Triptan Use as a Function of Cardiovascular Risk. A Population‐Based Study

(Headache 2010;50:256‐263) Aim.— To estimate the proportion of individuals with migraine using triptan therapy as a function of their cardiovascular (CV) profile and disease severity. Methods.— As a part of the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention study, we identified migraineurs representative of the U.S. adult population. Triptan use was estimated as a function of presence of CV disease (CVD), of CV risk factors, and by level of migraine‐related disability. Results.— Our sample consists of 6102 individuals with migraine. Compared with migraineurs without risk factors for CVD, triptans were significantly less likely to be used in individuals with diabetes (11.5% vs 18.3%, OR = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.5‐0.7), hypertension (14.8%, OR = 0.8, 0.7‐0.9) and by smokers (12.9%, OR = 0.7, 0.6‐0.8). Similar findings were seen for individuals with established CVD. As contrasted to individuals without CVD, those with myocardial infarct (8.5% vs 18.5%, OR = 0.4, 0.3‐0.7), stroke (7%, OR = 0.6, 0.3‐0.9) and heart surgery (9.3%, OR = 0.5, 0.4‐0.7) were less likely to use triptans. Use of triptan increased as a function of disability regardless of CVD status or presence of CV risk factors. Conclusion.— Triptan use is lower in those with vs without CV risk, suggesting that doctors and/or patients fear using triptans in individuals at risk to CVD. Furthermore, triptan use in those with established CVD increases with headache‐related disability, suggesting that patients and providers balance risks and benefits. Additional and analytical data are needed on the safety of triptans in the setting of CVD risk. This study has not assessed adequacy of care.     

Aspirin use and counseling about aspirin among patients with diabetes

OBJECTIVE: Despite being a safe, effective therapy for lowering cardiovascular risk, only 20% of diabetic patients were using aspirin in the early 1990s. This study examines current physician practices and the use of aspirin therapy by individuals with diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A random sample of diabetic patients receiving care in the Department of Veterans Affairs health care system were surveyed during January-March 2000. The association between aspirin counseling, aspirin use, and reported coronary vascular disease (CVD) and classical CVD risk factors were examined using logistic regression. The effect of increasing aspirin use on risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and cardiovascular mortality was demonstrated by simulation. RESULTS: Seventy-one percent of respondents reported being counseled about aspirin use, and 66% were taking daily aspirin. Individuals with known CVD were more likely to be counseled (odds ratio [OR] 4.9, 95% CI 2.9-8.1) and to use aspirin (2.1, 1.2-3.7). The factor most strongly associated with aspirin use was having been counseled about aspirin therapy by a doctor. We estimate that for this population, increasing daily aspirin use to 90% could prevent an additional 11,000 MIs and potentially save >8,000 lives. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with previous reports, a substantial proportion of these diabetic patients have been counseled about and use aspirin. Most clinicians recognize aspirin as an important treatment for patients with preexisting coronary disease. However, since diabetes is now considered a CVD equivalent, it is imperative that clinicians include counseling about aspirin therapy as a care priority for all their diabetic patients, as this simple intervention may prevent many cardiovascular events and deaths.     

Physical activity in U.S. adults with diabetes and at risk for developing diabetes, 2003

OBJECTIVE: Given the risk of obesity and diabetes in the U.S., and clear benefit of exercise in disease prevention and management, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of physical activity among adults with and at risk for diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey is a nationally representative survey of the U.S. population. In the 2003 survey, 23,283 adults responded when asked about whether they were physically active (moderate or vigorous activity, > or =30 min, three times per week). Information on sociodemographic characteristics and health conditions were self-reported. Additional type 2 diabetes risk factors examined were age > or =45 years, non-Caucasian ethnicity, BMI > or =25 kg/m(2), hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. RESULTS: A total of 39% of adults with diabetes were physically active versus 58% of adults without diabetes. The proportion of active adults without diabetes declined as the number of risk factors increased until dropping to similar rates as people with diabetes. After adjustment for sociodemographic and clinical factors, the strongest correlates of being physically active were income level, limitations in physical function, depression, and severe obesity (BMI > or =40 kg/m(2)). Several traditional predictors of activity (sex, education level, and having received past advice from a health professional to exercise more) were not evident among respondents with diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients with diabetes or at highest risk for developing type 2 diabetes do not engage in regular physical activity, with a rate significantly below national norms. There is a great need for efforts to target interventions to increase physical activity in these individuals.     

