3种灭蟑毒饵对德国小蠊的实验室效果观察

目的测定3种不同种类的灭蟑毒饵对德国小蠊的实验室杀灭效果。方法采用GB 13917.7-92方法进行实验室实验。结果3种灭蟑毒饵5%残杀威饵剂、20%硼酸饵剂和2.5%吡虫啉胶饵对德国小蠊的LT50分别是1.464 1,2.043 2,1.0495 d,有效时间的死亡率均为100%。结论3种灭蟑毒饵对德国小蠊均有较好的杀灭效果。     

新型灭蟑胶饵防治德国小蠊效果研究

目的 研究新型灭蟑胶饵防治德国小蠊的效果.方法采用实验室灭蟑试验和现场选择6家被德国小蠊侵害的宾馆投放灭蟑胶饵,观察投药前后德国小蠊的密度变化.结果实验室灭蟑试验LT50为1.47 d,4 d死亡率为100%;投放A型灭蟑胶饵后3 d、20d密度分别为每5 min为0.13只、0.06只,杀灭率分别为98.98%和99.53%.结论A型灭蟑胶饵防治德国小蠊有显著的效果.     

威灭速效灭蟑毒饵对德国小蠊的药效研究

目的：测定威灭速效灭蟑毒饵对德国小蠊的诱杀效果;方法：室内药效测试,毒饵适口性试验;结果：经实验室测定表明,威灭速效灭蟑药饵对德国小蠊的诱杀率24h为95％,48h、72h均为100％;结论：药饵对德国小蠊有较好的灭效作用且药饵适口性较好。     

氟蚁腙灭蟑胶饵对德国小蠊的灭效观察

目的评估氟蚁腙灭蟑胶饵对德国小蠊的灭效。方法实验室模拟现场和现场实验观察。结果2%氟蚁腙灭蟑胶饵,实验室内对德国小蠊中毒死亡高峰时间是第3~5天,第6天达到100%死亡,半数死亡时间LT50为2.89 d;模拟现场实验试虫大量死亡时间是5~10 d,在攻毒13 d后所有德国小蠊死亡,半数死亡时间为6.66 d;现场防治实验中监测捕获的蟑螂均为德国小蠊,种群中成虫占54.6%,胶饵施放2周后灭效达到87%,4周为96%。结论2%氟蚁腙胶饵对德国小蠊具有很好效果,该产品使用方便,适合专业有害生物管理公司应用,可以作为一种延缓蟑螂抗性发展、提高蟑螂防治效果的轮换产品推广应用。     

两种灭蟑毒饵杀灭德国小蠊效果观察

作者对均含有1％乙酰甲胺磷为主要毒杀成分的灭蟑灵毒饵进行了杀灭德国小蠊的实验．灭蟑灵l及灭蟑灵2的LT50分别为2．0317天及1．2459天，其100％死亡时间分别为6天和4天。两种毒饵杀灭蟑螂的时问均较快，且适口性较好。长期、广泛使用会引起蟑螂产生抗性问题应予以重视．     

乙酰甲胺磷与氟铃脲复配毒饵对蜚蠊的室内毒效测定

目的 测试复配毒饵对3种蜚蠊的室内毒效。方法 实验室试验，观察蜚蠊死亡时间和死亡率。结果 复配毒饵处理后3d内，蜚蠊死亡率为100％；毒饵对德国小蠊的LT50为1．2h，LT95为22．3h，时间-死亡率回归方程为：Y=4．9138＋1．2846t。结论 在室内试验条件下，复配毒饵对德国小蠊、美洲大蠊和黑胸大蠊具有极好的毒杀效果。     

五种蟑螂药饵杀灭德国小蠊的效果观察

本文报道了灭蟑一扫光等5种胃毒型蟑螂药饵杀灭德国小蠊的效果和比较。结果显示:5种药饵对德国小蠊都有较好的杀灭效果。蟑螂的死亡率均为100%。5种灭蟑药饵对德国小蠊的 LT_(50)从小到大顺序为:蟑螂一扫光为0.576天;赛优杀灭蟑药为3.588天;灭蟑灵为4.98天;灭蟑螂蚂蚁药为5.914天;灭蟑螂蚂蚁饵为6.36天。结果证明,5种药饵对德国小蠊的毒杀力强、引诱力大、适口性好,而且施药方法简单,使用方便。     

1%毒力岛杀蟑饵剂对蟑螂的灭效研究

目的　观察1%毒力岛杀蟑饵剂防治蟑螂的效果。方法　实验室及现场灭蟑螂试验,观察蟑螂死亡时间和杀灭率。结果　实验室药效试验测得毒力岛对德国小蠊的杀灭率为100%,LT50为4 26d;现场试验,在试药后15d,灭蟑率为88 .87%。结论　1%毒力岛杀蟑饵剂是一种安全、高效的蟑螂防治药物,蟑螂不易产生抗药性,使用安全,具有良好的应用价值。     

维多克杀蟑胶饵对蟑螂现场防制效果研究

目的测定维多克杀蟑胶饵对蟑螂现场防制效果。方法采用一次投药法,将胶饵投点在蟑螂活动的场所,观察施药前后蟑螂密度变化,评价杀灭效果。结果维多克杀蟑胶饵一次投药后黑胸大蠊不同部位平均密度指数(只/盒.夜)由灭前的1.60,灭后5 d降至0.052;其密度下降率为96.75%,灭后10 d降至0,下降率为100%;德国小蠊不同部位密度指数(只/盒.夜)由灭前8.90,灭后5 d和10 d均降至0,密度下降率均为100%。结论维多克杀蟑胶饵一次投药后对蟑螂有良好的杀灭效果,值得推广应用。     

灭蟑烟剂的研制

目的开发一种新型灭蟑烟剂,用于国境口岸快速杀虫。方法参照国家标准及相关文献的报道。结果灭蟑烟剂的常温贮存,对德国小蠊的KT50为8.09~8.32 min,48 h死亡率为100%;(54±1)℃贮存1~4周,对德国小蠊的KT50为7.39~9.45 min,48 h死亡率为100%;模拟现场对德国小蠊、美洲大蠊和淡色库蚊2 h全部击倒,48 h死亡率为100%;安全性能检测合格;大鼠的急性吸入毒性LC50大于5 000 mg/m3,属微毒类农药,家兔眼刺激试验为无刺激。结论灭蟑烟剂设计合理,性能稳定,符合烟雾剂技术指标和实际应用要求。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.