社区卫生服务改革的模式演进与版本升级研究——以上海市长宁区为例

任何改革在基层的实施都需要转换成一系列的制度安排或微观行为激励机制,不仅确保基层行动者之间的行为策略激励相容,还要确保基层行动者的行为模式与改革政策目标方向相一致。从上海市长宁区社区卫生服务改革的实践来看,其大致经过了四个阶段:标准化建设与组织确立、服务模式与机制改革、激励设计与内涵建设、平台打造与效能提升。长宁医改在不断深化政策试验与制度创新的过程中逐步化解新医改政策实施过程所产生的各类新问题及其与环境的相容性问题,以实现医改政策的制度化并为利益相关者的福利改进提供稳定的行为预期,从而不断降低基层行动者对政策实施的潜在抵制行为,逐步地将各类行动者的行为激励引导到与政策目标相一致的方向。     

Independent hospice care in the community: two case studies

Following its remarkable success over the past 25 years the hospice movement is now at a watershed in its development. The growing legitimacy of palliative care as a health care specialty has coincided with the development of the internal market within public sector services, and the promotion of community care. The impact of these changes is now being felt by the hospice movement and may well result in radically new forms of service provision. The focus of this paper is on the future direction of the hospices. We argue, that in the present policy context the main priority must be palliative care in the community, using two case studies of innovative services to illustrate how this might be achieved. We also explore a variety of factors which may constrain the development of community care for dying people. These include the diminishing experience of families and primary health care workers in managing death and dying and the often strongly held belief that hospice care must be in-patient care. New community services may also face difficulties both in finding a market niche which complements rather than supersedes existing provision, and in securing service contracts where provision cuts across the health and social care divide. These issues are explored through an examination of the models of care developed by the two hospice groups, their integration within existing networks of provision, and their relationship with purchasing authorities.     

湖北省基本药物制度实施对基层医疗机构财政补偿的影响分析

目的：评价基本药物制度实施前后的财政补偿情况,了解财政补偿目前存在的关键问题,为进一步完善基本药物制度,实现基本药物制度在基层医疗机构的可持续发展提出相关政策建议。方法：通过现场调查及知情人访谈等研究方法收集湖北省75家基层医疗卫生机构的财政补偿收入资料,并对调查结果进行描述性统计分析。结果：基本药物制度实施后,基层医疗机构的财政收入增加,财政收入占机构总收入的比例显著升高。但仍然存在财政投入水平不足、不透明等一系列问题。建议：通过建立合理的补偿机制,合理划分各级政府对基层医疗卫生机构的投入责任,改革医保支付方式,加强对卫生投入的管理监督等途径保证基层医疗卫生机构的财政投入,促进基本药物制度的可持续实施。     

以社区为导向的初级卫生保健：比利时社区卫生服务案例分析及启示

比利时的社区卫生服务模式对我国社区卫生服务改革具有借鉴意义。在对比利时一家典型的社区卫生服务中心进行现场考察和案例研究的基础上,总结了其开展社区卫生服务的做法：虽然存在缺乏首诊制度和沟通协调方面的问题,但以社区为导向的多学科协同服务和按人头付费的支付方式改革等做法成效显著。针对我国社区卫生服务改革中存在的问题,提出相关的政策建议,包括建立和完善法律、政策和制度设计;加强多学科的服务团队建设,推动医学模式在社区转变;完善医保配套政策支撑与激励;以社区需求为导向开展跨部门行动,引导社会资源整合。     

Expanding the clinical role of community pharmacy: A qualitative ethnographic study of medication reviews in Ontario,Canada

Medication reviews by community pharmacists are an increasingly common strategy to improve medication management for chronic conditions, and are part of wider efforts to make more effective use of community-based health professionals. To identify opportunities to optimize the medication review program in Ontario, Canada, we explored how providers and clients interpret and operationalize medication reviews within everyday community pharmacy practice. We conducted a qualitative ethnographic study at four pharmacies in Ontario, Canada, including non-participant observation of provider and client activities and interactions with specific attention to medication reviews, as well as brief ethnographic interviews with providers and clients, and in-depth, semi-structured interviews with providers. We report on 72 h of field research, observation of 178 routine pharmacist-client interactions and 29 medication reviews, 62 brief ethnographic interviews with providers and clients, and 7 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with providers. We found that medication reviews were variably conducted across the dimensions of duration, provider type, location, and interaction style, and that local contexts and system-wide developments influence their meaning and practice. Medication reviews are exemplary of policy efforts to enhance the role of community pharmacies within health systems and the scope of practice of pharmacists as healthcare professionals. Our study highlights the importance of the local structure of community pharmacy practice and the clinical aspirations of pharmacists in the delivery of medication reviews.     

