅡ、Ⅲ型及Ⅳ型骨折的一种有效方法,疗效满意.     

跟骨锁定钢板内固定加自体髂骨植骨治疗跟骨粉碎性骨折的临床疗效观察

[目的]探讨"信其思"跟骨锁定钢板内固定加自体髂骨植骨治疗跟骨粉碎性骨折的临床疗效。[方法]选取2010年1月~2013年12月于本院进行跟骨粉碎性骨折手术治疗的28例患者为研究对象,根据sander分型,分为Ⅱ~Ⅳ型,采用切开复位"信其思"跟骨锁定钢板内固定,并根据实际需要加自体髂骨植骨术治疗,后对所有患者进行随访并将其术后恢复情况和并发症发生情况进行比较。[结果]所有28例患者(31足)术后复位良好,全部随访,平均10个月(6~12个月),无感染、钢板螺钉松动脱落等现象的发生;根据Maryland Foot Score足部评分标准评价手术疗效,优16例(19足)占57.14%,良7例(8足)占25%,可3例(4足)占10.71%,总优良率达82.14%;Bohler角和Gissane角及跟骨高度、跟骨宽度、跟骨轴长得到恢复。[结论]切开复位"信其思"锁定钢板内固定加自体髂骨植骨治疗跟骨粉碎性骨折在临床可获得良好的疗效。     

跟骨粉碎骨折的手术治疗体会

目的探讨跟骨粉碎性骨折手术治疗的临床效果和疗效分析。方法32例40足跟骨粉碎性骨折采用切开复位解剖钢板内固定治疗。男26例32足,女6例8足;年龄16～60岁,平均37岁。结果本组32例均获随访,随访时间6～36个月,平均18．5个月,根据Maryland Foot Score系统进行术后功能评价,优32足,良4足,可3足,差1足,优良率90%。结论切开复位解剖钢板内固定治疗跟骨骨折疗效确切,是治疗跟骨粉碎性骨折的良好方法。     

跟骨关节内骨折内固定手术并发症分析

目的探讨跟骨关节内骨折内固定手术并发症的发生原因、预防和对策。方法随访1997年1月至2002年7月,采用切开复位 “Y”形钢板内固定伴必要时自体植骨治疗的Ⅱ～Ⅳ型跟骨骨折54例共59足。根据Sanders分型:Ⅱ型20足,Ⅲ型24足,Ⅳ型15足。术中侧位X线透视观察Bhler角和Gissane角,Broden位透视观察后关节面的恢复情况。皮瓣下放置引流以防止术后血肿形成。围手术期常规应用抗生素防止感染。所有病例随访时间9～48个月,平均17个月。结果采用Maryland足部评分标准评价手术效果:优30足,良21足,可6足,差2足,优良率为86.4%。发生明确的早期并发症4足,发生率6.8%,其中皮肤边缘坏死2足,感染1足,腓肠神经损伤1足。远期发生明显慢性疼痛2足(3.4%)。结论跟骨关节内骨折内固定手术并发症与跟骨解剖特点和跟骨骨折机制有关。以下措施可有效减少并发症的发生:选择适当的手术时机,术前作周密计划和准备,术中采用全厚皮瓣并避免过分牵拉和反折,复位后通过植骨来支撑关节面骨折块及提高内固定的牢固程度,术后石膏固定并抬高患肢,围手术期应用抗生素。出现并发症后,可根据情况作相应处理。     

复杂跟骨骨折的手术治疗

目的：探讨跟骨解剖钢板治疗SandersⅡ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型跟骨骨折的疗效。方法：2004年11月-2009年1月,对有完整资料的27例32足关节面移位的跟骨骨折,采用扩大的外侧“L”形入路行切开复位植骨解剖钢板内固定治疗。anders分类：Ⅱ型4足,Ⅲ型22足,Ⅳ型6足。结果：所有患者术后获6-48个月（平均22．9个月）随访,骨折全部愈合。按Maryland足部评分标准评价手术效果：优20足,良7足,可5足,优良率84％。术后并发切口延迟愈合1例,无感染及皮肤坏死发生。结论：一期植骨,开放复位可塑形跟骨钛板内固定,术后早期关节功能锻炼,是治疗严重粉碎性骨折的良好方法。     

手术治疗累及距下关节跟骨骨折11例体会

目的 分析跟骨关节内骨折手术复位及人工骨植骨的方法及疗效，提高临床治愈率。方法 随访2001年8月-2004年2月采用切开复位加Y形钢板内固定伴必要时人工骨植骨治疗的SandersⅡ～Ⅳ型跟骨骨折11例11足，其中Ⅱ型1足，Ⅲ型9足，Ⅳ型1足。术中直视下复位Bohler角及跟骨后关节面。骨缺损处以人工骨颗粒填塞，Y型钢板固定跟骨，伤口负压引流，围手术期抗生素应用。术后随访8-36个月，平均14个月。结果采用张铁良跟骨骨折评分方法，评价效果优7足，良2足，可2足，优良率为81．8％；早期伤口皮缘坏死4足，发生率占36．4％；远期并发症为行走疼痛。结论 Y型钢板加人工骨植骨治疗累及距下关节面的跟骨骨折疗效确切，但须注意切口皮瓣保护以及引流通畅彻底。     

切开复位内固定加人工骨移植治疗跟骨粉碎骨折

目的探讨切开复位内固定联合可注射型人工骨治疗跟骨粉碎性骨折的手术方法和疗效。方法我科自2005年7月至2008年8月采用切开复位内固定联合可注射型人工骨植入的方法对30例35足波及距下关节的跟骨粉碎性骨折进行治疗,骨折按Sanders标准分型,型26例30足,型4例5足。术中采用跟骨外侧切口,将塌陷的跟骨后关节面复位后用可注射型人工骨材料填充跟骨内空腔及跟骨解剖钢板固定。结果全部患者获得随访,随访时间为8～20个月,平均10.5个月。全部骨性愈合,骨折愈合时间2.5～6个月,平均3.5个月。按Maryland足部评分系统评价术后功能,本组优21足,良9足,可3足,差2例,总体优良率为85.7%。结论采用切开复位内固定联合可注射型人工骨治疗跟骨粉碎性骨折能获得良好复位,可提供持续而稳定的固定,能防止骨折术后早期塌陷,避免了取自体骨植骨的痛苦,临床疗效满意。     

异型钢板治疗有移位的跟骨骨折

目的探讨切开复位异型钢板内固定治疗跟骨骨折的疗效。方法对30例（30足）SandersⅡ～Ⅳ型跟骨骨折患者采用外侧L型切口入路、开放复位、异型钢板内固定。部分Ⅲ、Ⅳ型骨折患者自体骨移植。结果30例均获随访,时间8～12个月,按MarylandFootScore评价系统评价术后功能：优12足,良11足,可5足,差2足,优良率77．6％。结论切开复位异型钢板内固定对Ⅱ-Ⅳ型跟骨骨折疗效肯定,部分Ⅲ、Ⅳ型骨折者疗效欠佳。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.