异丙酚靶控输注靶浓度与实测浓度的差值分析及系统性能评价

目的 分析靶控输注(TCI)异丙酚靶血浆药物浓度与实测浓度的差值,评价TCI系统性能。方法 61例下腹部择期手术患者,ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级。微机连接佳士比3500微量泵,选用Stelpump软件内嵌Tackley药代动力学参数。恒定靶血浆药物浓度(3μg·ml~(-1)变速输注持续1h,间断采集动脉血持续1.5h。应用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)法测定异丙酚血浆药物浓度。结果 异丙酚输注期间各时点的实测浓度均明显高于靶浓度,停止输注后各时点的实测浓度均明显低于靶浓度(P<0.05)。输注期间TCI系统偏离度(MDPE)为30.02％、精确度(MDAPE)为31.55％、摆动度(wobble)为21.42％、分散度(divergence)为-0.51％/h。停止输注后TCI系统偏离度为19.71％、精确度为21.63％、摆动度为13.29％、分散度为-0.26％/h。结论 国人应用TCI系统输注异丙酚,其靶血浆药物浓度与实测浓度差异明显。系统偏离度和精确度均大于TCI系统性能要求的范围,摆动度偏大。     

两种舒芬太尼靶控输注系统的准确性

目的 评价两种舒芬太尼靶控输注系统的准确性.方法 择期手术患者18例,年龄21～64岁,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,均采用舒芬太尼、异丙酚及维库溴铵行麻醉诱导和维持.随机选择6例患者行体重修正舒芬太尼Gepts药代动力学参数研究,靶控输注舒芬太尼(血浆靶浓度0.8 ng/ml)10 min,输注异丙酚(血浆靶浓度3～4 mg/L),意识消失后静脉注射维库溴铵0.1 mg/kg,靶控输注舒芬太尼(血浆靶浓度0.2～0.8 ng/ml),术毕前30 min停止输注.分别于靶控输注舒芬太尼前、输注舒芬太尼1、3、5、10、20、40、60、90、120和150 min时取桡动脉血3 ml/次,采用ELISA法测定舒芬太尼血药浓度.计算偏离度、准确度,中央室容积(V1)与体重(m)作直线回归分析,并修正药代动力学参数.余12例患者选用上述体重修正后药代动力学参数行临床麻醉,计算舒芬太尼靶控输注系统的偏离度、准确度、分散度、摆动度.结果 采用舒芬太尼Gepts药代动力学参数靶控输注舒芬太尼时,偏离度为16.7%、准确度为42.0%;体重修正后参数为:V1(L)=0.147 m+2.82,K10=0.064 5 min-1、K12=0.108 6 min-1、K21=0.024 5 min-1、K13=0.022 9 min-1、K31=0.001 3 min-1;采用体重修正后药代动力学参数靶控输注舒芬太尼时,偏离度、准确度分别为4.0%、22.3%,较Gepts药代动力学参数靶控输注舒芬太尼时小(P＜0.05),分散度、摆动度分别为-4.4%/h、20.4%.结论 舒芬太尼Gepts药代动力学参数的中央室容积偏大,体重修正后嵌入靶控输注系统,可提高靶控输注的精确度及稳定性,可维持较准确的血药浓度.     