Underuse of aspirin in type 2 diabetes mellitus: prevalence and correlates of therapy in rural Canada

BACKGROUND: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) have a markedly increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Guidelines of both the American and Canadian Diabetes Associations recommend the use of aspirin as antiplatelet therapy for all adults with type 2 DM. OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to assess the rate of adherence to guidelines for aspirin use in DM patients in rural Canadian communities and to describe the independent correlates of aspirin use in this population. METHODS: We collected information from a cohort of patients with type 2 DM living in 2 rural regions of northern Alberta, Canada, at the time of their enrollment in a multidisciplinary outreach program designed to improve their quality of care. Our primary outcome was self-reported use of antiplatelet therapy (aspirin or others). We use multivariate logistic regression analyses to examine the independent association between sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and self-reported use of antiplatelet agents. RESULTS: Among 342 patients included in the study (who were typical of rural Canadian patients with type 2 DM), the mean age was 62.9 years; 149 (44%) were men, 84 (25%) were of indigenous origin, and the median time since diagnosis of DM was 8 years. Despite guideline recommendations, only 23% of the cohort (78 patients) were regularly taking aspirin alone or in combination with a thienopyridine (n = 74 and n = 2, respectively) or a thienopyridine alone (n = 2). The results of them ultivariate analyses showed that the only factors independently associated with the use of antiplatelet therapy were symptomatic coronary artery disease (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 3.1; 95% CI, 1.1-8.7; P=0.033 ), older age (AOR, 2.0 per 10-year interval; 95% CI, 1.7-2.2; P<0.001 ); and male sex (AOR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.1-3.5; P=0.026 ). CONCLUSIONS: Aspirin is a safe, inexpensive, and readily available therapy that is effective for preventing cardiovascular disease, and patients with type 2 DM are particularly likely to benefit from such preventive therapy. However, we found significant underuse of aspirin therapy among our study population. Aspirin should be included and better promoted as a factor in high-quality, evidence-based DM management.     

Cardiovascular disease in U.S. patients with metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and elevated C-reactive protein

OBJECTIVE: C-reactive protein (CRP) independently predicts cardiovascular disease (CVD); whether it can stratify risk in those with metabolic syndrome and diabetes is not well documented. We evaluated whether elevated CRP levels modify the relationship of metabolic syndrome and diabetes with CVD in U.S. adults. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In a cross-sectional study of 3,873 subjects (weighted to 156 million) aged >/=18 years participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2000, subjects were classified as having diabetes, metabolic syndrome according to modified National Cholesterol Education Program criteria, or neither condition by low (<1 mg/l), intermediate (1-3 mg/l), or high (>3 mg/l) CRP levels. Logistic regression examined the odds of CVD by disease condition and CRP group. RESULTS: After adjusting for age, sex, smoking, and total cholesterol, compared with those with neither metabolic syndrome nor diabetes and low CRP levels, the odds of CVD were 1.99 (95% CI 1.10-3.59) for those with no disease and high CRP levels and 2.67 (1.30-5.48) for those with metabolic syndrome and intermediate CRP. Persons with metabolic syndrome but high CRP had an odds ratio (OR) of 3.33 (1.80-6.16), similar to those with diabetes and low CRP (3.21 [1.27-8.09]). The likelihood of CVD was highest in those with diabetes who had intermediate CRP levels (6.01 [2.54-14.20]) and in those with diabetes and high CRP (7.73 [3.99-14.95]). CONCLUSIONS: In this cross-sectional analysis, CVD is more common in those with metabolic syndrome or diabetes who have elevated CRP. Stratification by CRP may add prognostic information in patients with metabolic syndrome or diabetes.     

