白术莪术提取物对小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用

目的 研究白术莪术提取物对四氯化碳(CCl4)诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤的影响.方法 给予小鼠白术莪术提取物灌胃,连续7d,腹腔注射CCl4-花生油溶液造模急性肝损伤,16 h后测定血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)含量、肝组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及其肝脏、脾脏指数.结果 白术莪术提取物能显著降低急性肝损伤小鼠血清中ALT、AST含量及提高肝组织中SOD活性,减小肝脏指数(P＜0.01).结论 白术莪术提取物对CCl4诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤具有很好的保护作用.     

补肾养肝合剂对四氯化碳诱导大鼠急性肝损伤的防护作用

目的：探讨补肾养肝合剂萃取物对四氯化碳（CCl4）诱导大鼠急性肝损伤之影响。方法：用CCl4诱导急性肝损伤模型，造模前口服补肾养肝合剂萃取物（100，500mg／kg），适时检测血清中ALT、AST活性。结果：补肾养肝合剂可有效降低CCl4诱发之ALT、AST活性；提升肝脏中抗氧化酵素（酶）SOD、GPx、GR活性。结论：结果显示补肾养肝合剂萃取物对CCl4诱导急性肝损伤具有防护作用，其防护CCl4诱导急性肝损伤之机转与提升肝脏内抗氧化酵素（酶）GR、GPx与SOD活性有关。     

茵陈紫金汤对小鼠四氯化碳急性肝损伤的保护作用

[目的]观察茵陈紫金汤对四氯化碳(CCl4)诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤保护作用.[方法]以0.12?l4花生油溶液经腹腔注射,制备小鼠急性化学性肝损伤模型,测定给药后模型小鼠血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST),肝组织匀浆超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)水平,计算肝脏指数,光镜下观察肝组织病理学变化.[结果]茵陈紫金汤高、中剂量组均能显著降低CCl4所致小鼠急性肝损伤血清ALT、AST活性,提高肝组织匀浆SOD活性,降低MDA及肝脏指数,明显改善肝组织损伤的程度,与模型组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).[结论]茵陈紫金汤对CCl4诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤有保护作用,其作用机制可能与抗脂质过氧化有关.     

垂盆草水煎液对不同小鼠急性肝损伤模型的疗效作用

目的复制四氯化碳(CCl4)、D-氨基半乳糖胺联合内毒素(D-Gal N/LPS)、D-氨基半乳糖胺联合肿瘤坏死因子-α(D-Gal N/TNF-α)及刀豆蛋白A(Con A)诱导小鼠急性肝损伤模型,筛选针对垂盆草(Sedum Sarmentosum,SS)水煎液有效的急性肝损伤小鼠模型。方法采用152只雄性6~8周龄C57BL/6小鼠,其中80只小鼠随机分为CCl4+H2O组、CCl4+SS组、D-Gal N/LPS+H2O组、D-Gal N/LPS+SS组、D-Gal N/TNF-α+H2O组、D-Gal N/TNF-α+SS组、Con A+H2O组及Con A+SS组共8组,每组10只,观察各组生存率。其余72只小鼠随机分为Normal组、CCl4+H2O肝功能组、CCl4+SS肝功能组、D-Gal N/LPS+H2O肝功能组、D-Gal N/LPS+SS肝功能组、D-Gal N/TNF-α+H2O肝功能组、D-Gal N/TNF-α+SS肝功能组、Con A+H2O肝功能组及Con A+SS肝功能组共9组,每组8只,检测血浆ALT、AST和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)水平。结果垂盆草水煎液将CCl4小鼠急性肝损伤模型的生存率由55%提高到90%(P=0.0128)。造模24小时后,CCl4+SS组ALT为(5500.00±426.20)U/L,AST为(4383.00±358.00)U/L,LDH为(6764.00±691.30)U/L,分别低于CCl4+H2O组ALT[(10521.00±1374.00)U/L]、AST[(7328.00±947.80)U/L]、LDH[(13589.00±1542.00)U/L],差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论垂盆草水煎液对CCl4诱导小鼠急性肝损伤模型有保护作用。     

雪莲菌发酵乳对慢性肝损伤大鼠肝功能的影响

目的探讨雪莲菌发酵乳对四氯化碳(CCl4)导致的慢性肝损伤大鼠肝功能的影响。方法采用CCl4制备大鼠慢性肝损伤模型,设正常组、模型组、雪莲菌发酵乳组和联苯双酯组(阳性对照)。测定血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)含量,同时观察肝组织病理变化。结果模型组大鼠有明显肝损伤表现,各给药组肝损伤均有不同程度的改善(P0.01或P0.05)。病理组织学检查结果表明,给药组肝脏病变程度均较模型组明显减轻。结论雪莲菌发酵乳可以缓解CCl4诱导的大鼠慢性肝损伤。     

