2013—2017年江苏省淮河流域地区早诊早治项目肝癌筛查分析

摘 要：［目的］分析2013—2017年江苏省淮河流域地区早诊早治项目肝癌筛查情况。［方法］通过健康影响因素调查表和乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBsAg）检测,对江苏省淮河流域地区35~64岁常住居民进行患癌风险评估,确定肝癌高危对象;对高危对象进行肝脏B超检查以及甲胎蛋白（AFP）检测。［结果］2013—2017年共有105 380名居民接受风险评估,评估出肝癌高危人群20 534人,高危率为19.5%,其中男性12 594人,女性7 940人。完成临床检查17 715人,筛查率为86.3%,其中男性10 369人,女性7 209人。临床筛查阳性病变158例,阳性病变检出率0.9%。确诊肝癌病例46例,肝癌检出率0.3%,其中男性39例,女性7例。早期肝癌28例,早诊率为60.9%。［结论］江苏省淮河流域地区肝癌高危对象的筛查率比较高,但是检出率和早诊率较低,研究结果为肝癌筛查策略的优化提供重要参考依据。     

2011—2021年江苏省淮河流域癌症早诊早治项目肝癌筛查情况分析

[目的]评价2011—2021年度江苏省淮河流域癌症早诊早治项目肝癌筛查情况。[方法]在本研究所覆盖的江苏省盐城市（亭湖区、滨海县、射阳县）、淮安市（洪泽区）,采用整群抽样方法,选取男性35～64岁及女性45～64岁的居民为研究对象,进行问卷调查,对高危人群进行B超和甲胎蛋白（alpha fetoprotein,AFP）检测,收集问卷调查数据及临床筛查数据,分析各地区肝癌早诊早治项目参与情况及筛查结果。[结果]共248 980人参与问卷调查,其中42 357人为高危人群,高危率为17.01%(42 357/248 980),男性高于女性（P<0.05）。高危人群中参与临床筛查28 193人,筛查率为66.56%(28 193/42 357),女性高于男性（P<0.05）。随着年龄的增长,高危率及筛查率增加。在高危且参与临床筛查人群中共检出430例阳性病例,检出率为1.53%(430/28 193);AFP阳性358例,检出率为1.27%(358/28 193);可疑肝癌40例,检出率0.14%(40/28 193);肝癌56例,检出率0.20%(56/28 193)。各项目...     

中山市小榄镇肝癌高危人群筛查依从性及筛查效果分析

  目的  分析广东省中山市小榄镇肝癌高危人群筛查依从性和队列人群后续肝癌患者发病情况。  方法  筛查方案参照《中国癌症筛查及早诊早治技术方案（2011年版）进行》，2012年开始对中山市小榄镇进行肝癌筛查，对ELISA法检测发现的乙肝表面抗原（hepatitis B virus surface antigen，HBsAg）阳性者，采用甲胎蛋白（alpha-fetorprotein，AFP）联合超声检查的方法开展每年两次的诊断性筛查。对肝癌高危人群进行随访，随访截至2017年12月31日。统计学分析肺癌的发病率及人群筛选依从性。  结果  初筛队列19 386人，检出HBsAg阳性者2 882人，阳性率14.9%。剔除初筛时发现的13例肝癌，实际随访高危人群2 869人。2014~2017年对肝癌高危人群连续4年进行随访，AFP检测依从性（58.9%）显著高于B超检查（57.2%）依从性（P < 0.01）。AFP检测和B超检查上半年依从性分别为62.8%和62.2%，下半年依从性分别为55.0%和52.1%，上半年依从性均显著高于下半年（P < 0.01）。整体女性筛查依从性高于男性；35~54岁男性随访依从性最低。筛查队列中HBsAg阳性人群肝癌发病率为363.5/105，显著高于HBsAg阴性人群肝癌发病率20.9/105（P < 0.05），而两组人群肝癌早诊率差异无统计学意义（57.9% vs.47.4%，P>0.05）。B超高依从组和HBsAg阳性组中肝癌患者生存率分别高于低依从组和HBsAg阴性组（P < 0.05）。  结论  筛查队列依从性和高危人群肝癌早诊率低。队列中B超检查依从性高的肝癌生存率相对较好。提高HBsAg阳性人群筛查依从性，是提高肝癌早诊率及生存率的重要途径之一。      