小儿瑞芬太尼靶控输注系统的准确性

目的 评价小儿瑞芬太尼靶控输注(TCI)系统的准确性.方法 择期行五官科或泌尿科手术小儿30例,年龄3～12岁,体重10～40 kg,采用随机数字表法,将患儿随机分为2 ng/ml瑞芬太尼组(Ⅰ组)和4 ng/ml瑞芬太尼组(Ⅱ组),每组15例.Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组采用内嵌Minto药代动力学参数的瑞芬太尼TCI系统输注瑞芬太尼,血浆靶浓度分别为2、4 ng/ml,静脉注射异丙酚2 mg/kg,待患儿意识消失后静脉注射维库溴铵0.1 mg/kg诱导气管插管后行机械通气.两组瑞芬太尼血浆靶浓度维持不变,调节异丙酚输注速率,维持脑电双频谱指数45～65或听觉诱发电位指数＜30,间断静脉注射维库溴铵维持肌松.于TCI瑞芬太尼开始后5、10、20、30、40、50、60 min时抽取桡动脉血样,采用高效液相色谱法测定瑞芬太尼血药浓度,计算TCI系统的偏离度、精确度和摆动度.结果 与血浆靶浓度比较,两组瑞芬太尼实测浓度均升高(P＜0.05);Ⅰ组TCI系统的偏离度、精确度和摆动度分别为20.0%、30.0%和25.0%,Ⅱ组分别为17.5%、17.5%和12.5%,与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组TCI系统的精确度和摆动度降低(P＜0.05),偏离度差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 3～12岁小儿采用内嵌Minto药代动力学参数的TCI系统输注瑞芬太尼时准确性不高.     

小儿异丙酚靶控输注系统准确性的评价

目的建立小儿异丙酚药代学参数的靶控输注(TCI)系统,评价系统的准确性。方法 24例ASA Ⅰ级择期手术小儿,分为2组(n=12),A组:≥3岁且<5岁;B组:≥5岁且<10岁,应用连庆泉等报道的小儿异丙酚药代动力学参数以及Stanpump软件,微机连接Graseby 3500输液泵。恒定血浆靶浓度3μg·ml-1变速输注持续1 h,间断采集动脉血持续1．5 h。用高效液相法测定异丙酚血浆药物浓度,并计算系统的执行误差中位数(MDPE)、不含TCI开始5 min的执行误差中位数(MDPE1)、执行误差绝对值的中位数(MDAPE)、分散度和摆动度。结果两组异丙酚的实测浓度在TCI开始40 min内均高于靶浓度(P<0．05),后渐接近靶浓度,至TCI 50 min时与靶浓度差异无统计学意义。停止 TCI后实测浓度比预测浓度低(P<0．01)。A、B组TCI期间系统的MDPE分别为27％和26％、MDPE1 分别为7％和12％、MDAPE分别为27％和26％、分散度分别为-0．75％·h-1和-0．80％·h-1、摆动度分别为23％和24％,停止TCI后系统的MDPE分别为-30％和-25％,MDAPE分别为30％和25％,摆动度分别为9％和9％,分散度分别为0．31％·h-1和0．38％·h-1。结论本研究中小儿TCI输注系统的偏离性较小,精确度较高且分散度小,能维持稳定的血药浓度,符合临床要求。     

依托咪酯靶控输注时靶浓度与实测血药浓度的差值分析和系统性能评价

目的分析靶控输注(TCI)依托咪酯血浆靶浓度(Cp)0.5μg/ml与实测血浆浓度(Cm)的差异,并评价内嵌Arden药代动力学参数的思路高TCI-Ⅲ型输注系统的性能。方法择期全麻下行颈椎前路或腰椎侧路减压植骨内固定术患者12例,男7例,女5例,年龄19～59岁,BMI 18～29 kg/m~2,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。麻醉诱导前将0.5μg/kg右美托咪定10 min恒速泵注完毕,诱导时先以舒芬太尼0.3μg/kg缓慢地静脉注射,设定依托咪酯血浆靶浓度为0.5μg/ml持续泵注,待意识消失后,静脉注入顺式阿曲库铵0.3 mg/kg,行气管插管。麻醉维持期间依托咪酯血浆靶浓度维持0.5μg/ml恒定不变,同时辅以瑞芬太尼、右美托咪定静脉泵注,维持患者BIS 40～60。于依托咪酯TCI前即刻、TCI后1、3、5、10、20、30、60、90、120 min采集桡动脉血样,采用前期试验已验证的超高效液相色谱串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)法测定血浆依托咪酯浓度。分析计算TCI依托咪酯的系统性能评价指标,包括精确度、偏离度、摆动度和分散度。结果 TCI后1、3、10 min时,依托咪酯Cm均明显低于Cp(P0.05),依托咪酯总体血样Cm为0.42μg/ml,明显低于Cp 16%(P0.05)。输注期间TCI系统的偏离度为-15.9%,精确度为21.9%,摆动度为22.0%,分散度为-0.72%/h。结论 TCI依托咪酯恒定靶血浆浓度(Cp)0.5μg/ml时,内嵌Arden药代动力学参数TCI系统的偏离度和摆动度稍大,但系统分散度小,能维持稳定的血浆浓度,精确度在临床可接受范围内。     

