用SPSS实现R×2表多重比较

目的针对医学研究中常见的R×2表经χ^2检验后无法直接用SPSS实现各组多重比较的问题,给予用SPSS统计软件具体解决方案。方法根据杜养志提出的R×2表分割成非独立的2×2表的方法及其提出的χ^2显著界值表,在SPSS中实现R×2表的多重比较。结果本文提供了用SPSS软件实现R×2表多重比较的详细过程,所得结果与其他软件计算结果一致。结论根据不同的样本组数调整参数,可轻松、正确地完成此类数据的分析工作。     

SPSS医学统计实用教学光盘发行

主讲软件使用,从数据录入,统计使用,计算过程,到获得结果;结构实例,专题教学;专职教师主讲,实践基础上推出;视频授课,操作自如,收效理想。适合临床医生和科研人员使用,有助您应用世界一流统计软件,提高工作质量。光盘共2CD,六讲,5小时25分,详尽教材。第一讲SPSS for Windows概述、数据计量资料统计描述和统计推断(平均计数资料统计推断(卡方检验));第二讲计量资料统计描述和统计推断(平均数和标准差以及t检验、方差分析);第三讲计数资料统计推断(卡方检验);第四步非参数检验(秩和检验);第五讲相关回归和生存分析;第六讲(上、下)SPSS实…     

本刊对统计学方法的要求

统计分析方法一栏要包含：（1）所使用的统计软件名称;（2）所采用的统计分析方法;（3）数据描述的指标;（4）检验水准。举例：所有数据均用SPSS统计软件包处理,计算结果以均数±标准差（x±s）表示,计数资料用χ2检验,计量资料治疗前后比较用配对t检验,两组比较用两样本均数比较t检验,P〈0.05为差异有统计学意义。     

本刊对统计学方法的要求

应写明所使用的统计软件名称、所采用的统计分析方法；数据描述的指标；检验水准。举例：所有数据均用SPSS统计软件包处理，计算结果以均数±标准差（x±s）表示，计数资料用x2检验，计量资料治疗前后比较用配对t检验，两组比较用两样本均数比较t检验，以P〈0．05为差异有统计学意义。摘要及文内应告知研究设计的名称和主要方法。     

本刊对统计学方法的要求

应写明所使用的统计软件名称、所采用的统计分析方法；数据描述的指标；检验水准。举例：所有数据均用SPSS统计软件包处理，计算结果以均数±标准差（x±s）表示，计数资料用χ2检验，计量资料治疗前后比较用配对t检验，两组比较用两样本均数比较t检验，以P〈0．05为差异有统计学意义。摘要及文内应告知研究设计的名称和主要方法。     

SPSS软件调用R软件实现诊断准确性试验Meta分析

SPSS软件是一种基于编程与非编程一体且具有数据处理与图形绘制等强大功能的统计软件,简单的操作、便捷的数据加载、简洁的数据处理与图形绘制等特点使其广受科研统计者们的青睐。而SPSS软件在作诊断准确性试验(DTA)Meta分析时却不完美,此时往往调用R软件,从而充分地结合了SPSS的专业集成、便捷使用和R软件的灵活易扩展、绘图丰富的各自优势。本文主要以实例展示通过调用R软件来拓展SPSS的计算分析和绘图演示的功能实现DTA Meta分析的方式和过程。     

用SPSS软件计算鼠疫菌半数致死量（LD_50）

目的应用SPSS21．0软件进行鼠疫菌半数致死量（LD_50）的计算。方法将鼠疫菌测毒数据输入SPSS21．0软件进行分析计算。结果用SPSS21．0进行秩和检验得出SPSS21．0计算鼠疫菌LD_50与改良寇氏法计算鼠疫菌LD_50结果差异无统计学意义,用SPSS21．0计算鼠疫菌LD_50的方法,可同时计算出LD_50的95％置信区间（CI）和接种菌量的95％置信区间（CI）。结论SPSS21．0软件可用于鼠疫菌半数致死量（LD_50）的计算,该方法具有简单、快速、直观和方便的特点。     

