12味止血中药对脂多糖诱导小鼠巨噬细胞产生一氧化氮的抑制作用

目的:研究12味止血中药对脂多糖(LPS)诱导小鼠巨噬细胞产生一氧化氮(NO)的抑制作用,并探讨其止血机制。方法:以1μg.mL-1LPS刺激小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7,22h后以Griess法测定NO的终产物亚硝酸盐的含量,观察LPS对NO生成的影响。结果:12味止血药均可抑制LPS诱导小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7中NO的生成。三七、地榆、仙鹤草、槐花、艾叶、蒲黄、侧柏叶及白茅根的抑制作用显著(P<0.05)。结论:本实验为12味止血中药对脂多糖诱导小鼠巨噬细胞产生NO的抑制作用提供了一定的理论依据。     

11种中药提取物对脂多糖诱导的RAW264.7细胞生成一氧化氮的影响

目的研究11味中药提取物对脂多糖(LPS)诱导巨噬细胞RAW264.7产生一氧化氮(NO)的抑制作用。方法使用MTT法测试样品对RAW264.7的细胞毒作用,Griess法测定样品对LPS刺激RAW264.7细胞产生NO的含量,N-单甲基-L-精氨酸单乙酸酯(L-NMMA)为阳性对照。结果 11味中药甲醇提取物均具有一定的抑制RAW264.7细胞生成NO的作用,其中秦艽、五加皮、独活、雷公藤、仙鹤草提取物的抑制作用最强(IC50在4.3±0.6~14.8±2.6μg·m L-1),且选择指数较高(SI>27)。结论本研究系统评价了11味常用中药提取物对LPS诱导RAW 264.7细胞产生NO的影响,研究结果进一步证实这些中药的抗炎活性。     

红花对活化巨噬细胞产生一氧化氮的影响作用

目的 水提醇沉法对红花进行提取,研究红花提取物对脂多糖(LPS)活化小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7产生一氧化氮(NO)的影响作用,同时测定提取物中的总黄酮含量.方法 ATP-Lite法测定红花对RAW264.7细胞毒性的影响,姜黄素为阳性对照.采用Griess法测定由LPS活化RAW264.7细胞产生NO的含量,阿司匹林为阳性对照.以山奈酚为标准品测定红花提取物中总黄酮的含量.结果 姜黄素对RAW264.7的半数致死浓度为(29.9±4.3)μg/ml.红花提取物在低于125μg/ml时,对RAW264.7细胞的致死率低于5％.在12.5～100 μg/ml的浓度范围内,红花表现出对LPS活化RAW264.7细胞产生NO的抑制作用.以山奈酚计,1 g生药红花中含1.14 mg总黄酮.结论 红花对LPS活化巨噬细胞产生NO具有抑制作用,其作用可能与其所含黄酮类成分有关.     

蟛蜞菊内酯对脂多糖诱导RAW264.7细胞环氧化酶2、NO及TNF-α的影响

目的:研究蟛蜞菊内酯对脂多糖(lipopo-lysaccharide,LPS)诱导RAW264.7巨噬细胞环氧化酶2(COX-2)、NO及TNF-α的作用。方法:ELISA方法检测0.2、2、20μmol/L不同浓度蟛蜞菊内酯对终浓度为10μg/mL LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞产生TNF-α、NO及前列腺素E2(PGE2)的影响,Western blot方法检测蟛蜞菊内酯对LPS诱导COX-2酶蛋白表达的影响。结果:LPS能够明显诱导小鼠RAW264.7细胞产生的COX-2酶蛋白,蟛蜞菊内酯低中高3个浓度均能抑制LPS诱导产生的COX-2酶蛋白表达。PGE2可以被LPS诱导增加,与空白组比有显著差异。蟛蜞菊内酯低中高3个浓度均能抑制LPS诱导产生的PGE2、NO和TNF-α,呈现剂量依赖性。结论:蟛蜞菊内酯抗炎的作用机制可能为抑制COX-2的蛋白表达,进而抑制PGE2的生成,也可能与抑制NO和TNF-α生成有关。     

七叶皂苷精氨酸盐抗炎作用的量效、时效关系及对NO合成的影响

目的研究七叶皂苷精氨酸盐(Aescine-Arginine,ACA)抗炎作用的量效关系及时效关系,并探讨ACA对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的巨噬细胞一氧化氮(NO)合成的影响。方法70只♂小鼠随机分成7组,即生理盐水组、双氯芬酸钠(10mg·kg-1)组、ACA(0.5、1、2、4和8mg·kg-1)组,采用小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性模型,以小鼠腹腔渗出液中伊文思兰的渗出量为指标,观察ACA抗炎作用的量效关系;90只♂小鼠随机分成9组,即生理盐水组、双氯芬酸钠(10mg·kg-1)组及ACA(2mg·kg-1)给药,1、2、4、8、12、16和24h组,采用小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性模型,以小鼠腹腔渗出液中伊文思兰的渗出量为指标,观察ACA抗炎作用的时效关系;用脂多糖(LPS)作为巨噬细胞(RAW264.7)的NO合成诱导剂,加入不同浓度的ACA,培养后取上清液,用Griess试剂测定NO产生量。结果ACA的2,4和8mg·kg-13个剂量皆能明显降低腹腔渗出液中伊文思兰的渗出量,且具有明显的剂量依赖关系;ACA在给药后4,8,12,16和24h能够明显降低腹腔渗出液中伊文思兰的渗出量;LPS在1mg·L-1浓度作用于RAW 264.7细胞,可诱导大量NO合成。ACA对LPS诱导的NO合成有明显的抑制作用,其抑制作用具有明显的量效关系。结论ACA的抗炎作用在4h起效,药效可持续24h,且具有明显的剂量依赖性;ACA降低LPS诱导的炎性因子NO的产生,可能是ACA减轻炎症反应机制之一。     