实施基本药物制度对基层医疗机构药品收入的影响

目的：进一步完善基本药物制度,为合理促进基层医疗机构收入转变提供政策依据。方法：采用问卷调查法,收集东、中、西部三省60家基层医疗机构的总收入及药品收入数据,对资料进行描述性统计分析。结果：实施基本药物制度后,调查机构的机构总收入均呈上升趋势;药品收入除西部地区略微增加外,东、中部地区药品收入均出现下降;药占比下降明显,其中,东部下降幅度最高（14．37％）,中部其次（7．41％）,西部最低（2．41％）。结论：基本药物制度的实施有利于扭转基层医疗机构药占比过高的问题,但需要建立多渠道的长效补偿机制,保障政府财政投入充足及时,才能保证基本药物制度的可持续实施。     

以妇幼保健为重点推进社区卫生服务的发展

海珠区妇幼保健院在领导的重视下,积极成立社区卫生服务站,转变观念,利用自身优势,在原有的保健工作基础上,广泛开展健康促进活动,将保健保偿纳入社区卫生服务中,拓宽服务项目,开展以妇幼保健为重点的社区卫生服务,取得一定成效,实践证明,以妇幼保健为重点,做好社区妇幼保健工作,有利于推进社区卫生服务的全面发展。     

The use of pharmacy immunization services in rural communities

Pharmacies have been recommended as alternative sites for the delivery of immunization services, especially to medically underserved adults and children in inner cities and rural areas. Currently, 35 of 50 states in the USA have legalized the administration of vaccines by pharmacists on the basis of certain training requirements and specific protocols. Since the role of pharmacists is expected to expand, it is important to assess the factors that would enable them to improve the delivery of immunization services and the acceptance of these services by communities. It is particularly important for pharmacists to have knowledge of community circumstances and be able to respond to community needs. This case study of a pharmacy immunization programme (PIP) in rural West Virginia assessed how well pharmacists were aware of community circumstances and which community factors affected the utilization of pharmacy-delivered immunizations. Our findings suggest that although pharmacists played important roles as facilitators, hosts and motivators in PIP, they overestimated the trust placed in them by community members. The convenient locations of pharmacies and the convenient times when they offered immunization services were found to be the determining factors of mothers' decisions to take their children to these places for their vaccinations. The study concludes that as the use of pharmacies as sources of immunization is expected to continue to expand, pharmacists should take these factors into consideration when they decide to offer immunizations.     

社区卫生服务机构基本药物可获得性研究

应用基本药物使用率、基本药物处方率、单张处方基本药物平均个数和全是基本药物的处方率4个指标,从处方角度对我国社区卫生服务机构基本药物可获得性现状进行评估,结果发现四个指标值分别为27.97%、43.67%、0.59个和9.11%,社区卫生服务机构基本药物可获得性很低。对TOPSIS得出的最优机构进行案例分析发现,科学的药品遴选、基本药物费用合理分担、加大政府投入、有效的监督与评估和基本药物集中招标采购、统一配送、零差率销售为促进社区基本药物可获得性的良好做法。建议进一步落实基本药物制度、建立合理的补偿机制。     

香港社区护理的发展(综述)

香港社区护理发展于六十年代中期,经过三、四十年的发展,现今社区护理颇具规模.在2000年,香港医院管理局辖下有三十个社区护理中心及三百二十五名社康护士,每年提供家访共554269次,其中18637次是产科个案,454697次采访者是高于六十五岁.香港社区护理的发展是经过不少人各方的努力而达至今天的境地.概略来说,服务发展可分四个阶段,包括开垦期(1967-1973),探索期(1973-1978),演进期(1979-1991)及增进期(1992-现今).以下讨论这几个时期的发展,香港社康护士的职能及角色.     

社区老年人健康状况及卫生服务调查

目的对社区老年人的健康状况以及卫生服务情况进行调查。方法 2010年6月随机抽查广州市社区所属居委中的南园东居委340户家庭个人档案,调查分析该居委60岁以上老年人健康状况。结果慢性病患者69.06%,慢性病患病率排在前五位的是高血压、白内障、冠心病、慢性支气管炎及慢性阻塞性肺疾病、糖尿病。吸烟、高盐饮食是高血压发病的危险因素,参加体育锻炼可以有效降低冠心病、糖尿病的发病率。结论以预防保健为基础,大力开展社区卫生服务,是解决老年人卫生问题的主要途径。     

Challenges in researching migration status,health and health service use: an intersectional analysis of a South London community

Objectives. This study aimed to investigate the associations between migration status and health-related outcomes and to examine whether and how the effect of migration status changes when it is disaggregated by length of residence, first language, reason for migration and combined with ethnicity.