Postchallenge hyperglycemia and mortality in a national sample of U.S. adults

OBJECTIVE: Although postchallenge hyperglycemia is a well-established feature of type 2 diabetes, its association with risk of mortality is uncertain. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the independent association of fasting and 2-h glucose levels with all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We analyzed data from the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II) Mortality Study, a prospective cohort study of U.S. adults examined in the NHANES II, and focused on the 3,092 adults aged 30-74 years who underwent an oral glucose tolerance test at baseline (1976-1980). Deaths were identified from U.S. national mortality files from 1976 to 1992. To account for the complex survey design, we used SUDAAN statistical software for weighted analysis. RESULTS: Compared with their normoglycemic counterparts (fasting glucose [FG] < 7.0 and 2-h glucose < 7.8 mmol/l), adults with fasting and postchallenge hyperglycemia (FG > or =7.0 and 2-h glucose > or =11.1 mmol/l) had a twofold higher risk of death after 16 years of follow-up (age- and sex-adjusted relative hazard [RH] 2.1, 95% CI 1.4-3.2). However, adults with isolated postchallenge hyperglycemia (FG < 7.0 and 2-h glucose > or =11.1 mmol/l) were also at higher risk of death (1.6, 1.0-2.6). In proportional hazards analysis, FG (fully adjusted RH 1.10 per 1 SD; 95% CI 1.01, 1.22) and 2-h glucose (1.14, 1.00-1.29) showed nearly identical predictive value for mortality. Similar trends were observed for CVD mortality. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that postchallenge hyperglycemia is associated with increased risk of all-cause and CVD mortality independently of other CVD risk factors.     

Obesity, inactivity, and the prevalence of diabetes and diabetes-related cardiovascular comorbidities in the U.S., 2000-2002

OBJECTIVE: Obesity and physical inactivity are established risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular comorbidities. Whether adiposity or fitness level is more important to health is controversial. The objective of this research is to determine the relative associations of physical activity and BMI with the prevalence of diabetes and diabetes-related cardiovascular comorbidities in the U.S. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) is a nationally representative survey of the U.S. population. From 2000 to 2002, detailed information on sociodemographic characteristics and health conditions were collected for 68,500 adults. Normal weight was defined as BMI 18.5 to <25 kg/m(2), overweight 25 to < or =30 kg/m(2), obese (class I and II) 30 to <40 kg/m(2), and obese (class III) > or =40 kg/m(2). Physical activity was defined as moderate/vigorous activity > or =30 min > or =3 days per week. RESULTS: The likelihood of having diabetes and diabetes-related cardiovascular comorbidities increased with BMI regardless of physical activity and increased with physical inactivity regardless of BMI. Compared with normal-weight active adults, the multivariate-adjusted odds ratio (OR) for diabetes was 1.52 (95% CI 1.25-1.86) for normal-weight inactive adults and 1.65 (1.40-1.96) for overweight inactive adults; the OR for diabetes and comorbid hypertension was 1.71 (1.32-2.19) for normal-weight inactive adults and 1.84 (1.47-2.32) for overweight inactive adults. CONCLUSIONS: Both physical inactivity and obesity seem to be strongly and independently associated with diabetes and diabetes-related comorbidities. These results support continued research investigating the independent causal nature of these factors.     

天津市城乡居民心血管病危险因素流行水平的研究

目的 分析天津市城乡居民心血管病危险因素水平和流行特征。方法 三阶段分层整群抽取全市代表性的样本量18岁4073人,进行入户的问卷调查、体格检查和血生化检测。结果 总胆固醇升高、高血压、糖代谢异常、吸烟和超重/肥胖是心血管病流行的危险因素,天津市城乡居民拥有1、2个危险因素的分别占69.2%和34.5%(高血压、糖代谢异常、吸烟和超重/肥胖)。年龄越高,拥有1、2个危险因素的风险越高。与0个心血管危险因素相比,拥有1、2个危险因素的人群男性风险分别是女性的2.54倍(95%CI:2.20~2.93)和3.02倍(95%CI:2.57~3.55);拥有1、2个危险因素的城市人口风险是农村人口的0.72倍(95%CI:0.63~0.83)和0.76倍(95%CI:0.66~0.89)。结论 天津市男性和农村人群应为心血管病危险因素综合防治的重点人群。     