2017—2019年广东省深圳市城市居民

摘 要：［目的］分析2017—2019年广东省深圳市城市癌症早诊早治项目中肝癌高危评估与筛查情况。［方法］ 按照深圳市城市癌症早诊早治中肝癌筛查流程,选定社区年龄40~74岁的当地居民,问卷调查之后采用国家统一评估模型评估出高危人群,进一步通过肝脏B超+甲胎蛋白（alpha fetoprotein,AFP）检测,发现早期肝脏病变。［结果］ 2017—2019年度,深圳市城市癌症早诊早治项目共计36 457人完成危险因素问卷调查,评估出肝癌高危人群7038人,高风险率为19.30%（7038/36457）。男性肝癌高风险率（21.62%,3269/15117）显著高于女性（17.66%,3769/21340）（χ2=89.209,P<0.001）。3762人完成临床筛查,筛查率为53.45%（3762/7038）。经肝脏B超+AFP检测,共检出AFP阳性9例（检出率为0.24%,9/3762）,肝硬化31例（检出率为0.82%,31/3762）,肝占位33例（检出率为0.88%,33/3762）,可疑肝癌2例（检出率为0.05%,2/3762）。［结论］通过问卷调查评估出高危人群后,采用肝脏B超结合AFP检测的筛查手段能够有效检出肝癌及癌前病变。     

2014—2019年广西城市癌症早诊早治项目肝癌筛查和随访结果分析

摘 要：［目的］分析2014—2019年广西城市癌症早诊早治项目肝癌高危评估、临床筛查和随访结果。［方法］ 2014年11月至2019年5月,按照《城市癌症早诊早治项目技术方案》,对广西南宁市西乡塘区、青秀区和兴宁区40～74岁城市居民开展防癌风险评估问卷调查和高危人群评估。评估出的肝癌高危人群免费接受肝癌临床筛查,包括血清乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)、甲胎蛋白(AFP)检测和腹部超声检查。主动随访和被动随访结合,与所在地肿瘤登记数据库和全人口死因监测数据库进行匹配,获得自2014年11月至2019年10月项目所有参与人群累积肝癌发病信息。分析评估对象年龄和性别构成、筛查参与率、肝癌高危率、各年度筛查阳性病变检出率;以性别、年龄、参加肝癌筛查与否分层,比较肝癌高危和非高危组肝癌发生比率。［结果］ 完成防癌风险问卷评估180 407人,40～50岁年龄段人群居多,占比39.02%(70394/180407);女性占比55.46%（100061/180407）;肝癌高危率26.95%（48623/180407）。肝癌高危人群筛查12834人次,筛查参与率7.11%（12834/180407）。HBsAg阳性1250人次（9.74%,1250/12834）,AFP阳性135人次（1.05%,135/12834）,肝硬化68例（0.53%,68/12834）,肝占位229例（1.78%,229/12834）,疑似肝癌5例（0.04%,5/12834）。随访发现参与问卷评估人群发生肝癌113例,其中肝癌高危组17例（0.03%,17/48623）,非肝癌高危组96例（0.07%,96/131784）。非肝癌高危组的肝癌发生比率高于高危组,差异有统计学意义（χ2=8.143,P=0.004）。肝癌高危评估预测模型敏感性15.04%,特异性73.04%。［结论］ 城市癌症早诊早治项目癌症高危风险评估预测模型对发现肝癌高风险人群有一定作用,结合血清HBsAg检测综合判定可精确定位肝癌高风险人群。     