国人应用异丙酚靶控输注系统准确性的评价

目的 评价 Diprifusor-靶控输注(TCI)系统的临床执行情况。方法 择期行腹部手术的患者27例，使用 Diprifusor-TCI 系统 Graseby 3500泵异丙酚 TCI，采用高效液相色谱荧光法检测血浆异丙酚浓度；采用执行误差(PE)的中位数(MDPE)、PE 绝对中位数(MDAPE)、分散度和摆动度作为评价执行情况的指标。结果 MDPE、MDAPE、分散度和摆动度的中位数(最小值～最大值)分别为14.9%(-21.6%～42.9%)，23.3%(6.9%～62.5%)，-1.9%·h~(-1)(-32.7%·h~(-1)～23.0%·h~(-1))和18.9%(4.2%～59.6%)。PE 不随用药时间的改变而增加，但随着靶浓度的增加而增加。结论 所有患者术中麻醉效果满意，系统的偏离性较小，精密度较高且分散度小，但系统的 Wobble 偏大。此输注系统的药物动力学参数用于中国人需要进一步优化。     

下腹部手术老年患者异丙酚靶控输注系统的效能

目的 评估异丙酚靶控输注系统应用于老年患者的可行性。方法 16例拟行下腹部手术的老年患者,ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ级,年龄为65-75岁。靶控输注(以血浆浓度为靶浓度)异丙酚(3μg·ml1)与芬太尼(2 ng·ml-1)。异丙酚靶控输注采用Marsh的药代动力学参数,芬太尼采用Shafer的药代动力学参数。分别于靶控输注异丙酚5、10、15、20、30、45、60、90、120 min,经桡动脉取血,并用反相高效液相色谱-荧光检测法测定异丙酚的血浆浓度。结果 异丙酚靶控输注系统的偏离性为6％,精确度为14％。结论 以Marsh的药代动力学参数设定的异丙酚靶控输注系统可以有效地应用于老年患者的临床麻醉。     

老年患者罗库溴铵靶控输注系统性能评价

目的 探讨我国老年患者行腹腔镜结/直肠癌切除术时罗库溴铵靶控输注的可行浓度,评价罗库溴铵靶控输注系统的性能。方法 择期行腹腔镜直/结肠癌切除术24例,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,年龄65～81岁。全麻后靶控输注罗库溴铵（Szenohradszkay模型）。初始靶浓度设定在1000 ng/ml,并根据肌松监测逐渐递增靶浓度为1300、1600、1900、2200、2500ng/ml,最终靶浓度选择以维持T1最大阻滞在90%～95%。病人入室后及罗库溴铵每一个靶浓度达到稳态和最大药效,准备改变下一个靶浓度前采动脉血1 ml,液-质联用法测定罗库溴铵血药浓度。采用偏离性（bias）、精确度（precision）和摆动度（wobble）评价靶控输注系统准确性。结果2例维持T1最大阻滞在90%～95%的靶浓度为1600 ng/ml,5例为1900ng/ml,9例为2200 ng/ml,8例为2500 ng/ml,偏离性为4.69%,精确度为14.93%,摆动度为17.24%。结论 我国老年患者按Szenohradszkay模型靶控输注罗库溴铵是准确安全的。     