Postchallenge hyperglycemia in a national sample of U.S. adults with type 2 diabetes

OBJECTIVE: Postchallenge hyperglycemia (PCH) is known to contribute to suboptimal glycemic control in adults with non-insulin-requiring type 2 diabetes. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of PCH among individuals with diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994) in adults aged 40-74 years with diabetes who were not using insulin (i.e., they used oral hypoglycemics or received no pharmacological therapy). Each respondent underwent a standard 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. PCH was defined as a 2-h glucose level >or=200 mg/dl. RESULTS: Overall, PCH was present in 74% of those with diagnosed diabetes. Although it was present in virtually all (99%) of the diabetic adults under suboptimal glycemic control (HbA(1c) >or=7.0%), PCH was also common (39%) among those under optimal control (HbA(1c) <7.0%). Likewise, among sulfonylurea users, PCH was present in 99% of those under suboptimal control and in 63% of those under good control. Similar patterns were observed in those with undiagnosed diabetes. Isolated PCH (2-h glucose >or=200 mg/dl and fasting glucose <126 mg/dl) was present in 9.8% of the adults with diagnosed diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that PCH is common among diabetic adults in the U.S., even in the setting of "optimal" glycemic control and sulfonylurea use. Interventions designed to lower postprandial glucose excursions may help improve overall glycemic control in the general population of U.S. adults with diabetes.     

Trends in hyperinsulinemia among nondiabetic adults in the U.S

OBJECTIVE: Insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia have been proposed as increasing risk for a variety of abnormalities and clinical syndromes, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Our aim was to assess the trends in the mean concentrations of fasting serum insulin and the prevalence of hyperinsulinemia among nondiabetic adults during the periods of 1988-1994 and 1999-2002 in the U.S. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted analyses of data among men and nonpregnant women without diabetes aged >/=20 years from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III; 1988-1994; n = 7,926) and NHANES 1999-2002 (n = 2,993). Both surveys were designed to represent the noninstitutionalized civilian U.S. population. We calculated age-adjusted mean concentrations of fasting insulin and the prevalence of hyperinsulinemia defined using the 75th percentile of fasting insulin among nondiabetic individuals as the cutoff value. RESULTS: The geometric mean concentrations of fasting insulin increased by approximately 5% from 1988-1994 to 1999-2002 among nondiabetic adults aged >/=20 years in the U.S. Mexican-American men, men and women aged 20-39 years, and non-Hispanic white women had a greater relative increase in the mean concentrations of fasting insulin than their counterparts. The prevalence of hyperinsulinemia increased by 35.1% overall (38.3% among men and 32.1% among women). CONCLUSIONS: In parallel with the obesity epidemic, concentrations of fasting insulin and prevalence of hyperinsulinemia have increased remarkably among nondiabetic U.S. adults.     

Association of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors With Sociodemographic Characteristics and Health Beliefs Among a Community-Based Sample of African American Adults in Minnesota

ObjectiveTo assess cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CVD risk factors and their association with sociodemographic characteristics and health beliefs among African American (AA) adults in Minnesota.MethodsA cross-sectional analysis was conducted of a community-based sample of AA adults enrolled in the Minnesota Heart Health Program Ask About Aspirin study from May 2019 to September 2019. Sociodemographic characteristics, health beliefs, and self-reported CVD and CVD risk factors were collected. Prevalence ratio (PR) estimates were calculated using Poisson regression modeling to assess the association between participants’ characteristics and age- and sex-adjusted CVD risk factors.ResultsThe sample included 644 individuals (64% [412] women) with a mean age of 61 years. Risk factors for CVD were common: hypertension (67% [434]), hyperlipidemia (47% [301]), diabetes (34% [219]), and current cigarette smoking (25% [163]); 19% (119) had CVD. Those with greater perceived CVD risk had a higher likelihood of prevalent hyperlipidemia (PR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.57), diabetes (PR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.30 to 1.98), and CVD (PR 1.61; 95% CI, 1.16 to 2.23) compared with those with lower perceived risk. Trust in health care provider was high (83% [535]) but was not associated with CVD or CVD risk factors.ConclusionIn this community sample of AAs in Minnesota, CVD risk factors were high, as was trust in health care providers. Those with greater CVD risk perceptions had higher CVD prevalence. Consideration of sociodemographic and psychosocial influences on CVD and CVD risk factors could inform development of effective cardiovascular health promotion interventions in the AA Minnesota community.     