宫颈癌早诊早治农村示范基地研究报告

[目的]通过对9176名妇女采用醋酸或碘染色肉眼筛查方法（VIA/VILI）筛查宫颈癌的早诊早治结果分析,评价在农村高发区宫颈癌采用该筛查方式推广应用的可行性。[方法]以山西省襄垣县30～59岁的妇女作为研究对象进行以自然人群为基础的宫颈癌筛查,用醋酸染色后肉眼观察（VIA）和碘染色后肉眼观察（VILI）进行宫颈检查,VIA或VILI阳性者进行阴道镜检查,阴道镜异常者在病变处取活检进行病理学诊断。采用同样方法对该人群连续复查两年。[结果]首次筛查人群参与率为73.92%,二次复查率为84.3%。2005年首次筛查了1287例妇女,最终经病理确诊的CINⅠ10例、CINⅡ9例、CINⅢ13例、宫颈癌3例。该方法与已往该地区采用液基细胞学和HPV检测联合筛查方法相比较,CINⅡ和≥CINⅢ病变的检出率略低,但差异无统计学意义。连续两年复查出5例CINⅠ,3例CINⅡ,1例CINⅢ。2006～2008年共筛查7889例,首次筛查最终病理确诊116例CINⅠ,36例CINⅡ,35例CINⅢ,4例早期浸润癌,浸润性鳞癌5例。第二次复查,经病理确诊75例CINⅠ,24例CINⅡ,15例CINⅢ,1例早期浸润癌。[结论]在资源有限．经济不发达的农村地区．用VIA／VILI方法对宫颈癌及其癌前病变的筛查是可行的．建议进一步在农村地区进行推广。     

乙型肝炎病毒感染相关原发性肝癌患者240例临床特点分析

目的探讨乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）感染相关原发性肝癌的临床特征。方法对240例HBV感染相关原发性肝癌患者的临床资料进行回顾研究。结果240例中,男216例,女24例,年龄21—76岁,平均52岁。有慢性乙型肝炎病史者173例（72．1％）,伴肝硬化者209例（87．1％）,首发症状以肝区疼痛为多,共110例（45．8％）,甲胎蛋白（AFP）升高172例（71．7％）,碱性磷酸酶（ALP）升高175例（72．9％）,谷氨酸转肽酶（GGT）升高217例（90．4％）,HBsAg、HBeAb、HBcAb阳性者113例（47．1％）,HBsAg及HBcAb阳性者87例（36．3％）,HBsAg、HBeAg及HBcAb阳性者28例（11．7％）,HBVDNA阳性者169例（70．4％）。肝癌位于肝右叶者158例（65．8％）。结论有乙型肝炎病史,特别是有肝硬化病史患者,若AFP、AIJP、GGT升高,可能提示肝癌发生,应定期行腹部B型超声、CT或磁共振成像（MRI）检查,以期早期发现肝癌。应重视HBsAg及HBcAb阳性患者的定期随访,HBV复制仍是肝癌的主要致病因素。     

启东肝癌筛检研究的回顾与进展

肝癌的普查筛检在70年代初就已提出，并在肿癌高发区进行了大规模的实践，但肝癌的普查筛检的效果尚未得到证实。80年代末以来，选择肝癌病危险人群进行周期性的筛检以此来促进肝癌的早期发现、早期诊断与早期治疗（“三早”）研究，已取得了较大的进展，同时也使人们对肝癌筛检的意义有了新的认识。一、背景启东肝癌的筛检研究，大致经历了三个阶段：70年代初经80年代初为第一阶段。采用灵敏的甲胎蛋白（AFP）检测方法，在启东自然人群中检测AFP200多万人次，其中普查近180万人次，检出肝癌1000多例，其中早期（1期）病例达到35％。当时…     

