绝经后性激素变化在糖尿病发病中的作用

测定绝经后妇女2型糖尿病患者及相应对照者的血清雌二醇(E2)、孕酮(P)、促卵泡刺激素(FSH)、促黄体生成素(LH)及睾酮(T)水平.结果显示绝经后妇女2型糖尿病组E2水平明显低于对照组,而FSH、LH、T水平显著高于对照组.提示雌激素水平过低及雄激素水平过高可能是绝经后妇女2型糖尿病发病的危险因子.     

绝经后2型糖尿病性激素变化与微血管并发症关系的探讨

目的探讨绝经后2型糖尿病女患者血清性激素水平变化与微血管并发症的关系。方法测定29例绝经后妇女2型糖尿病合并微血管并发症（A组）、26例2型糖尿病未合并微血管并发症（B组）和25例绝经后正常妇女（C组）的血清雌二醇（E2）、促卵泡刺激素（FSH）、促黄体生成素（LH）和睾酮（T）的水平。结果绝经后妇女2型糖尿病有微血管并发症者E2及E2／T较正常绝经后妇女显著降低,T显著增高。结论绝经后女性2型糖尿病患者性激素失调可能是其微血管并发症发生或促成因素之一。     

冠心病患者性激素水平失衡的研究

目的 :研究冠心病患者性激素水平的变化。方法 :选择冠心病患者 5 0例 ,用放射免疫法测定血清雌二醇 （E2 ）、孕酮 （P）、促卵泡刺激素 （FSH）、促黄体生成素 （L H）、睾酮 （T）、泌乳素 （PRL）及生长激素 （GH）的变化 ;采用酶法观测空腹总胆固醇 （TC）、甘油三酯 （TG）、高密度脂蛋白 （HDL）及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 （L DL- C）的变化。结果 :1男性冠心病组与对照组比 E2 、P均升高 （P<0 .0 5 ） ,T水平亦明显下降 （P<0 .0 1） ;女性冠心病组与对照比 ,P水平均显著升高 （P<0 .0 1） ,E2 水平下降 （P<0 .0 5 ）。 2男性冠心病患者 TC,TG,L DL- C均显著高于对照组 （P<0 .0 1） ,HDL 显著低于对照组 （P<0 .0 1） ;女性冠心病患者 TC,TG,L DL- C均高于对照组 （P<0 .0 5 ） ,HDL 低于对照 （P<0 .0 5 ）。结论 :冠心病患者存在血脂代谢异常。但男性与女性冠心病患者的性激素水平失衡存在差异 :男性 E2 ,P升高 ,T降低 ,女性 P升高 ,E2 降低     

雌激素替代治疗对绝经后冠心病妇女血脂和胰岛素抵抗的影响

目的 :观察雌激素替代治疗对绝经后冠心病 （CHD）妇女血脂谱和胰岛素抵抗的改善作用。方法 :对确诊为CHD的绝经后妇女 ,口服尼尔雌醇 2 m g/2周 ,治疗 6个月。分别于治疗前后测定血糖、胰岛素 （INS）、性激素结合球蛋白 （SHBG）、促卵泡素 （FSH）、黄体生成素 （L H）、雌二醇 （E2 ）、总胆固醇 （T- CH）、甘油三酯 （TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 （HDL- C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 （L DL- C）等 ,并计算胰岛素敏感指数 （SI）。结果 :雌激素替代后 ,CHD患者的 FSH,L H,T- CH,TG,L DL- C,INS明显下降 ;而 E2 ,SHBG,HDL- C,SI明显升高。结论 :雌激素替代治疗能改善 CHD患者血脂谱紊乱和胰岛素抵抗     

绝经后雌激素水平与阿尔茨海默病的关系分析

目的探讨绝经后雌激素水平与阿尔茨海默病(AD)的关系。方法绝经后AD女性患者35例,绝经后健康妇女42例,测定血浆雌二醇(E2)水平和黄体生成素(LH)、卵泡刺激素(FSH)水平。结果绝经后AD妇女E2水平较绝经后健康妇女明显下降,差异有显著性统计学意义(P<0.01);LH和FSH水平在AD组明显上升,AD组和对照组比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.01);而LH、FSH均与E2呈显著负相关(r=-0.902,-0.910,P<0.01)。结论随着血浆E2水平下降,LH、FSH水平上升,AD的发病率增高。     

