大鼠胚胎神经干细胞黑质内移植后的存活及分化

目的：观察胚胎神经于细胞脑内移植后的存活及生长分化状况。方法：从孕11d(E11d)大鼠胚胎神经管获取神经上皮细胞，经神经巢蛋白(nestin)染色鉴定干细胞；同时植入同种大鼠黑质内。于移植后7d、14d取脑，用神经元特异烯醇化酶(NSE)、酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)免疫组化方法检测移植细胞的存活及分化状况。结果：E11d神经管上皮细胞多数呈nestin染色阳性，黑质内移植后增殖形成细胞团并随时间延长而增大。免疫组化染色显示移植细胞团内有NSE及TH免疫阳性细胞。结论：胚胎神经上皮细胞多数为神经干细胞，黑质内移植后可以存活并分化为多巴胺能神经元。     

胚胎干细胞移植治疗脑血管疾病

背景：胚胎干细胞移植是否能够成为脑血管疾病治疗有效的方法已成为目前研究的热点。 目的：探讨胚胎干细胞分化神经前体细胞移植治疗脑血管疾病的效果及可行性。 方法：分别建立帕金森病、缺血性脑损伤以及血管性痴呆大鼠模型,并进行胚胎干细胞体外培养,诱导分化为神经前体细胞,将胚胎干细胞分化神经前体细胞移植入相应脑血管疾病模型大鼠脑内,观察脑血管病变大鼠的旋转行为学变化、脑组织病理变化以及海马结构的变化和神经细胞数目的变化。 结果与结论：胚胎干细胞分化神经前体细胞移植入帕金森病大鼠脑内后,阿朴吗啡诱发的旋转次数逐渐减少,呈下降趋势,纹状体多巴胺的含量明显增高。胚胎干细胞分化神经前体细胞移植入缺血性脑损伤大鼠脑内后,能够长期存在于脑内,并迁移、分布于受损的海马,构成海马结构,进一步分化为神经元,并且受损海马内的神经细胞数量明显增加。说明移植的胶质细胞源性神经营养因子基因修饰的胚胎干细胞可改善血管性痴呆大鼠的学习记忆功能,增强神经的可塑性,诱导自身定向迁移并分化为成熟神经元。     

Sertoli细胞诱导大鼠胚胎中脑神经干细胞定向分化的研究

目的研究Sertoli细胞对胚胎中脑神经干细胞的营养及向多巴胺能神经元分化的诱导作用。方法将大鼠Sertoli细胞与胚胎13d大鼠中脑神经前体细胞体外共培养5、7、10、14d后,免疫荧光检测神经干细胞标记物Nestin、神经元前体细胞标记物β-Ⅲ tubulin、多巴胺能神经元标记物酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)的表达情况。结果随着共培养时间的延长,神经干细胞中nestin阳性细胞数量逐渐减少,β-Ⅲ tubulin阳性细胞数在共培养7d时较多,TH阳性的神经元在共培养10d时数量最多。而且在各时间段TH阳性细胞数均多于单独培养的神经前体细胞。结论Sertoli细胞能够诱导与其共培养的胚胎中脑神经干细胞定向分化为多巴胺能神经元。     

KM小鼠胚胎干细胞大鼠纹状体内移植诱导分化的在体研究

目的探讨体外培养扩增的胚胎干细胞移植到纹状体内的存活、迁移和分化情况,确定胚胎干细胞脑内移植的最佳分化阶段。方法分别将未分化的胚胎干细胞和诱导分化至神经前体细胞阶段的胚胎干细胞进行纹状体内移植,移植4周后通过形态学观察、尼氏染色、TH与BrdU免疫组织化学染色,检测胚胎干细胞移植后的存活和分化情况。结果初步诱导分化后的胚胎干细胞纹状体内移植后4周,移植区内有大量BrdU免疫阳性细胞出现,而且部分BrdU免疫阳性细胞已迁移出移植区,有些细胞已分化为TH免疫阳性细胞,胞浆内可见尼氏体;而未分化的胚胎干细胞进行脑内移植后有成瘤的趋向。结论在体外对胚胎干细胞进行诱导分化至神经前体细胞阶段,然后进行脑内移植,更有利于胚胎干细胞的存活和部位特异性分化。     