2012—2020年重庆城市居民肝癌筛查结果分析

摘 要：［目的］ 分析2012—2020年重庆城市居民肝癌筛查结果，为肝癌防治工作提供依据和建议。［方法］ 动员重庆市40～74岁城市户籍居民自愿参加肝癌危险因素调查和肝癌风险评估，并对评估出的肝癌高危人群联合应用血清甲胎蛋白（AFP）检测和腹部超声检查，分析城市居民肝癌高危率、筛查参与率和肝病变检出率。［结果］ 本研究期间共完成问卷调查和高危人群评估352 005人，评估出肝癌高危人群41 800人（高危率11.87%），完成肝癌筛查19 957人（筛查参与率47.74%），检出疑似肝癌8例（检出率0.04%）、肝占位性病变199例（1.00%）、肝硬化92例（0.46%）、AFP阳性286例（1.43%）、脂肪肝5 267例（26.39%）。男性肝占位性病变（1.18%）、肝硬化（0.71%）和脂肪肝（30.92%）检出率显著高于女性（0.86%、0.28%和23.07%）；70～74岁组疑似肝癌检出率最高（0.41%）。［结论］ 采用AFP检测结合腹部超声检查的筛查手段，有助于及时了解居民肝脏健康状况，早期发现病变。此外，应努力提高居民肝癌筛查参与率，提升项目点县(市、区)的组织、宣传和服务能力，以提高筛查效益。     

食管癌筛查和早诊早治的实践与经验

[目的]报告在高发区居民中食管癌筛查和早诊早治的效果和经验。[方法]分析2006—2008年在6个省中的8个县（市）居民中,开展食管癌筛查和早诊早治的资料。总结工作中的效果和经验。[结果]3年内镜检查共39221人,发现食管癌600例,检出率为1．53％。其中早期食管癌515例,早诊率85．83％。同时,发现胃贲门癌413例,检出率为1．05％。其中,早期贲门癌336例,贲门癌的早诊率81.36％。[结论]食管癌内镜筛查可发现大批早期癌和癌前病变,现阶段作为食管癌防治措施是可行的和有效的。     

Trends in Breast Cancer Mortality, Incidence, and Survival, and Mammographic screening in Tuscany, Italy

Objective: The study describes breast cancer mortality trends in Tuscany (period 1970–97), comparing Florence with the rest of Tuscany (Florence excluded), and, for Florence, incidence (period 1985–94) and survival (1985–86 versus 1991–92) trends, taking into account the diffusion of screening. Methods: Mortality and incidence rates, age-adjusted on the European population, and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Five-year relative survival rates and estimates of risk of dying provided by the Cox model. Results: Mammographic screening, started at the beginning of the 1970s in some municipalities, largely involved the Florence area after 1990 (mammograms/years: from 8000–9000 to 28,000–29,000, respectively, before and after 1990). In the same period no population-based screenings were ongoing in the rest of Tuscany. A significant mortality drop was observed in Tuscany (–3.7%/year), starting at the beginning of the 1990s and observed for ages 74 (especially ages 40–49: –11.2%/year). The drop was similar in Florence and in the rest of Tuscany. In ages 50–69, incidence, increasing between 1985–87 and 1988–90 (+6.5%), rose sharply in 1991–94 (+17.0%); it was stable in other ages. Local disease increased more markedly in ages 50–69 (globally: +88.3%), but also in other ages (+20–30%). Regional and metastatic cancers decreased. A significantly better 5-year survival was observed among cases diagnosed in 1991–92, persisting after adjustment by extent of disease. Conclusion: Even if the causes of breast cancer mortality trends are not easy to clarify in an observational study, our data suggest that the drop in mortality observed in Tuscany at the beginning of the 1990s could be largely explained by both earlier detection, outside of an organized screening program, and by better treatments. The increase in incidence and the shift in stage distribution that occurred before the enlargement of the screening area and in age groups not involved in the program, supports the role of a `spontaneous' widespread earlier detection. The better survival of the period 1991–92, only partly explained by the shift in stage at diagnosis, indirectly supports the role of improvement in therapy.     