Marsh和Schnider药代动力学参数用于患者异丙酚靶控输注系统准确性的比较

目的 比较Schnider和Marsh药代动力学参数用于患者异丙酚TCI系统的准确性.方法 择期腹腔镜妇科手术患者40例,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄25 ～ 55岁,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为2组(n=20):Marsh药代动力学参数组(M组)和Schnider药代动力学参数组(S组).麻醉诱导:TCI异丙酚(血浆靶浓度4 μg/ml)和瑞芬太尼(血浆靶浓度2 ng/ml),意识消失后静脉注射罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg,气管插管后行机械通气,调节潮气量和通气频率,维持PET CO2 35～ 45 mm Hg.麻醉维持:TCI瑞芬太尼,血浆靶浓度4 ng/ml,调节异丙酚血浆靶浓度3～5 μg/ml,维持BIS值40 ～ 50.分别于气腹建立后15、30、45 min时采集静脉血样,采用高效液相色谱-荧光法检测血浆异丙酚浓度.计算TCI系统的偏离度和精确度.结果 M组TCI系统的偏离度和精确度均为55％,S组TCI系统的偏离度和精确度分别为39％和41％.结论 内嵌Marsh和Schnider药代动力学参数异丙酚TCI系统可用于手术患者,而后者的准确性较前者高,但是仍需要进一步优化.     

急性等容血液稀释对靶控输注异丙酚血药浓度及系统性能的影响

目的探讨急性等容血液稀释对靶控输注（TCI）异丙酚血药浓度及系统性能的影响。方法择期骨科手术患者35例,ASAⅠ级或Ⅱ级,随机分为稀释组（n=17）和对照组（n=18）。稀释组在麻醉诱导插管后,实施急性等容血液稀释,达稀释目标（Hct 0．25～0．27）10 min后,TCI异丙酚;对照组不行血液稀释,直接TCI异丙酚。设定血浆靶浓度3μg/ml,TCI异丙酚60 min,间断采血180 min,用气相色谱-质谱法测定异丙酚血药浓度并评价TCI系统的性能。结果稀释组的实测血药浓度低于对照组40．8％～73．1％（P＜0．05）。稀释组TCI系统偏离度、精确度和摆动度分别为-8．83％、22．98％和22．12％。结论急性等容血液稀释降低了异丙酚TCI的实测血药浓度,优化了TCI的系统性能。     

异丙酚或咪达唑仑复合麻醉下心脏手术患者心肌细胞凋亡及术后早期恢复的比较

Objective To compare the cardiomyocyte apoptosis and early postoperative recovery in patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement under propofol-or midazolam-combined anesthesia.Methods Forty NYHA class Ⅱ or Ⅲ patients (aged 48-64 yr and weighing 45-78 kg) undergoing cardiac valve replacement with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were randomly divided into midazolam group (Group M) and propofol group (Group P) (n=20each). The patients were premedicated with morphine 0.1 mg/kg i.v. and scopolamine 0.3 mg i.v. Anesthesia was induced with midazolam 0.2 mg/kg (in Group M) or propofol 2 mg/kg (in Group P) combined with fentanyl 10 μg/kg and vecuronium 0.1 mg/kg, and maintained with propofol 5 mg. kg-1·h-1 (in Group P) or midazolam 0.1 mg·kg-1·h-1(in Group M) and intermittent i.v. boluses of fentanyl and vecuronium after tracheal intubation. The patients were mechanically ventilated with PETCO2 maintained at 35-45 mm Hg. Myocardial tissues were obtained from the right atrium before and after CPB for determination of apoptosis in cardiomyocytes (by TUNEL). The apoptotic index was calculated. The expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 was determined by immunohistochemical avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) technique staining. The mean airway pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were monitored. Aortic cross-clamping time, surgical and CPB times, spontaneous recovery of normal heart beat, emergence from anesthesia, extubation time and duration of ICU stay were recorded and compared between the two groups.Results The percentage of spontaneous recovery of normal heart beat after release of aortic cross clamp was significantly higher and the need for dobutamine support was significantly less in Group P than in Group M ( P ＜ 0.05). The emergence from anesthesia was significantly more rapid, the extubation time and the ICU stay were significantly shorter in Group P than in Group M (P＜0.05). There were no significant differences in apoptosis index and expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 before CPB between the two groups. The apoptosis index and expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 were significantly increased after CPB in Group M and significantly higher than those after CPB in Group P (P＜0.05).Conclusion Cardiomyocyte apoptosis in patients undergoing CPB can be inhibited and the postoperative recovery is more rapid under propofol-combined anesthesia.     