体外诱导的皮肤源性神经干细胞在大鼠受损伤脊髓内的存活、分化和迁移

目的探讨经体外诱导的皮肤源性神经干细胞能否在大鼠脊髓半横断损伤处存活、迁移和分化.方法应用转染绿色荧光蛋白基因新生大鼠的皮肤在体外经分离细胞、培养、诱导增殖以及用免疫细胞化学染色鉴定神经干细胞等过程,将诱导产生的皮肤源性神经干细胞移植入大鼠脊髓半横断损伤处,30 d和60 d后用免疫细胞化学染色法观察移植细胞的存活、迁移和分化.结果皮肤分离细胞在培养10 d时,呈悬浮生长的细胞已增殖成若干细胞球,并呈nestin免疫细胞化学阳性染色,表明是神经干细胞球.在体内可观察到脊髓损伤处有许多带有绿色荧光的移植皮肤源性神经干细胞,有些还迁移到较远的宿主脊髓组织内.存活的移植细胞有些呈现nestin阳性、MAP2阳性及GFAP阳性.结论经体外诱导的皮肤源性神经干细胞能够在受损伤的大鼠脊髓内存活、迁移并分化为神经元样细胞和星形胶质样细胞.     

无血清培养条件下诱导胚胎干细胞向多巴胺能神经元定向分化的实验研究

目的 寻求无血清、无饲养层细胞存在的情况下，胚胎干细胞向多巴胺能神经元定向诱导分化的最佳条件。方法 采用阶段诱导的方法，在不同阶段加入不同的生长因子，对新近分离的胚胎干细胞进行分化培养。首先向无血清培养液中分别加入bFGF和LIF，实现由胚胎干细胞向神经前体细胞的定向分化，通过巢蛋白(nestin)免疫细胞化学染色对神经前体细胞进行鉴定；在此基础上，撤除bFGF和LIF，加入B27无血清培养基、IL-1后继续培养，实现由神经前体细胞向多巴胺能神经元的定向诱导分化；通过酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)免疫细胞化学染色对多巴胺能神经元进行鉴定。结果 有85％的细胞团呈nestin免疫阳性着色，多巴胺能神经元的分化比率为13％，较多巴胺能神经元的自然分化比率(4％)有明显提高。结论 在无血清、无饲养细胞的情况下，我们采用阶段诱导的方法，在不同的阶段加入不同的生长因子，可有效诱导多巴胺能神经元的分化，使胚胎干细胞的诱导分化过程更易于操作。     

施万细胞对植入大鼠脊髓损伤区内的神经干细胞存活和分化的影响

目的 探讨施万细胞对植入损伤脊髓内的神经干细胞的存活及其分化的影响。方法 分离和克隆新生大鼠海马组织的神经干细胞；同时获取坐骨神经和臂丛神经，从中分离和纯化施万细胞。在移植前先用核荧光(Hoechst33342)标记神经干细胞。实验组为神经干细胞和施万细胞联合移植入大鼠脊髓半横断处，对照组为单独神经干细胞移植。应用免疫组织化学和酶组织化学技术，在移植后7d、14d、21d和30d分别观察神经干细胞的存活和分化情况。结果 实验组的神经干细胞比对照组迁移的更远，分化为神经丝蛋白染色阳性神经元样细胞的数量比对照组的多，并且有较长的突起长出。在30d实验组中，移植的神经干细胞有部分呈乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)染色阳性。而在对照组中，移植区内仅有少数呈AchE染色弱阳性的神经干细胞。结论 在脊髓损伤处，施万细胞可促进移植的神经干细胞存活、迁移和向神经元样细胞分化；有些神经元样细胞能长出较长的突起，有些呈现乙酰胆碱酯酶活性。     

脊髓神经管神经上皮干细胞的分离培养和诱导分化

目的：从胚胎大鼠脊髓神经管中分离神经上皮干细胞并诱导其向多巴胺能神经元方向分化。方法：利用无血清悬浮培养、单细胞克隆技术分离神经上皮干细胞；采用5－溴－2－脱氧尿苷（BrdU）标记新生细胞，免疫细胞化学单标或双标染色技术，检测神经上皮干细胞蛋白（nestin）和分化后特异性神经细胞抗原的表达；用纹状体组织提取液，诱导神经上皮干细胞向多巴胺能神经元方向分化。结果：从胚胎大鼠脊髓神经管 中分离的细胞可以连续传代，表达nestin，它们分化后可以表达神经元、星形胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞的特异性抗原；与对照组3％相比，纹状体组织提取液可以诱导这些细胞中的12％分化成为多巴胺能神经元。结论：分离自脊髓神经管的细胞具有自我更新能力和多分化潜能（multipotent)，是增殖能力很强的神经干细胞；这些干细胞在一定的体外环境中能被诱导成为特定的神经元，提示其可以为神经移植提供材料。     

