胰岛素强化治疗ICU危重病患者应激性高血糖疗效分析

目的探讨重症监护病房（ICU）危重症合并应激性高血糖患者应用胰岛索强化治疗的临床疗效。方法对160例合并应激性高血糖的ICU危重症患者分为胰岛素强化治疗组和常规治疗组,以不同的胰岛素泵人速度控制血糖,比较两组效果。结果胰岛素强化治疗组患者的人住ICU时间、呼吸机待机时间、MOF发生率、病死率均低于常规治疗组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;常规治疗组的低血糖的发生率低于强化治疗组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论对于ICU危重病患者给予胰岛素强化治疗,将血糖控制在4．4～6．1mmol／L可改善预后,降低并发症发生率及病死率。但同时也增加了低血糖的发生率。     

危重病患者应激性高血糖的胰岛素强化治疗

目的:观察ICU危重病患者应激性高血糖胰岛素强化治疗的临床疗效.方法:110例ICU病房的危重病患者随机分为胰岛素强化治疗组(n=55)和对照组(n=55),强化治疗组血糖控制在4.4～6.1 mmol/L,对照组血糖控制在10.0～11.1 mmol/L,观察两组患者ICU住院天数、需机械通气例数、机械通气天数、院内感染发生率、抗生素应用天数、ICU最后1 d APACHEⅡ评分、低血糖发生率、多器官功能衰竭发生率、病死率等.结果:治疗组ICU住院天数、需机械通气例数,机械通气天数、院内感染发生率、抗生素应用天数、ICU最后1 d APACHEⅡ评分、多器官功能衰竭发生率、病死率均明显低于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01),低血糖发生率则高于对照组(P<0.05).结论:危重病患者应激性高血糖胰岛素强化治疗,控制血糖在4.4～6.1 mmol/L水平,可改善临床疗效、降低病死率.     

老年危重病患者应激性高血糖的强化胰岛素治疗

目的探讨早期强化胰岛素治疗老年危重病患者应激性高血糖的临床疗效。方法70例发生应激性高血糖(血糖持续>12mmol/L)的老年(>65岁)危重病患者,APACHEⅡ评分平均为(17.2±3.8)分,随机分为强化胰岛素治疗组与常规胰岛素治疗组各35例。强化组血糖控制在4.4～7.8mmol/L;常规组血糖控制在10.0～12.0mmol/L,两组其余临床治疗相同。监测血清C反应蛋白水平变化、泵入胰岛素天数、入住ICU天数、院内感染发生率、需要血液净化治疗的急性肾衰竭的发生率、病死率等指标。结果强化组老年危重病患者的C反应蛋白水平、泵入胰岛素天数、住ICU天数、院内感染发生率、需要血液净化治疗的急性肾衰竭的发生率、死亡率显著降低,与常规组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或<0.01)。结论对于发生应激性高血糖的老年危重病患者,早期强化胰岛素治疗能更有效、更及时地控制血糖,并显著改善临床疗效。     

中重度颅脑损伤合并应激性高血糖患者的护理体会

目的：探讨中重度颅脑损伤合并应激性高血糖患者使用胰岛素强化治疗的护理问题。方法：对2005年1月～2009年1月我科收治的中重度颅脑损伤合并应激性高血糖患者采用回顾性分析,将符合纳入/排除标准的97例患者分为观察组和对照组,观察组给予胰岛素强化治疗方案,对照组按常规控制血糖。结果：观察组预后为良好（GOSⅤ级）的患者多于对照组,而重残、中残（GOSⅢ级、Ⅳ级）的患者少于对照组。观察组患者使用胰岛素天数及住院天数明显低于对照组（P〈0.05）,观察组院内感染率低于对照组,低血糖、高渗性昏迷、低钾血症的发生都明显低于对照组。结论：在中重度颅脑损伤合并应激性高血糖患者中应用胰岛素强化治疗安全有效。     

波特兰草案在危重症患者应激性高血糖管理中的应用

目的探讨波特兰草案在危重症患者应激性高血糖管理中应用效果。方法将2012年度在我院ICU住院的52例应激性高血糖患者作为对照组,护士在医嘱指导下对所有患者实施胰岛素治疗;选择2013全年在我院ICU住院的47例应激性高血糖患者作为观察组,基于波特兰草案的胰岛素治疗方案,对危重症患者血糖实施标准化的管理。记录两组患者在胰岛素使用前后血糖水平、血糖达标情况、低血糖发生率、院内感染发生率等情况。结果两组患者在胰岛素强化治疗后,血糖水平均达标;而观察组在治疗后血糖水平、低血糖发生率、院内感染发生率,明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论应用波特兰草案执行胰岛素治疗管理,可将危重症患者应激性高血糖的血糖快速、平稳地达标;还能降低低血糖的发生率、院内感染发生率。     