目测和定量冠状动脉造影分析软件评估冠状动脉狭窄的比较

目的比较术者目测与定量冠状动脉造影(QCA)分析软件评估冠状动脉狭窄程度的相关性及一致性。方法回顾性分析2016年6月至2017年1月解放军总医院心血管内科冠状动脉CT造影(CCTA)检查后至少有1处病变≥50%并同期(1周)行冠状动脉造影(CAG)检查的101例冠心病患者资料,根据每例患者CAG报告中所提及病变部位,应用2D-QCA软件进行分析,比较术者目测和QCA软件评估冠状动脉狭窄是否一致。应用SPSS 17.0统计软件对数据进行处理。相关分析采用Pearson线性相关分析,一致性检验采用Kappa检验及Bland-Altman分析法。结果 101例患者共164支靶病变,其中左前降支病变50.6%(83/164),左回旋支病变18.9%(31/164),右冠状动脉病变30.5%(50/164)。Pearson线性相关分析结果表明目测与QCA呈正相关(r=0.745,P0.01),相关关系明显。Kappa一致性检验得出Kappa值为0.453,表明目测与QCA对冠状动脉狭窄程度的评估一致性一般。Bland-Altman分析表明4.9%(8/164)评估超过了一致性界限,一致性欠佳。结论术者目测评估冠状动脉狭窄程度与QCA软件有较好的相关性但一致性欠佳。     

2010年登封市布鲁氏杆菌病流行特点及分析

目的分析2010年河南省登封市布鲁氏杆菌病的流行特点,为防治提供科学依据。方法收集2010年患者个案资料,利用SPSS 13.0软件对检测数据进行统计、分析。结果 2010年确诊病例56例,发病人群主要为农民,病例集中在4～6月。结论河南省登封市布病疫情呈上升趋势,局部地区存在暴发流行的可能性。     

统计学方法的正确使用问题(一)

正1.忽略统计学方法使用的前提条件随着统计软件的广泛应用,有些医学生获得数据后直接选择软件中常见的几种统计学方法进行分析,完全不考虑本研究的数据是否满足该方法的使用条件。例如,医学研究中经常要进行两组或多组间均数的比较,有些医学生直接就采用t检验或方差分析进行统计。实际上,t检验和方差分析都是参数检验,需要满足前提条件:正态性和方差齐性。正态性是指各组资料要服从正态分布(或近似正态分布);方差齐性指各组资料取自的总体方差相等。目前常用的统计软件都可以对资料的正态     

An introduction to medical statistics for health care professionals: basic statistical tests

This article, the third and final article in the series, aims to give health care professionals (HCPs) a sound and helpful introduction to medical statistics (Thomas, 2004, 2005). A brief summary of the content of the previous articles is given in Table 1. The current article will cover the area of basic statistical tests with the aim of guiding HCPs to the correct test for a particular research question and dataset. The article will not go into great depth of the formal methods of calculation required for all the tests covered but I would suggest that the reader refer to standard textbooks (Jordan et al., 1998; Swinscow, 1998; Altman, 1994; Bland, 2000), the help sections of statistical packages (SPSS or Stata), or consult a statistician. For ease of reference within the article the tests have been grouped by the data type, i.e. numerical or categorical. Further separation within each data type has been carried out depending on the number of groups being compared, whether the groups are independent, the size of the sample, and, in the case of numerical data, the distribution of the variable. For quick reference, two other tables are also presented which summarize which analysis methods should be used in each situation.     

Factors associated with past research participation among low-income persons living with HIV

We described influences on past research participation among low-income persons living with HIV (PLWH) and examined whether such influences differed by study type. We analyzed a convenience sample of individuals from a large, urban clinic specializing in treating low-income PLWH. Using a computer-assisted survey, we elicited perceptions of research and participating in research, barriers, benefits, "trigger" influences, and self-efficacy in participating in research. Of 193 participants, we excluded 14 who did not identify any type of study participation, and 17 who identified "other" as study type, resulting in 162 cases for analysis. We compared results among four groups (i.e., 6 comparisons): past medical participants (n=36, 22%), past behavioral participants (n=49, 30%), individuals with no past research participation (n=52, 32%), and persons who had participated in both medical and behavioral studies (n=25, 15%). Data were analyzed using chi-square tests for categorical variables and ANOVA for continuous variables. We employed a multinomial probit (MNP) model to examine the association of multiple factors with the outcome. Confidence in ability to keep appointments, and worry about being a 'guinea pig' showed statistical differences in bivariate analyses. The MNP regression analysis showed differences between and across all 6 comparison groups. Fewer differences were seen across groupings of medical participants, behavioral participants, and those with no past research experience, than in comparisons with the medical-behavioral group. In the MNP regression model 'age' and level of certainty regarding 'keeping yourself from being a guinea pig' showed significant differences between past medical participants and past behavioral participants.     