胚胎海马来源干细胞移植治疗缺血性脑梗死的研究

目的： 对脑梗死大鼠进行胚胎海马来源的干细胞移植治疗,观察其能否在梗死灶部位分化为成熟的神经元而发挥神经替代作用,并最终改善动物的肢体功能。方法: 从绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)转基因SD胚胎大鼠的海马提取细胞进行体外培养,免疫荧光染色观察这些细胞的特征。光化学法制作大脑皮层局灶缺血梗死模型, 即光血栓皮层损伤(PCI)。PCI后1 d将20只SD大鼠随机分为干细胞移植组和对照组,前者在梗死灶附近植入胚胎海马来源的干细胞,而后者不进行干细胞移植。在PCI后1、7、14、21 d,用旋转实验对动物的肢体功能进行测试和评分。在PCI后3周和12周,以抗神经元核抗体(NeuN)染色成熟的神经元,观察移植干细胞的存活及其分化为各种亚型神经细胞的情况。结果: 来自SD大鼠胚胎海马的细胞明显表现出神经干细胞的特征。移植的细胞可以在脑梗死动物模型中至少存活12周,并能分化为成熟神经元、星形胶质细胞等亚型的神经细胞。与移植后3周相比,12周时的NeuN+/GFP+ 密度和移植物体积均有所减少(P<0.05)。旋转实验结果表明,在PCI后7、14、21 d,移植组动物在平衡木上的停留时间均显著长于对照组(P<0.01)。结论: 来源于胚胎海马的细胞具有神经干细胞特征,其被移植入脑梗死灶周围后能存活12周以上,并可以分化为成熟的神经细胞,这可能与动物运动功能的改善有关。该结果提示由移植物分化的神经细胞可能对受损宿主细胞发挥了替代作用。     

神经干细胞在创伤性脑损伤灶周边的成活和迁移

背景:成年人中枢神经系统再生困难,颅脑损伤后,损伤灶周边区域神经细胞的存活数量直接影响患者的预后。如何有效地使移植入创伤性脑损伤灶周边的神经干细胞存活分化,是目前神经修复再生研究的重点。目的:探讨神经干细胞移植入大鼠创伤性脑损伤灶周边的成活、迁移和分化情况。方法:利用无血清培养技术,加入表皮生长因子、碱性成纤维生长因子诱导刺激大鼠胚胎源性前脑神经干细胞生长增殖,并在体外进行克隆培养,移植前行BrdU标记,采用免疫组化和免疫荧光法检测其增殖特性和多向分化潜能,并观察其移植到Fenney’s落体脑损伤模型鼠脑皮质内的成活和迁移情况。结果与结论:免疫组化及免疫荧光检测结果显示克隆细胞球呈nestin和BrdU阳性,分化后呈NSE,GFAP,MAP-2阳性。免疫组化及荧光双标检测结果显示移植后7,14d损伤灶周边散在BrdU阳性细胞,并且GFAP阳性细胞增多。提示前脑神经干细胞在体外培养中能够增殖,并分化为神经元和神经胶质细胞,移植后能够在创伤性脑损伤灶周边存活和迁移,形态上显示出与脑组织整合的特点。     

培养胚胎神经干细胞移植入纹状体后的形态学观察

本研究的目的是 :将体外培养的小鼠胚胎大脑皮层和脊髓的神经干细胞经单细胞悬液微移植后观察其在大鼠纹状体的存活、迁移和分化的状况。实验在无血清条件下将这些细胞扩增、培养再经活细胞荧光染料 Di I标记后 ,采用微移植的方法 ,通过脑立体定位仪上用微玻璃针将干细胞分别植入成年大鼠双侧纹状体的对称部位。大鼠存活 8周后 ,经灌注固定、恒冷箱切片 ,在荧光显微镜下观察标记的移植细胞的迁移状况 ;用星形胶质细胞特异性抗体观察移植区 GFAP的表达 ,以显示移植细胞分化状况。结果表明 :来源于胚胎小鼠大脑皮层和脊髓的体外培养神经干细胞经微移植后 ,均可在成年大鼠脑内纹状体区域存活 ,移植的神经干细胞可向周围的脑实质内迁移 ,迁移细胞沿特定的纹状体结构分布。神经干细胞主要分化成星形胶质细胞。本实验结果提示 ,移植的神经干细胞可在脑实质内存活、迁移和分化。     

Adult neurogenesis of epidermal neural crest stem cells (EPI-NCSC) in hippocampus of Alzheimer's rat model