七氟醚后处理对体外循环下心脏瓣膜置换术患者心肌氧化应激损伤的影响

目的 探讨七氟醚后处理对体外循环下心脏瓣膜置换术患者心肌氧化应激损伤的影响.方法 拟在体外循环下行心脏瓣膜置换术的风湿性心脏病患者30例,年龄30～59岁,体重42～62 kg,射血分数＞55%,ASA分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级,NYHA心功能分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级,采用随机数字表法,将患者随机分为对照组(C组)和七氟醚后处理组(S组),每组15例.S组于主动脉开放即刻经体外循环机给予2%七氟醚15 min,C组不做此项处理.于切皮前即刻(T1)、主动脉开放后30 min(T2)、3 h(T3)和24 h(T4)时取颈内静脉血样,检测血浆MDA浓度.于术前和停机后取左心耳组织,采用Western blot法测定α-谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(α-GST)的表达.结果 与C组比较,S组T2,3时血浆MDA浓度降低,停机后心肌组织α-GST表达上调(P＜0.05).结论 七氟醚后处理可增强体外循环下心脏瓣膜置换术患者抗氧化能力,减轻心肌氧化应激损伤,该作用有助于减轻心肌再灌注损伤.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effect of sevoflurane postconditioning on the myocardial oxidative stress injury in patients undergoing heart valve replacement with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) . Methods Thirty ASA Ⅱ or Ⅲ and NYHA class Ⅱ or ID patients, aged 30-59 yr, weighing 42-62 kg, scheduled for cardiac valve replacement with CPB, were randomly divided into 2 groups ( n = 15 each) : control group (group C) and sevoflurane postconditioning group (group S) . Anesthesia was induced with iv injection of midazolam 0.05-0.08 mg/kg, fentanyl 3-6 μg/kg, vecuronium 0.10-0.15 mg/kg and etomidate 0.1-0.2 mg/kg. The patients were tracheal intu- bated and mechanically ventilated. Anesthesia was maintained with intermittent iv boluses of fentanyl and midazolam and continuous infusion of atracurium and propofol. In group S, 2% sevoflurane was given over 15 min via the cardiopulmonary bypass machine immediately after aortic unclamping. Blood samples from the internal jugular vein were collected immediately before skin incision (T1 ) and at 30 min, 3 h and 24 h after aortic unclamping (T2-4 ) for measurement of the plasma malondialdehyde level. Myocardial tissues were taken from the left auricle before operation and after termination of CPB for determination of α-glutathione-S-transferase expression by Western blot. Results The plasma malondialdehyde concentration was significantly lower at T2, 3, while a-glutathione-S-transferase expression in myocardial tissues higher after termination of CPB in group S than in group C ( P ＜ 0.05) . Conclusion Sevoflurane postconditioning can enhance the antioxidant capacity and attenuate the myocardial oxidative stress injury in patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement with CPB, which may be helpful to reduce myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.     

星状神经节阻滞对CPB心脏瓣膜置换术患者脑损伤的影响

目的 评价星状神经节阻滞(SGB)对CPB心脏瓣膜置换术患者脑损伤的影响.方法 择期CPB心脏瓣膜置换术患者40例,随机分为2组(n=20),SGB组以0.25%罗哌卡因10ml行右侧SGB,C组不行SGB,SGB后10 min进行麻醉诱导.分别于SGB前(基础状态)、CPB 30 min、开放升主动脉后10 min、术后6、24 h时采集左颈内静脉球部血样,测定血浆一氧化氮(N0)、内皮素-1(ET-1)、S-100β蛋白及神经特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)的浓度和一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性.分别于术前1 d、术后1、7 d时进行简易智能评价量表(MMSE)评分.结果 与C组比较,SGB组术中及术后血浆ET-1、S-100β蛋白及NSE的浓度降低;开放升主动脉后10 min时血浆NO浓度升高,术后血浆NO浓度降低;CPB30 min和开放升主动脉后10 min时NOS活性升高;术后1 d时MMSE评分升高(P＜0.05).与基础值比较,C组术中及术后NO/ET-1比值降低(P＜0.05),SGB组NO/ET-1比值差异无统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 SGB可调节CBP心脏瓣膜置换术患者脑循环NO和ET-1浓度,维持NO/ET-1相对平衡,有利于脑组织灌注,从而减轻脑损伤.     