Glycemic control from 1988 to 2000 among U.S. adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes: a preliminary report

OBJECTIVE: To describe the changes in demographics, antidiabetic treatment, and glycemic control among the prevalent U.S. adult diagnosed type 2 diabetes population between the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III (1988-1994) and the initial release of NHANES 1999-2000. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The study population was derived from NHANES III (n = 1,215) and NHANES 1999-2000 (n = 372) subjects who reported a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes with available data on diabetes medication and HbA(1c). Four therapeutic regimens were defined: diet only, insulin only, oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) only, or OADs plus insulin. Multiple logistic regression was used to examine changes in antidiabetic regimens and glycemic control rates over time, adjusted for demographic and clinical risk factors. The outcome measure for glycemic control was HbA(1c). Glycemic control rates were defined as the proportion of type 2 diabetic patients with HbA(1c) level <7%. RESULTS: Dietary treatment in individuals with diabetes decreased as the sole therapy from 27.4 to 20.2% between the surveys. Insulin use also decreased from 24.2 to 16.4%, while those on OADs only increased from 45.4 to 52.5%. Combination of OADs and insulin increased from 3.1 to 11.0%. Glycemic control rates declined from 44.5% in NHANES III (1988-1994) to 35.8% in NHANES 1999-2000. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment regimens among U.S. adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes have changed substantially over the past 10 years. However, a decrease in glycemic control rates was also observed during this time period. This trend may contribute to increased rates of macrovascular and microvascular diabetic complications, which may impact health care costs. Our data support the public health message of implementation of early, aggressive management of diabetes.     

Cost-Effectiveness of Aspirin Use Among Persons With Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE

To assess the long-term cost-effectiveness of aspirin use among adults aged ≥40 years with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We used a validated cost-effectiveness model of type 2 diabetes to assess the lifetime health and cost consequences of use or nonuse of aspirin. The model simulates the progression of diabetes and accompanying complications for a cohort of subjects with type 2 diabetes. The model predicts the outcomes of type 2 diabetes along five disease paths (nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, coronary heart disease, and stroke) from the time of diagnosis until age 94 years or until death.

RESULTS

Over a lifetime, aspirin users gained 0.31 life-years (LY) or 0.19 quality-adjusted LYs (QALYs) over nonaspirin users, at an incremental cost of $1,700; the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of aspirin use was $5,428 per LY gained or $8,801 per QALY gained. In probabilistic sensitivity analyses, the ICER was <$30,000 per QALY in all of 2,000 realizations in two scenarios.

CONCLUSIONS

Regular use of aspirin among people with newly diagnosed diabetes is cost-effective.Diabetes is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) among people with diabetes. The risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD) is two to four times higher for people with diabetes than those without diabetes (1). Aspirin decreases CHD incidence in adults at risk for CVD (2,3).The American Diabetes Association recommends aspirin use for primary prevention of CVD in diabetic patients aged >40 years or in all people aged >30 years if they have risk factors for CVD and no aspirin contraindications (4). However, the cost-effectiveness of aspirin use for primary prevention in a diabetic population has not been evaluated. Previous studies have evaluated the cost-effectiveness of aspirin therapy for primary prevention of CVD in the general population (5,6). These studies concluded that aspirin use was cost saving or cost-effective. It is not known if the same conclusion holds for people with diabetes. The cost-effectiveness of aspirin therapy could differ between people with diabetes and the general population because of the additional cost and health consequences related to diabetes and its complications. Our study evaluates the lifetime cost-effectiveness of aspirin use in adults aged ≥40 years who have newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes.     