Design. A total of 1698 adults were interviewed from 1076 randomly selected households in two South London boroughs. We described the socio-demographic and socio-economic differences between migrants and non-migrants and compared the prevalence of health-related outcomes by migration status, length of residence, first language, reason for migration and migration status within ethnic groups. Unadjusted models and models adjusted for socio-demographic and socio-economic indicators are presented.

Results. Migrants were disadvantaged in terms of socio-economic status but few differences were found between migrant and non-migrants regarding health or health service use indicators; migration status was associated with decreased hazardous alcohol use, functional limitations due to poor mental health and not being registered with a general practitioner. Important differences emerged when migration status was disaggregated by length of residence in the UK, first language, reason for migration and intersected with ethnicity. The association between migration status and functional limitations due to poor mental health was only seen in White migrants, migrants whose first language was not English and migrants who had moved to the UK for work or a better life or for asylum or political reasons. There was no association between migration status and self-rated health overall, but Black African migrants had decreased odds for reporting poor health compared to their non-migrant counterparts [odds ratio = 0.15 (0.05–0.48), p < 0.01].

Conclusions. Disaggregating migration status by length of residence, first language and reason for migration as well as intersecting it with ethnicity leads to better understanding of the effect migration status has on health and health service use.     

社区卫生服务中心医院感染管理现状调查与分析

目的 针对社区卫生服务中心医院感染管理现状的不足,探讨防范措施.方法 对崇川区社区卫生服务中心医院感染工作现状进行全面调查.结果 医护人员医院感染培训率只有9.2％,洗手依从性操作前为8.8％,操作后为26.5％,正确洗手率为26.2％;只有5所有消毒供应室,空气规范消毒的只有2所,医疗污水消毒正常的只有1所,医疗废物均未做到及时运送、处置.结论 目前社区卫生服务中心存在较大医院感染管理安全隐患,须完善并落实医院感染控制的各项规章制度,加强必要的培训和监管,以提高医院感染控制的能力.     

Relational continuity of care in community pharmacy: A systematic review

Relational continuity of care (COC) is becoming an important concept related to improving healthcare quality, reducing medical costs and increasing patient satisfaction with primary care. While community pharmacy (CP) has a considerable role in primary care, there are few reports dedicated to the role of relational COC in CP. This study reviewed the existing evidence of relational COC in CP and its effect on patients. PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library CENTRAL and Google Scholar were used to search for relevant studies from the date of database inception through to January 2021, which were appraised according to eligibility criteria. There were no limitations on the primary outcome or language. Case reports and studies without control groups were excluded. The Newcastle–Ottawa quality assessment scale was used to assess the quality of the studies. Database searches identified 13 records. Relational COC measures in the included studies were grouped in three kinds; pharmacy-visiting pattern, Continuity of Care Index and loyalty. The assessed outcomes were medication adherence behaviour (e.g., the proportion of days covered, medication possession ratio), adverse drug reactions, potentially inappropriate drug prescribing and clinical outcomes. The odds of patients adhering to their medication regimen were about 1.1~2.5 times higher among those who consistently visited a single pharmacy compared to patients visiting multiple pharmacies. Additionally, the care provision with a high level of relational continuity could lower inappropriate drug use by 21~32 per cent and the use of other costly services by 12~29 per cent. This study suggests that a high degree of relational COC in CP could improve safe use of medications among patients. Future research is needed to employ more rigorous methods to reduce heterogeneity and to measure effects on clinical outcomes.     

Competing and coexisting logics in the changing field of English general medical practice

Recent reforms, which change incentive and accountability structures in the English National Health Service, can be conceptualised as trying to shift the dominant institutional logic in the field of primary medical care (general medical practice) away from medical professionalism towards a logic of "population based medicine". This paper draws on interviews with primary care doctors, conducted during 2007–2009 and 2011–2012. It contrasts the approach of active management of populations, in line with recent reforms with responses to patients with medically unexplained symptoms. Our data suggest that rather than one logic becoming dominant, different dimensions of organisational activity reflect different logics. Although some aspects of organisational life are relatively untouched by the reforms, this is not due to ‘resistance’ on the part of staff within these organisations to attempts to ‘control’ them. We suggest that a more helpful way of understanding the data is to see these different aspects of work as governed by different institutional logics.