Pharmacokinetic model-driven infusion of sufentanil and midazolam during cardiac surgery: assessment of the prospective predictive accuracy and the quality of anesthesia

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prospective predictive accuracy and the quality of anesthesia of pharmacokinetic model-driven infusion of sufentanil and midazolam designed to establish and maintain a plasma level of drug during cardiac surgery. DESIGN: Prospective analysis. SETTING: Operating room at a university hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty adult patients younger than 75 years old scheduled for valvular or coronary artery bypass graft surgery. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were anesthetized using a variable predicted concentration of sufentanil (1 to 10 ng/mL) combined with a stable predicted concentration of midazolam (100 ng/mL). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: For each patient, arterial samples were taken before (6 samples), during (2 samples), and after (2 samples) cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Plasma sufentanil and midazolam concentrations were measured by specific radioimmunoassay and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques. Predicted sufentanil and midazolam concentrations were derived using the data sets of Gepts et al and Maitre et al. The predictive performance, the percentage prediction error (PE), and the absolute percentage error were calculated for each sample. The bias, inaccuracy, and dispersion were assessed by determining the median of the individual medians of the prediction errors (MDPE), the median of the individual median of the absolute prediction errors (MDAPE), and the 10th and 90th percentiles of PE. For midazolam, the inaccuracy was low (MDAPE < 21%), but CPB was associated with a dilution of the measured concentration associated with a negative bias. For sufentanil, the inaccuracy was also low before CPB (MDAPE = 18%) but increased during and after CPB (MDAPE > 40%). During the whole procedure, the hemodynamic control necessitated only a few interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacokinetic model-driven infusion of sufentanil and midazolam using the pharmacokinetic sets of Gepts et al and Maitre et al is a safe and accurate anesthetic technique before CPB in adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery when high sufentanil (1 to 10 ng/mL) and low midazolam (100 ng/mL) predicted plasma concentrations are targeted.     

舒芬太尼对重症先天性心脏病患儿体外循环后氧代谢的影响

目的 评价舒芬太尼对重症先天性心脏病患儿体外循环(CPB)后氧代谢的影响.方法 择期在CPB下行心脏畸形根治术的重症先天性心脏病患儿34例,ASA Ⅲ级,年龄5～35月,体重5～15 kg,随机分为2组(n=17):芬太尼组(F组)和舒芬太尼组(S组).麻醉诱导:静脉注射咪达唑仑0.2 mg/kg、哌库溴铵0.2 mg/kg,F组静脉注射芬太尼10μg/kg,S组静脉注射舒芬太尼1μg/kg,气管插管后机械通气.麻醉维持:间断静脉注射咪达唑仑0.5～1 mg/kg、哌库溴铵0.2～0.5 mg/kg,F组静脉输注芬太尼20～30μg·kg-1·h-1,S组静脉输注舒芬太尼2～3 μg·kg-1·h-1.于CPB结束后15 min(T1)、术毕(T2)和术后24 h(T3)时,测定心排血量,计算心脏指数(CI),并取肺动脉血样,测定混合静脉血氧含量(C(v)O2);取桡动脉血样测定动脉血氧含量(CaO2),计算氧供指数(DO2I)、氧耗指数(VO2I)和氧摄取率(ERO2).结果 与F组比较,S组T2,3时DO,I和CI升高,各时点ERO2降低(P<0:05),VO2I差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).与T1时比较,F组T2,3时CI降低(P<0.05或0.01),其余指标各时点差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);S组各指标各时点差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 舒芬太尼可改善重症先天性心脏病患儿CPB后机体氧代谢,维持氧供和氧耗平衡,其效果优于芬太尼.     