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterised by progressive neuronal loss in the hippocampus. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of transplanting epidermal neural crest stem cells (EPI-NCSC) into the hippocampus in vivo and to assess adult neurogenesis and total granule cell number in the hippocampus of an Alzheimer’s rat model after a single injection of EPI-NCSCs. Fourteen days after a bilateral injection of β-amyloid 1–40 into the hippocampus, 10 AD model rats received an intra-hippocampal injection of EPI-NCSCs; the cells were obtained from the vibrissa hair follicle of the rat, cultured, labelled with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and suspended in normal saline. Y-Maze and single trial passive avoidance tests were used to show any learning and memory deficit. Nestin staining was performed in vitro. Double staining of BrdU–GFAP and BrdU–β??? was undertaken to study survival and differentiation of the grafted cells. Cell proliferation and differentiation were observed in all part of hippocampus in the double-stained histological sections. Total granular cell number was estimated to be more per hippocampus in the rats receiving the transplanted cells compared to the AD control group. We observed that rats with hippocampal damage made significantly more errors than control rats on the Y-maze. We showed that transplanted EPI-NCSCs survived and differentiated into neurons and glial cells. Total granule cell number in the treatment group was equal to the control group. Cell proliferation and migration tends to end in the dentate gyrus and the other part of hippocampus. Transplantation of EPI-NCSCs into the hippocampus might differentiate into neurons or induce neurogenesis.     

Embryonic stem cell-derived neural precursor cells improve memory dysfunction in Abeta(1-40) injured rats

The versatility of neural precursor cells (NPCs) derived from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) has recently rekindled interests in cell replacement strategies aimed at neurodegenerative diseases. We observed the survival, migration, differentiation and functional recovery of NPCs transplanted into the hippocampus of aggregated beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptide injured rats. Congo Red plaques, Fluro-jade B positive degenerating neurons and neuronal loss were observed in the Abeta-injured hippocampus of rats, accompanied with significant increases in escape latency and decrease in the ratio of exploratory time in a Morris water maze test. EGFP-expressing mouse ES cells were induced into Nestin-positive NPCs before transplantation into the Abeta-injured hippocampus. A marked decrease in escape latency and exploratory time were observed at least 16 weeks after transplantation compared to Abeta-injured animals without grafts. Grafted EGFP-expressing NPCs spread away from the injection tract and about 12.01+/-0.67% and 9.41+/-0.78% of NPCs differentiated into, respectively, GFAP- and NF200-positive cells 4W after transplantation. These ratios gradually increased to 40.25+/-0.57% and 19.35+/-0.84% by 16W. The restoration of hippocampal function by ESCs suggests that cell transplantation may be the effective choice to improve the cognitive function caused by Abeta injured.     

Mesencephalic human neural progenitor cells transplanted into the adult hemiparkinsonian rat striatum lack dopaminergic differentiation but improve motor behavior

The clinical outcome of cell replacement therapies depends upon the successful survival and differentiation of transplanted cells. Here, we transplanted human neural progenitor cells derived from the ventral mesencephalon of an 8-week-old embryo into the ipsilateral (right) striatum of unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned adult rats. To assess the therapeutic potency of grafted cells, 2 independent behavioral tests were conducted 12 weeks after transplantation: in the rotation test, a mild behavioral improvement was detected, and in the cylinder test, transplanted animals overcame the lesion-induced right forepaw preference. To address this behavioral improvement to a dopaminergic differentiation capacity of transplanted cells in vivo, immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase was performed, showing a total lack of immunoreactivity. However, we found a considerable number of transplanted human nuclei-positive cells preferentially differentiated into neurons. In addition, glial fibrillary acidic protein-expressing cells were also detected. Our results show that behavioral improvement does not necessarily correlate with a differentiation of transplanted precursors into dopaminergic neurons, indicating other factors to be involved in a partial functional recovery. Nevertheless, for the development of a clinically useful cell therapy, it is important to overcome obstacles, namely the poor dopaminergic differentiation of human neural progenitor cells after grafting.     

新生大鼠神经干细胞移植对脑缺血再灌注损伤的治疗作用

目的:探讨新生大鼠神经干细胞移植治疗局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的可行性及疗效.方法:体外培养新生大鼠神经干细胞.采用改良的线栓法制作脑缺血再灌注模型,3d后用脑立体定位仪经脑室移植神经干细胞,移植时间点及再灌注1～7周对移植大鼠进行神经功能损伤程度评分(NSS).再灌注1、 2、 3、 5、 7周末麻醉处死大鼠,脑组织石蜡包埋.免疫组织化学方法观察移植后神经干细胞的存活、分布.结果:神经干细胞表达巢蛋白,在血清条件下分化为表达微管相关蛋白(MAP2)的神经元和表达胶质细胞纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的星形胶质细胞.神经干细胞移植组NSS评分在各个时间点均显著低于对照组.移植的神经干细胞分布于缺血侧皮质、纹状体,再灌注后3、 5、 7周,皮质、纹状体阳性细胞数分别较1、 2周显著增多,第3、 5、 7周之间差异无统计学意义.前3周组织结构疏松,缺损严重,而第5、 7周组织结构较前3周完整致密.结论:移植的神经干细胞能在脑缺血大鼠脑内存活、迁移,并能改善缺血后大鼠的神经功能状况.     