重庆市沙坪坝区成人慢性非传染性疾病及其危险因素监测结果分析

目的 了解重庆市沙坪坝区成人慢性非传染性疾病(慢性病)及吸烟、饮酒等危险因素的分布情况,分析相关危险因素对高血压、糖尿病的影响。 方法 采用分层多阶段抽样法调查沙坪坝区成年居民1200人。利用2013年重庆市慢性病及危险因素监测调查问卷进行问卷调查、体格检查和实验室检查,并进行高血压、糖尿病相关因素的2检验和多因素logistic回归分析。 结果 沙坪坝区成年居民吸烟率27.9%,饮酒率47.2％,超重率33.6%,肥胖率13.9%。男性吸烟、饮酒、超重率均高于女性(2=396.830、249.130、4.240,P0.05)。高血压患病率23.3%,糖尿病患病率8.8%,血脂异常率21.0%。男性高血压患病率高于女性(2=6.195,P0.05),随年龄增加有升高趋势(2=0.890,P0.05),并在不同文化程度、婚姻状况、职业、吸烟状况、饮酒状况、体质指数中分布不同(均P0.05)。糖尿病患病率随年龄增加有升高趋势(2=0.257,P0.05),并在不同文化程度、婚姻状况、职业、饮酒状况、体质指数中分布不同(均P0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示:女性(OR=0.475)、文化程度增加(OR=0.835)是高血压的保护性因素,年龄(OR=1.505)、离退休(OR=1.128)、高血压家族史(OR=1.670)、体质指数增加(OR=2.496)、每周饮酒5次(OR=2.387)是高血压的危险因素。每日运动量达6000步以上 (OR=0.634)是糖尿病的保护因素,年龄(OR=1.540)、体质指数增加(OR=1.813)、高血压(OR=1.846)是糖尿病的危险因素。 结论 沙坪坝区成年居民高血压、糖尿病患病率较高,其发病与多种因素有关,应加强高血压、糖尿病的综合防治。     

Subclinical states of glucose intolerance and risk of death in the U.S

OBJECTIVE: Although clinically evident type 2 diabetes is a well-established cause of mortality, less is known about subclinical states of glucose intolerance. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Data from the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Mortality Study, a prospective study of adults, were analyzed. This analysis focused on a nationally representative sample of 3,174 adults aged 30-75 years who underwent an oral glucose tolerance test at baseline (1976-1980) and who were followed up for death through 1992. RESULTS: Using 1985 World Health Organization criteria, adults were classified as having previously diagnosed diabetes (n = 248), undiagnosed diabetes (n = 183), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (n = 480), or normal glucose tolerance (n = 2,263). For these groups, cumulative all-cause mortality through age 70 was 41, 34, 27, and 20%, respectively (P < 0.001). Compared with those with normal glucose tolerance, the multivariate adjusted RR of all-cause mortality was greatest for adults with diagnosed diabetes (RR 2.11, 95% CI 1.56-2.84), followed by those with undiagnosed diabetes (1.77, 1.13-2.75) and those with IGT (1.42, 1.08-1.87; P < 0.001). A similar pattern of risk was observed for cardiovascular disease mortality. CONCLUSIONS: In the U.S., there was a gradient of mortality associated with abnormal glucose tolerance ranging from a 40% greater risk in adults with IGT to a 110% greater risk in adults with clinically evident diabetes. These associations were independent of established cardiovascular disease risk factors.     

Preventative Services Use and Risk Reduction for Potentially Preventative Hospitalizations Among People With Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury

ObjectiveTo examine the risk of potentially preventable hospitalizations (PPHs) for adults (18 years or older) with traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) to identify the most common types of preventable hospitalizations and their associative risk factors.DesignCohort study.SettingUsing 2007-2017 U.S. claims data from the Optum Clinformatics Data Mart, we identified adults (18 years or older) with diagnosis of TSCI (n=5380). Adults without TSCI diagnosis were included as controls (n=1,074,729). Using age and sex, we matched individuals with and without TSCI (n=5173) with propensity scores to address potential selection bias. Generalized linear regression was applied to examine the risk of TSCI on PPHs. Models were adjusted for age; sex; race and ethnicity; Elixhauser comorbidity count; any cardiometabolic, psychological, and musculoskeletal chronic conditions; U.S. Census Division; socioeconomic variables; and use of certain preventative care services. Adjusted odds ratios were compared within a 4-year follow-up period.ParticipantsAdults with and without TSCI (N=5,173).InterventionNot applicable.Main Outcomes MeasuresAny PPH and specific PPHsResultsAdults with TSCI had higher risk for any PPH (odds ratio [OR], 1.67; 95% CI,1.20-2.32), as well as PPHs because of urinary tract infection (UTI) (OR, 3.78; 95% CI, 2.47-5.79), hypertension (OR, 3.77; 95% CI, 1.54-9.21), diabetes long-term complications (OR, 2.54; 95% CI, 1.34-4.80), and pneumonia (OR, 1.71; 95% CI. 1.21-2.41). Annual wellness visit was associated with reduced PPH risk compared with cases and controls without annual wellness visit (OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.46-0.71) and among people with TSCI (OR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.55-0.86) compared with cases without annual wellness visit.ConclusionsAdults with TSCI are at a heightened risk for PPH. They are also more susceptible to certain PPHs such as UTIs, pneumonia, and heart failure. Encouraging the use of preventative or health-promoting services, especially for respiratory and urinary outcomes, may reduce PPHs among adults with TSCI.     

Early-Adulthood Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Profiles Among Individuals With and Without Diabetes in the Framingham Heart Study

OBJECTIVE

Many studies of diabetes have examined risk factors at the time of diabetes diagnosis instead of considering the lifetime burden of adverse risk factor levels. We examined the 30-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor burden that participants have up to the time of diabetes diagnosis.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Among participants free of CVD, incident diabetes cases (fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL or treatment) occurring at examinations 2 through 8 (1979–2008) of the Framingham Heart Study Offspring cohort were age- and sex-matched 1:2 to controls. CVD risk factors (hypertension, high LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, high triglycerides, obesity) were measured at the time of diabetes diagnosis and at time points 10, 20, and 30 years prior. Conditional logistic regression was used to compare risk factor levels at each time point between diabetes cases and controls.

RESULTS

We identified 525 participants with new-onset diabetes who were matched to 1,049 controls (mean age, 60 years; 40% women). Compared with those without diabetes, individuals who eventually developed diabetes had higher levels of hypertension (odds ratio [OR], 2.2; P = 0.003), high LDL (OR, 1.5; P = 0.04), low HDL (OR, 2.1; P = 0.0001), high triglycerides (OR, 1.7; P = 0.04), and obesity (OR, 3.3; P < 0.0001) at time points 30 years before diabetes diagnosis. After further adjustment for BMI, the ORs for hypertension (OR, 1.9; P = 0.02) and low HDL (OR, 1.7; P = 0.01) remained statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS

CVD risk factors are increased up to 30 years before diagnosis of diabetes. These findings highlight the importance of a life course approach to CVD risk factor identification among individuals at risk for diabetes.Many studies of diabetes have focused on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors at the time of diabetes diagnosis. However, it is likely that CVD risk factors that accompany diabetes, including obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, are increased decades before the clinical onset of diabetes. Two previous studies have suggested that individuals who develop diabetes may have increased CVD risk factor burden up to 15 years before their diabetes diagnosis, relative to those who do not have development of diabetes (1,2) However, one limitation of these studies is that 15 years before diabetes diagnosis may not be a long enough time range to capture the early middle-age period when risk factor intervention might be more feasible.A better understanding of the life-long risk factor burden that participants bear before the time of diabetes diagnosis can enable us to identify those at greatest risk for ultimate development of CVD. Thus, the objective of our study was to examine CVD risk factor burden during the time period of up to 30 years before diabetes diagnosis among individuals who did and did not develop diabetes.     