手术患者内嵌Schnider药代动力参数异丙酚靶控输注系统准确性的评价

目的 评价手术患者内嵌Schnider药代动力参数异丙酚TCI系统的准确性.方法择期腹腔镜下妇科手术患者40例,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄25～45岁,体重指数20～25 kg/m2.麻醉诱导:TCI异丙酚(血浆靶浓度3μg/ml)和瑞芬太尼(血浆靶浓度4 ng/ml),意识消失后静脉注射罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg,气管内插管后行机械通气,调整通气参数,维持PETCO2 30～40mm Hg.麻醉维持:TCI瑞芬太尼(血浆靶浓度4 ng/ml),调节异丙酚血浆靶浓度3～5μg/ml,维持BIS值40～45,间断静脉注射阿曲库铵0.2 mg/kg.于建立气腹后15、30、45、60 min时采集静脉血样,采用高效液相色谱-荧光法测定异丙酚血药浓度,计算TCI系统的执行误差、偏离度、精确度、分散度和摆动度.结果 TCI系统的执行误差为21%(13%),偏离度为6.7%(37.4%),精确度为19%(18%),分散度为-0.65%/h(0.82%/h),摆动度为16.3%(15.2%).结论 手术患者内嵌Schnider药代动力参数异丙酚TCI系统的准确性较高,可满足临床要求.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the predictive performance of propofol target-controlled infusion (TCI) system incorporating the Schnider pharmacokinetic parameters in Chinese patients. Methods Forty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients, aged 25-45 yr, with body mass index 20-25 kg/m2 , scheduled for gynecological laparoscopic surgery un der general anesthesia, were enrolled in this study. Anesthesia was induced with TCI of propofol (target plasma concentration (Cp) 3 μg/ml) and remifentanil (Cp 4 ng/ml) . Propofol was infused by Orchestra TCI system incorporating the Schnider pharmacokinetic parameters. Tracheal intubation was facilitated with rocuronium 0.6 mg/kgafter the patients lost consciousness. The patients were mechanically ventilated. PETCO2 was maintained at 30-40 mm Hg. Anesthesia was maintained with TCI of remifentanil (Cp 4 ng/ml) and propofol (Cp 3-5 μg/ml) and intermittent iv boluses of atracurium 0.2 mg/kg. BIS value was maintained at 40-45. Venous blood samples were obtained at 15, 30, 45 and 60 min after pneumoperitoneum for measurement of blood propofol concentrations by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector. Performance error, median prediction performance error, median absolute performance error, wobble and divergence of propofol TCI system were calculated. Results The value for performance error was 21 % (13%), for median prediction performance error 6.7 % (37.4%),for median absolute performance error 19% (18%), for divergence - 0.65%/h (0.82%/h) and for wobble 16.3% (15.2% ) . Conclusion The accuracy of propofol TCI system incorporating the Schnider pharmacokinetic parameters is high in Chinese patients and its predictive performance is acceptable clinically.     

依托咪酯和异丙酚复合麻醉对腹部手术患者脑氧代谢影响的比较

目的 比较依托咪酯和异丙酚复合麻醉对腹部手术患者脑氧代谢的影响.方法 择期全麻下拟行腹部手术患者36例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机分为异丙酚复合麻醉组(P组)和依托咪酯复合麻醉组(E组),每组18例.两组均静脉注射咪达唑仑0.08 mg/kg、芬太尼3μg/kg、维库溴铵0.1 mg/kg,P组静脉注射异丙酚1.5 mg/kg、E组静脉注射依托咪酯0.3 mg/kg行麻醉诱导,P组静脉输注异丙酚4～6mg·kg-1·h-1、E组静脉输注依托咪酯0.4～0.7 mg·kg-1·h-1,术中均间断注射维库溴铵和芬太尼维持麻醉.分别于麻醉前(T1)、气管插管后即刻(T2)、手术开始30 min(T3)及术毕即刻(T4)时监测HR、MAP和SpO2,抽取桡动脉血和颈内静脉球部血样行血气分析,测定乳酸浓度,计算动脉血氧含量(CaO2)、颈内静脉氧含量(cjvO2)、脑氧摄取率(CERO2).结果 两组HR、MAP和SpO2均在正常范围内.与T1时相比,两组SaO2、SjvO2、PaO2、PjvO2升高,T2-4时Da-jvO2和CERO2降低(P<0.01);两组问比较各时点SaO2、SjrO2、PaO2、PjvO2、CaO2、CjvO2、Da-jvO2、CERO2及乳酸水平差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 依托眯酯和异丙酚复合麻醉均可降低腹部手术患者的脑氧代谢率,且无明显差别.     