Representation of medical drugs and factors involved in their consumption in the elderly

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a research on the relationship that an aging person establishes with medical drugs. From data on the social perception of elderly people about health and medication, we have constructed a questionnaire which has been submitted to a sample of 94 elderly persons aged from 64 to 89 years. The factorial analysis brought into perspective five dimensions related to medication: social, dependency, normative, coping, feelings of security. Crossing these dimensions with the socio-demographic and medical variables allowed to identify some decisive factors for medical drug consumption. The results of the research show the complexity of medical drug consumption which is influenced by multiple variables. Furthermore the perception of medical drugs remains somewhat ambiguous; it is sometimes perceived as remedy and sometimes as poison. It is no longer considered a decisive factor for good health while aging.     

Bone Quality Assessment Techniques: Geometric,Compositional, and Mechanical Characterization from Macroscale to Nanoscale

This review presents an overview of the characterization techniques available to experimentally evaluate bone quality, defined as the geometric and material factors that contribute to fracture resistance independently of areal bone mineral density (aBMD) assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The methods available for characterization of the geometric, compositional, and mechanical properties of bone across multiple length scales are summarized, along with their outcomes and their advantages and disadvantages. Examples of how each technique is used are discussed, as well as practical concerns such as sample preparation and whether or not each testing method is destructive. Techniques that can be used in vivo and those that have been recently improved or developed are emphasized, including high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography to evaluate geometric properties and reference point indentation to evaluate material properties. Because no single method can completely characterize bone quality, we provide a framework for how multiple characterization methods can be used together to generate a more comprehensive analysis of bone quality to complement aBMD in fracture risk assessment.     

成人革兰阴性杆菌社区获得性肺炎危险因素分析

目的研究成人革兰阴性杆菌社区获得性肺炎(CAP)的临床特征及危险因素,为正确诊断革兰阴性杆菌CAP和合理应用抗菌药物提供理论依据。方法收集2003年9月～2009年9月间的CAP患者共552例。收集病人发病时的临床资料,取患者痰标本进行常规细菌培养,应用SPSS12.0对CAP危险因素进行单因素和多因素Logistic分析。结果 CAP患者中革兰阴性杆菌感染57例,占10.3%(57/552);单因素分析筛选出年龄≥65岁、合并支气管扩张、合并心衰、合并神经系统疾病、3月内应用抗菌药、呼吸频率28次/min、中性粒细胞≥90%、BUN升高、PORT评分≥Ⅳ级等9个革兰阴性杆菌CAP可能危险因素。多因素分析筛选出合并支气管扩张症、合并神经系统疾病、呼吸频率28次/min、中性粒细胞≥90%、3月内应用抗菌药等5个变量,可视为革兰阴性杆菌CAP的独立危险因素。结论革兰阴性杆菌感染在CAP占有一定比例,合并支气管扩张症、合并神经系统疾病、呼吸频率28次/min、中性粒细胞≥90%、3月内应用抗菌药是革兰阴性杆菌CAP的独立危险因素。     

Survival analysis in hematologic malignancies: recommendations for clinicians

The widespread availability of statistical packages has undoubtedly helped hematologists worldwide in the analysis of their data, but has also led to the inappropriate use of statistical methods. In this article, we review some basic concepts of survival analysis and also make recommendations about how and when to perform each particular test using SPSS, Stata and R. In particular, we describe a simple way of defining cut-off points for continuous variables and the appropriate and inappropriate uses of the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazard regression models. We also provide practical advice on how to check the proportional hazards assumption and briefly review the role of relative survival and multiple imputation.     

Continuing evolution of statistical tests in medical research

The role of statistics in medical research starts at the planning stage of a clinical trial or laboratory experiment to establish the design and size of an experiment that will ensure a good prospect of detecting effects of clinical or scientific interest. Statistics is again used during data analysis (sample data) to make inferences valid in a wider population. In simple situations, computation of simple quantities such as P-values, confidence intervals, standard deviations, standard errors or application of some standard parametric or nonparametric tests may suffice. Moreover, despite the wide use of statistics in medical research, simple notions are sometimes misunderstood or misinterpreted by medical research workers, who have only a limited knowledge of statistics. This article, written for non-statisticians, is to explain what are the most common statistical tests used today in the field of medical research, tracing the evolution of statistical tests over time, in particular the introduction of nonparametric methods and, more recently, the NonParametric Combination (NPC) methodology. At the same time, this work seeks to identify some of the errors associated with their use, that often lead to an incorrect assessment and interpretation of results of medical research.