绝经后女性冠心病患者性激素水平与冠状动脉病变程度的相关性

目的探讨冠状动脉病变程度与患者性激素水平的相关性。方法选取2012年2月至2013年12月来该院心内科治疗的84例绝经后女性患者,依据冠状动脉造影分为冠心病组(56例)和非冠心病组(28例),检测两组患者性激素水平,并依据冠脉病变支数、冠脉病变评分结果分析绝经后女性冠脉病变与雌激素水平的关系。结果两组患者性激素水平比较,冠心病组患者雌二醇(E2)水平明显降低,睾酮(T)水平明显升高,E2/T降低(P0.05);冠心病组患者中,单支病变组中E2/T显著高于其他病变组,冠脉病变评分1~5分组E2/T显著高于其他组(P0.05)。结论绝经后女性冠心病患者E2水平下降,T水平升高,E2/T与冠脉病变程度呈负相关,可预测冠脉病变的严重程度。     

绝经后性激素变化在糖尿病发病中的作用

测定绝经后妇女2型糖尿病患及相应对照的血清雌二醇（E2）、孕酮（P）、促卵泡刺激素（FSH）、促黄体生成素（LH）及睾酮（T）水平。结果显示：绝经后妇女2型糖尿病组E2水平明显低于对照组,而FSH、LH、T水平显高于对照组。提示：雌激素水平过低及雄激素水平过高可能是绝经后妇女2型糖尿病发病的危险因子。     

老年男性2型糖尿病患者性激素变化4年随访

目的探讨老年男性2型糖尿病患者性激素水平的变化。方法分析2000年及2004年住本院有完整病史资料的老年男性糖尿病患者,在4年中性激素水平的变化,并与同期住院的无糖尿病病史老年患者进行比较。两组患者均排除原发性急慢性肝肾疾病、急慢性感染、免疫系统疾病以及恶性肿瘤等疾病。结果2000年,糖尿病组血清睾酮(T),雌二醇(E2)、促黄体生成素(LH)和促卵泡生成素(FSH)水平分别为14.75±6.60nmol/L,203.95±109.90pmol/L,11.15±6.07U/L和23.09±13.81U/L。非糖尿病组为17.33±6.76nmol/L,162.84±95.43pmol/L,8.99±5.33U/L和18.04±9.50U/L。2004年,糖尿病组性激素水平为12.08±6.31nmol/L,264.62±124.19pmol/L,13.44±6.54U/L和25.99±13.30U/L;非糖尿病组为18.06±7.30nmol/L,167.71±78.09pmol/L,9.57±6.12U/L和18.20±9.49U/L。2000年与2004年比较,糖尿病组血清T水平下降,E2、LH和FSH水平均升高,存在统计学差异。非糖尿病组2000年与2004年比较,血清T、E2、LH和FSH均无显著性差异。两组比较,2000年糖尿病组较非糖尿病组,血清T水平下降,E2、LH和FSH均升高,有显著性差异;四年以后,两组患者的性激素水平差异更为显著。2000年和2004年,糖尿病组中血糖控制者的血清T水平均较控制不良者低,而E2、LH和FSH均无显著性差异。结论老年男性2型糖尿病患者存在性激素水平紊乱,并随着病程的延长有加剧的趋势。     

围绝经期妇女性激素水平及其与睡眠质量的相关性分析

目的比较不同睡眠质量围绝经期妇女的性激素水平,探讨性激素水平与睡眠质量的相关性。方法回顾性分析2014年10月至2015年10月在我社区门诊就诊的围绝经期妇女80例的病历资料并进行睡眠质量问卷调查,根据匹兹堡睡眠质量量表选取睡眠质量较好的患者38例作为睡眠质量尚可组,睡眠质量较差的患者42例作为睡眠质量较差组。比较分析两组患者雌二醇(E2)、促卵泡激素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)及睾酮(T)性激素的水平及其与睡眠质量的关系。结果睡眠质量尚可组患者E2、TSH及T水平显著高于睡眠质量较差组患者,LH和FSH水平显著低于睡眠质量较差组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。影响患者睡眠多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,E2、FSH及LH水平是影响围绝经期妇女睡眠质量的重要因素。结论 E2水平降低,FSH和LH水平异常升高是影响围绝经期女性睡眠质量的不良因素。     

绝经后冠心病患者性激素和血脂变化与护理干预的思考

目的探讨绝经后女性冠心病（CHD）患者性激素和血脂的关系。方法比较30例绝经后CHD患者和30例绝经后正常女性的雌二醇（E2）、睾酮（T）、孕酮（P）、促卵泡激素（FSH）、促黄体生成素（LH）、总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三脂（TGh）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL—C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL—C）。结果绝经后冠心病患者E2显著降低，T、P、FSH、LH无明显差别。线性相关分析显示E2与TC、TGH、LDL呈显著负相关，而与HDL呈显著正相关。结论雌激素水平与血脂谱异常有关，提示绝经后女性CHD患者与性激素水平有关。健康教育等干预措施有利于患者控制CHD风险。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.