芒果核仁水提物的体外抗炎作用研究

目的 研究芒果核仁水提物的体外抗炎作用.方法 通过脂多糖(LPS)诱导小鼠RAW264.7巨噬细胞的体外炎症模型,在细胞培养液中加入不同浓度的芒果核仁水提物,采用Griess reaction法检测上清液中NO的浓度.结果 芒果核仁水提物可显著抑制LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞的NO释放,并存在剂量依赖关系.结论 芒果核仁具有良好的体外抗炎作用.     

原花青素对脂多糖诱导RAW2647细胞COX-2酶活性、mRNA及蛋白表达的影响

目的探讨原花青素对脂多糖(LPS)诱导小鼠巨噬细胞株RAW264.7细胞COX-2酶活性及蛋白表达的影响。方法放射免疫法检测COX-2酶活性，RT-PCR检测COX-2 mRNA表达，Western blotting检测COX-2蛋白表达。结果原花青素(0.8，4和20 mg·L^-1)不影响LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞COX-2酶活性，可下调LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞COX-2 mRNA表达；原花青素(4和20 mg·L^-1)下调LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞COX-2蛋白表达。结论原花青素不影响LPS诱导RAW2647细胞COX-2酶活性，但对LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞COX-2 mRNA及蛋白表达抑制作用明显。     

苹果多酚对脂多糖刺激的RAW264.7细胞COX-2/PGE2和iNOS/NO表达的研究

目的 研究苹果多酚(APE)对脂多糖(LPS)诱发的RAW264.7细胞炎症COX-2/PGE2和iNOS/NO表达的抑制作用.方法 采用APE干预LPS刺激的小鼠单核/巨噬细胞RAW264.7,然后用Griess Reagent法和ELISA法检测细胞分泌的一氧化氮(NO)和前列腺素E2(PGE2)的水平,并且采用RT-qPCR和Western blotting技术检测APE对诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和环氧化酶-2(COX-2)水平的影响以及核转录因子(NF-κB)的蛋白表达.结果 APE能显著抑制LPS刺激的RAW264.7细胞中NO、PGE2的含量,下调iNOS及COX-2的表达及NF-κB的磷酸化.结论 APE通过下调NF-κB的活性及iNOS与COX-2表达而发挥抗炎作用.     

双环醇对脂多糖诱导巨噬细胞iNOS蛋白的表达和NF-κB活化的抑制作用

目的炎症是肝炎病毒或其它因素所致的肝损伤的一个共同特征,该文目的系研究抗肝炎新药双环醇对与炎症反应相关分子的调节作用。方法以无毒性浓度双环醇预先与巨噬细胞株RAW264.7和小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞温孵1h后,加入一定量脂多糖(LPS)共同培养适当时间以诱导上述细胞的活化,培养上清中NO2-的含量和TNF-α的水平分别用Griess试剂及L929细胞株生物法测定,用Westernblot方法测定iNOS蛋白的表达和NF-κB的活化。结果双环醇在0.1～0.5mmol.L-1剂量依赖性降低1mg.L-1LPS引起的RAW264.7和小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞NO的释放以及TNF-α的分泌,双环醇0.5mmol.L-1能够明显抑制1mg.L-1LPS引起的iNOS蛋白的表达和NF-κB的活化。结论双环醇对与炎症相关的调控因子iNOS蛋白的表达和NF-     

丹参酮ⅡA体内外抗炎作用研究

目的采用体内外炎症模型研究丹参酮IIA抗炎活性作用及其作用机制。方法建立脂多糖(LPS)诱导巨噬细胞RAW264.7细胞体外炎症模型,检测不同浓度丹参酮IIA对炎症因子水平、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、环氧化酶2(COX-2)蛋白表达及其基因表达的影响。建立二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀和角叉菜胶大鼠足跖肿胀炎症模型,探讨不同浓度丹参酮IIA的体内抗炎作用。结果丹参酮IIA对RAW264.7细胞无明显毒性。与LPS组比较,丹参酮IIA剂量在2.5～40 mg/L呈明显剂量相关性地抑制一氧化氮(NO)、白细胞介素-1?(IL-1?)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)释放(P0.05、0.01)。与LPS组比较,丹参酮IIA呈现剂量相关性地抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞iNOS和COX-2蛋白的表达(P0.01)。与LPS组比较,丹参酮IIA呈剂量相关性地下调LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞中的iNOS、COX-2、IL-1?和IL-6基因表达(P0.05、0.01)。丹参酮IIA在10～60 mg/kg对二甲苯所致小鼠耳廓肿胀有不同程度的抑制作用,对角叉菜胶所致大鼠足跖肿胀有不同程度的抑制作用,并呈剂量相关性(P0.05、0.01),且当丹参酮IIA给药剂量达到40 mg/kg时,其抗炎效果强于阿司匹林。结论丹参酮IIA具有抗炎作用,其作用机制可能与减少巨噬细胞炎症介质生成和释放、炎症基因iNOS、COX-2、IL-1?和IL-6的表达密切相关。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.