小剂量芬太尼对异丙酚抑制患者食管引流型喉罩插管反应半数有效血浆靶浓度的影响

目的 评价小剂量芬太尼对异丙酚抑制患者食管引流型喉罩插管反应半数有效血浆靶浓度(EC50)的影响,以探讨小剂量芬太尼的有效性.方法 择期行妇科腹腔镜手术患者46例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,年龄20～50岁,体重指数≤30 kg/m2,随机分为异丙酚组(P组)和异丙酚-芬太尼组(PF组),每组23例.靶控输注异丙酚行麻醉诱导,PF组和P组初始血浆靶浓度分别为2.5、4.0 μg/ml,当血浆靶浓度与效应室靶浓度达平衡时,静脉注射芬太尼1 μg/kg或等容量生理盐水,注毕3.5 min时置入食管引流型喉罩.采用序贯法进行试验,若上1例有反应,则下1例采用高一级异丙酚血浆靶浓度;若上1例无反应,则下1例采用低一级浓度,P组和PF组异丙酚各相邻血浆靶浓度比值分别为1.2和1.1.发生食管引流型喉罩插管反应的标准:置入食管引流型喉罩时患者出现作呕、呛咳和/或肢体反应.采用概率单位法计算异丙酚抑制食管引流型喉罩插管反应的EC50及其95%可信区间.结果 P组异丙酚抑制喉罩插管反应的EC50及其95%可信区间为4.68(4.20～5.21)μg/ml,PF组异丙酚抑制喉罩插管反应的EC50及其95%可信区间为2.63(2.45～2.83)μg/ml,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 静脉注射芬太尼1μg/kg可增强异丙酚抑制患者食管引流型喉罩插管反应的效应.     

异丙酚对体外循环下心内直视手术患儿脑损伤的影响

目的 评价异丙酚对CPB下心内直视手术患儿脑损伤的影响.方法 择期CPB下行心内直视手术患儿30例,年龄4～10岁,随机分为2组(n=15):对照组(C组)和异丙酚组(P组).麻醉诱导:P组静脉注射舒芬太尼1μg/kg、异丙酚2.5 mg/kg(C组给予咪达唑仑0.2 mg/kg)和哌库溴铵0.1 mg/kg.麻醉维持:吸入1%～2%异氟醚,P组静脉输注1%异丙酚6 mg·kg-1·h-1(C组给予0.05%咪达唑仑0.2 mg·kg-1·h-1)至术毕,CPB开始后静脉注射舒芬太尼1μg/kg和哌库溴铵0.1 mg/kg.于CPB前、CPB 30 min、停CPB时、停CPB后30 min、术毕、停CPB后24 h时采集颈内静脉球部血样,测定血浆8-异前列腺素-2α(8-iso-PGF2α)及S-100β浓度;于CPB前、降温至30 ℃、复温至36 ℃、停CPB时采集桡动脉和颈内静脉球部血样,进行血气分析,测定颈内静脉球血氧饱和度,计算动脉-静脉血氧含量差和脑氧摄取率.结果 与C组比较,P组颈内静脉球部血浆8-iso-PGF2α和S-100β浓度降低,颈内静脉血氧饱和度升高,动脉-静脉血氧含量差和脑氧摄取率降低(P＜0.05).结论 异丙酚可减轻CPB下心内直视手术患儿脑损伤,其机制与降低脑氧代谢率和脂质过氧化反应有关.