常规和强化胰岛素控制危重患者应激性高血糖过程中低血糖发生率比较

【目的】探讨危重患者应激性高血糖合理血糖控制范围。【方法】收集急诊重症监护室（EICU ）,且合并应激性高血糖（随机血糖＞11．1 mmol／L ）的危重患者200例,根据血糖控制范围的不同分为常规胰岛素治疗（CIT组）和强化胰岛素治疗（IIT组）,每组100例,比较两组低血糖发生率。【结果】IIT 组低血糖总发生率为29．0％（29／100）,明显高于CIT组13．0％（13／100）,差异有统计学意义（ P ＜0．05）,但严重低血糖事件分别是7．0％、5．0％,比较无统计学意义（P ＞0．05）。【结论】急危重应激化高血糖患者采用强化胰岛素治疗较常规胰岛素治疗低血糖发生率增加,但两种方法严重低血糖发生率比较差异无统计学意义。     

胰岛素强化治疗心内直视术后应激性高血糖的效果分析

目的探讨胰岛素强化治疗心内直视手术后应激性高血糖的效果及护理。方法将63例术后高血糖患者随机分为胰岛素强化治疗组（33例）和常规胰岛素治疗组（30例），强化治疗组对术后血糖超过8mmol／L者即行胰岛素治疗，剂量从0．1U／（kg·h）开始，根据血糖结果调整胰岛素用量，目标水平为血糖控制在6～8mmol／L；常规治疗组术后血糖超过11．1mmol／L才给予胰岛素治疗，目标水平为血糖控制在10～11．1mmol／L。结果强化治疗组患者血糖水于术后48h内控制在目标水平；常规治疗组患者术后48h内控制29例，死亡1例。胰岛素强化治疗组感染率、心律失常发生率低于常规治疗组，术后平均住院天数[（15．43±6．31）d]少于常规治疗组[（22．51±6．37）d]，均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论采取胰岛素强化治疗将血糖水平控制在6～8mmol／L，可以减少心内直视术后应激性高血糖患者的住院天数，降低并发症的发生率，改善患者预后。     

强化胰岛素治疗危重病患者40例

目的观察强化胰岛素治疗在危重病患者中的临床疗效。方法80例危重病患者随机分为两组,治疗组（40例）给予强化胰岛素治疗,使血糖维持在4．4—6．1mmol／L;对照组（40例）给予常规胰岛素治疗,使血糖控制在10．0—11．1mmol／L。观察两组患者使用抗生素的天数、使用呼吸机的天数、血透发生率、院内感染发生率及病死率。结果治疗组中使用抗生素天数（15±5）d,使用呼吸机天数（6±4）d,需行血透6例（15．0％）,院内感染6例（15．0％）,病死率17．5％,均明显低于对照组,P〈0．05,差异有统计学意义。结论对于危重病患者,当出现应激性高血糖时,强化胰岛素治疗可改善危重病患者的预后,降低其病死率。     

危重患者血糖控制水平与预后关系的临床研究

目的探讨危重患者血糖控制水平与预后的关系。方法选择至少在ICU监护2d且既往无糖尿病史的危重病患者144例，收住ICU时血糖水平（14．21±5．87）mmol／L，随机分为3组，均静脉泵入胰岛素控制血糖。A组48例控制血糖在4．4—6．1mmol／L；B组48例控制血糖在6．1—8．3mmool／L；C组48例控制血糖在8．3～11．1mmol／L。观察3组患者使用抗生素天数、升压药和机械通气应用率，院内感染、应激性溃疡、低血糖、多脏器功能衰竭发生率，在ICU最后1dAPACHEII评分、住ICU天数及病死率等参数。结果A组使用抗生素天数，升压药和机械通气需用率，院内感染、应激性溃疡和多脏器功能衰竭发生率，在ICU最后1dAPACHEII评分、住ICU天数及病死率均明显低于C组，但低血糖发生率明显高于C组（P〈0．05）。A组使用抗生素天数、院内感染发生率、住ICU天数均明显低于B组，但低血糖发生率明显高于B组（P〈0．05），A组其余参数与B组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。B组升压药与机械通气需用率，应激性溃疡、多脏器功能衰竭发生率，在ICU最后1dAPACHEII评分及病死率均明显低于C组（P〈0．05），B组其余参数与C组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论对于ICU危重患者强化胰岛素治疗将血糖水平控制在4．4—6．1mmol／L可改善病情，降低病死率。     

胰岛素泵治疗术前高血糖的效果评价

目的探讨胰岛素泵治疗术前高血糖的效果。方法选取接受手术且术前高血糖患者44例,随机分为对照组和实验组。对照组采用常规治疗：预混胰岛素（诺和灵30R）早、晚餐前30min皮下注射。实验组使用胰岛素泵持续泵入短效胰岛素（诺并口灵R）。观察两组血糖达标时间及低血糖发生率。结果两组患者最终均达到了目标血糖值,但实验组高血糖控制天数明显少于对照组（P〈0．05）,低血糖发生率明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论术前高血糖患者运用胰岛素泵治疗优于常规治疗,能显著缩短高血糖达标时间,减少低血糖反应和缩短住院时间,具有实用价值。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.