Hospitalizations, nursing home admissions, and deaths attributable to diabetes

OBJECTIVE: To estimate all-cause hospitalizations, nursing home admissions, and deaths attributable to diabetes using a new methodology based on longitudinal data for a representative sample of older U.S. adults. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A simulation model, based on data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) I Epidemiologic Followup Study, was used to represent the natural history of diabetes and control for a variety of baseline risk factors. The model was applied to 6,265 NHANES III adults aged 45-74 years. The prevalence of risk factors in NHANES III, fielded in 1988-1994, better represents today's adults. RESULTS: For all NHANES III adults aged 45-74 years, a diagnosis of diabetes accounted for 8.6% of hospitalizations, 12.3% of nursing home admissions, and 10.3% of deaths in 1988-1994. For people with diabetes, diabetes alone was responsible for 43.4% of hospitalizations, 52.1% of nursing home admissions, and 47% of deaths. Adjusting for related cardiovascular conditions, which may provide more accurate estimates of attributable risks for people with diabetes, increased these estimates to 51.4, 57.1, and 56.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Risks of institutionalization and death attributable to diabetes are large. Efforts to translate recent trials of primary prevention into practice and continued efforts to prevent complications of diabetes could have a substantial impact on hospitalizations, nursing home admissions, and deaths and their societal costs.     

服用小剂量阿司匹林患者的阿司匹林抵抗

目的 探讨服用小剂量阿司匹林患者的阿司匹林抵抗（AR）现象及其影响因素.方法 入选328例病情稳定的心脑血管病、糖尿病等患者,每日服用阿司匹林100 mg,连服14 d后,分别用花生四烯酸（AA）、二磷酸腺苷（ADP）作诱导剂检测血小板聚集率.满足AA诱导的血小板平均聚集率≥20%、ADP诱导的血小板平均聚集率≥70%两项者为AR;仅满足其中一项为阿司匹林半抵抗（ASR）;均不满足者为阿司匹林敏感（AS）.用统计学方法分析各组间各项临床特征差异及影响AR与ASR的独立危险因素.结果 328例患者中AR发生率为4.9%,ASR发生率为27.4%.与AS相比,AR＋ASR中以女性、高龄、糖尿病及高血压病患者较多,吸烟者较少.Logistic回归分析表明,糖尿病[相对比值比（OR）=0.953,95%可信区间（CI）0.323～0.876,P=0.013]和高血压病（OR=0.610,95%CI 0.376～0.991,P=0.045）是发生AR与ASR的独立危险因素.不吸烟者发生AR与ASR的危险性升高（OR=2.231,95%CI 1.182～4.210,P=0.013）.结论 服用小剂量阿司匹林的患者中AR发生率为4.9%;发生AR与ASR可能与糖尿病、高血压等因素有关,不吸烟者发生AR与ASR的危险性升高.     

Diabetes and associated cardiovascular risk factors in the State of Kuwait: the first national survey

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of mortality worldwide as well as in Kuwait. People with diabetes have two to five times greater risk of developing CVD as compared with non‐diabetic individuals. To date, little information exists on the prevalence and characteristics of cardiovascular risk factors in Kuwait. The objective of this survey was to address the growing burden of diabetes and related cardiovascular risk factors, and to estimate, for the first time, the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the State of Kuwait. Methods: The study was carried out using the World Health Organization (WHO) STEPwise approach for surveillance of non‐communicable disease risk factors. This study represents a national survey for Kuwaiti nationals aged between 20 and 65 years. All participants were involved in an interview for gathering sociodemographic information, underwent focused physical examination and donated a blood sample for the study‐specific laboratory investigations. Results: A total of 1970 subjects, with a mean age of 48.9 ± 10.5, were screened. The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was as follows: diabetes 17.9%, dyslipidaemia 70.3%, hypertension 25.3% and obesity 48.2%. Over 62% had a sedentary lifestyle, and 17.8% were smokers. The prevalence of diabetes and dyslipidaemia increased with age and body mass index. Diabetes was also significantly associated with age above 40 years (OR = 10.5), family history of diabetes (OR = 2.79), hypertension (OR = 2.22), obesity (OR = 2.87) and lower literacy (OR = 4.23). Conclusions: This study found that advancing age (≥ 40 years), diabetes mellitus, obesity, positive family history of diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia are significant risk factors for developing CVD in Kuwait as in other parts of the world. Understanding these factors allows for preventive measures to be taken for Kuwaiti population.