Grafted neuronal precursor cells differentiate and integrate in injured hippocampus in experimental pneumococcal meningitis

Bacterial meningitis (BM) frequently causes persisting neurofunctional sequelae. Autopsy studies in patients dying from BM show characteristic apoptotic brain injury to the stem cell niche in the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG), and this form of brain damage is associated with learning and memory deficits in experimental BM. With an eye to potential regenerative therapies, the survival, migration, and differentiation of neuronal precursor cells (NPCs) were evaluated after engraftment into the injured hippocampus in vitro and in vivo in an infant rat model of pneumococcal meningitis. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing NPCs were grafted into the DG of organotypic hippocampal slice cultures injured by challenge with live Streptococcus pneumoniae. Seven days after engraftment, NPCs had migrated from the site of injection into the injured granular layer of the DG and electro-functionally integrated into the hippocampal network. In vivo, GFP-expressing NPCs migrated within 1 week from the injection site in the hilus region to the injured granular layer of the hippocampal DG and showed neuronal differentiation at 2 and 4 weeks after transplantation. Hippocampal injury induced by BM guides grafted NPCs to the area of brain damage and provides a microenvironment for neuronal differentiation and functional integration.     

大鼠胚胎中脑腹侧细胞和大脑皮质神经干细胞移植治疗帕金森病大鼠的比较

体外培养的大鼠胚胎中脑腹侧(VM)细胞和大脑皮质神经干细胞(NSCs)分别移植入帕金森病(PD)模型大鼠毁损侧纹状体。移植后2,4,8周采用脑微透析术结合高效液相色谱(HPLC)动态监测毁损侧纹状体内多巴胺水平,同期观察大鼠的旋转行为。移植后8周采用免疫组化法检测植入细胞的存活及分化情况。结果显示:移植后4,8周VM移植组多巴胺水平明显高于NSCs移植组或对照组,同期VM移植组较其余两组旋转行为有显著改善,而NSCs移植组与对照组多巴胺水平及旋转行为无显著差异。VM移植组较NSCs移植组植入的细胞易存活和分化。以上结果提示,大鼠胚胎VM细胞移植治疗PD模型的疗效明显优于胚胎大脑皮质NSCs。     

大鼠大脑皮质神经前体细胞的分离培养及其增殖分化鉴定

目的:体外分离和培养大鼠大脑皮质神经前体细胞并进行增殖和分化鉴定。方法:分离2周龄大鼠皮质神经前体细胞,在含EGF、bFGF和GDNF的NSC培养基中进行体外培养,使用免疫细胞荧光染色技术对细胞的分化特性进行鉴定。结果:EGF、bFGF和GDNF可促进神经前体细胞的增殖及神经球的克隆形成,并获得了Nestin阳性的神经前体细胞,其可分化为分别表达β-Ⅲtubulin、GFAP和GalC的阳性细胞。结论:体外分离和培养的大脑皮质神经前体细胞,在含EGF、bFGF和GDNF的NSC培养基中培养,具有增殖分化的能力,有望应用于神经系统疾病的细胞移植治疗。     

Amyloid-beta impairs development of neuronal progenitor cells by oxidative mechanisms

Neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs) are being considered for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases associated with beta-amyloidosis: Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down syndrome (DS). However, the neurotoxic properties of amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) may impair survival and differentiation of transplanted NPCs. Hence, we studied the influence of Abeta on development of human NPCs--proliferation, migration, formation of colonies of neurons, formation processes--in culture. Pre-fibrillized human Abeta1-40 blocked development of neuronal colonies. NPC development was impaired in the presence of soluble Abeta1-40 (1.75-7 microM), and NPC differentiation into large and small neurons was altered, as demonstrated by morphometry. Antioxidant vitamin E partially abolished these effects, but not the reduced formation of neuronal processes. NPCs cultured with 7 microM Abeta1-40 accumulated Abeta monomers and oligomers and contained higher levels of protein carbonyls and lipid peroxidation products HNE and MDA. We suggest that Abeta1-40 impairs development of NPCs by oxidative damage. Hence, a prerequisite of successful neuroreplacement therapy using NPCs in AD and DS/AD may be removal of amyloid-beta and antioxidative treatment.