Etoposide, dexamethasone, cytarabine, and cisplatin in vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone-refractory myeloma

Based on remarkable activity in refractory lymphomas, a combination of etoposide, cisplatin (both administered by 4-day continuous infusions), cytarabine (Ara-C), and dexamethasone (EDAP) was evaluated in 20 patients with advanced myeloma refractory to standard melphalan and prednisone (MP) and/or vincristine, Adriamycin (doxorubicin; Adria Laboratories, Columbus, OH), and dexamethasone (VAD) and even to high doses of melphalan (HDM) (seven patients). Forty percent of patients responded regardless of previously recognized risk factors (eg, duration of drug resistance, tumor mass, and serum lactic dehydrogenase [LDH] level). While the median survival was only 4.5 months, patients with good performance (Zubrod less than 2) and low or intermediate tumor stage survived more than 14 months compared with only 2 months for the remaining group. EDAP could be readily administered in the outpatient clinic, but neutropenic fever prompted hospital admission in 80% of patients, half of whom developed penumonia and sepsis, a fatal outcome in four patients. Severe myelosuppression was of short duration, so that subsequent cycles could be administered every 3 to 4 weeks. No serious extramedullary toxicity, including renal toxicity, was encountered. Marrow toxicity and hence infectious complications may be reduced by elimination of Ara-C without compromising treatment efficacy. We conclude that the lack of cross-resistance with VAD and even HDM makes EDAP or a similar combination an attractive regiment to be formally explored in an alternating sequence with VAD in high-risk myeloma.     

Mate drinking, alcohol, tobacco, diet, and esophageal cancer in Uruguay

A case-control study was conducted in Uruguay to investigate the role of mate drinking, alcohol, tobacco, and certain dietary factors in the etiology of esophageal cancer. The study included 261 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus and 522 hospital controls matched by sex and age. A strong association with a clear dose-response relationship was observed with the amount of mate drunk daily and duration of the habit. The relative risk for those drinking over 2.5 liters of mate per day was 12.2 (95% confidence interval, 3.8-39.6) after adjusting for the effects of age, area of residence, alcohol, and tobacco. Strong associations were also observed with tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking which appear to act in a multiplicative way. The relative risk for those who smoke and drink heavily compared to that of light smokers and drinkers was 22.6. The risk associated with black tobacco was about three times higher than that associated with blond tobacco. A clear protective effect was found for the consumption of fruits and vegetables but a dose-response relationship was present only for fruits. Finally, an increased risk was also found for those eating barbecued meat daily.     

Trends in cancer incidence in esophagus, stomach, colon, rectum and liver in males in India.

Time trends in cancers of the esophagus, stomach, colon, rectum and liver cancers among the male population in five Indian urban population based cancer registries (Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, and Bhopal) were examined over the period of the last two decades. The model applied fits data to the logarithm of Y=ABx. This Linear Regression method showed decreasing trends in age-adjusted incidence rates for cancers of the stomach and esophagus, especially in Bjopal, and increasing trends for colon and rectum and liver, throughout the entire period of observation in most of the registries. The five cancers together constitute more than 80% of the total gastro intestinal cancers and are serious diseases in both sexes. To understand the etiology of these cancers in depth, analytic epidemiological studies should be planned in the near future on a priority basis.     

Socio-demographic variation in stage at diagnosis of breast,bladder, colon,endometrial, lung,melanoma, prostate,rectal, renal and ovarian cancer in England and its population impact

Background Stage at diagnosis strongly predicts cancer survival and understanding related inequalities could guide interventions.Methods We analysed incident cases diagnosed with 10 solid tumours included in the UK government target of 75% of patients diagnosed in TNM stage I/II by 2028. We examined socio-demographic differences in diagnosis at stage III/IV vs. I/II. Multiple imputation was used for missing stage at diagnosis (9% of tumours).Results Of the 202,001 cases, 57% were diagnosed in stage I/II (an absolute 18% ‘gap’ from the 75% target). The likelihood of diagnosis at stage III/IV increased in older age, though variably by cancer site, being strongest for prostate and endometrial cancer. Increasing level of deprivation was associated with advanced stage at diagnosis for all sites except lung and renal cancer. There were, inconsistent in direction, sex inequalities for four cancers. Eliminating socio-demographic inequalities would translate to 61% of patients with the 10 studied cancers being diagnosed at stage I/II, reducing the gap from target to 14%.Conclusions Potential elimination of socio-demographic inequalities in stage at diagnosis would make a substantial, though partial, contribution to achieving stage shift targets. Earlier diagnosis strategies should additionally focus on the whole population and not only the high-risk socio-demographic groups.Subject terms: Oncology, Health policy