维生素D3对实验性肝损伤小鼠肝脏超微结构改变的影响

目的:探讨维生素D3(vitamin D3,Vit D3)对四氯化碳(CCl4)诱小鼠实验性肝损伤肝组织超微结构的影响.方法:将25只SPF级♂Balb/c小鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、Vit D3低、中、高剂量干预组.干预组使用Vit D3预处理2 wk,Vit D3高、中、低剂量组分别每日给予Vit D3 15.0、7.5、l.0μg/k g腹腔注射,正常组与模型组腹腔注射等量生理盐水,Vit D3预处理1 wk后,模型组与各干预组每只小鼠隔日腹腔注射0.1%CCl4橄榄油溶液0.2 m L造模,正常对照组与模型组同步隔日腹腔注射生理盐水,CCl4给药1 wk后,全部小鼠眼眶采血和留取肝脏组织标本,光镜下观察肝组织HE染色的病理变化;常规方法测定血清谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、谷草转氨酶(aspartate transaminase,AST);透射电镜观察肝脏超微结构的变化.结果:Vit D3高剂量组和中剂量组的肝脏指数和血清ALT、AST的水平则显著低于模型组(高剂量组:P=0.0000,P=0.0000,P=0.0002;中剂量组:P=0.0019,P=0.0005,P=0.0012),模型组小鼠的肝脏指数和血清ALT、AST的水平较正常组显著性升高(P=0.0000,P=0.0000,P=0.0000).各Vit D3干预组小鼠肝脏HE染色及超微结构的改善情况均明显优于模型组.结论:Vit D3对CCl4诱导急性肝损伤小鼠肝脏的超微结构具有一定的保护作用.     

复方柴郁汤对小鼠免疫性肝损伤的影响

目的：观察中药复方柴郁汤对小鼠免疫性肝损伤的影响。方法：将72只小鼠随机分为空白组、病理组、日达仙组以及复方柴郁汤大、中、小剂量组，采用BCG＋LPS造模，观察并比较各组小鼠血清ALT、AST含量以及肝脏病理结构。结果：各治疗组和日达仙组的ALT、AST值明显低于病理组（P〈0．01），组织结构明显优于病理组（P〈0.01）。其中中剂量组又优于其他治疗组和对照组（P〈0．05）。结论：复方柴郁汤能明显降低免疫性肝损伤小鼠血清ALT、AST的活力单位．减轻其免疫性肝损伤程度。     

清热利湿法对小鼠CCl4急性肝损伤的保护作用

目的:观察清热利湿法对四氯化碳(CCl4)诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用.方法:给小鼠以0.12?l4花生油溶液腹腔注射,制备急性化学性肝损伤模型,测定各组血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活性,计算肝脏指数,光镜下观察肝组织病理学变化.结果:小鼠灌胃给予清香散后,清香散大、小剂量组均能显著降低CCl4所致小鼠急性肝损伤血清ALT、AST活性及肝脏指数(P<0.05),大剂量组能明显改善肝组织损伤的程度,与模型组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).小剂量组虽有改善肝组织损伤的趋势,但与模型组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:清热利湿法对CCl4诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤有保护作用.     

蓝莓预防大鼠肝损伤实验研究

目的探讨蓝莓对四氯化碳（CCl4）所致大鼠急性肝损伤的预防保护作用。方法SD大鼠随机分为蓝莓汁低、高两个剂量预防组、齐墩果酸阳性药对照组、正常对照组及模型组,采用CCl4致大鼠急性肝损伤模型。测定大鼠血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）以及肝组织匀浆超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）及丙二醛（MDA）,光镜下观察肝脏病理变化。结果蓝莓各剂量组及阳性对照组血清ALT及AST均明显低于模型组（P〈0．01）。与模型组比较,齐墩果酸组、蓝莓汁高剂量组肝匀浆GSH、SOD、CAT明显升高,MDA明显降低（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）;蓝莓汁低剂量组肝匀浆GSH升高不明显,肝匀浆SOD、CAT升高,MDA降低（P〈0．05）。结论蓝莓对CCl4所致大鼠急性肝损伤具有良好的预防保护作用,其机制可能与抗脂质过氧化作用有关。     

糖皮质激素联合生长激素对大鼠急性肝衰竭的保护作用及其机制初步探讨

目的研究糖皮质激素（氢化考的松琥珀酸钠,HCSS）联合生长激素（GH）对大鼠急性肝衰竭的影响.方法采用Wistar大鼠注射脂多糖（LPS）和D氨基半乳糖（D-GalN）制备急性肝衰竭模型,随机分为正常对照组、模型对照组、药物干预组及造模后4 h干预组,各组于末次给药6 h后处死大鼠,常规H-E染色观察大鼠肝脏病理变化,检测肝功能和血清TNF-α,IL-8,IL-6水平;分离培养大鼠库普否细胞（KC）,经LPS（10μg/ml）刺激,于刺激开始（0 h）和4 h后分别给药,并于0、2、4、8和24 h后收集上清,测定TNF-α.结果HCSS或HCSS联合GH预防给药可显著降低急性肝衰竭大鼠血清TBIL、ALT、AST和TNF-α、IL-8、IL-6水平,药物干预组较模型组肝细胞坏死有明显改善.LPS刺激2 h后,KC培养上清中TNF-α浓度开始上升并在4 h达高峰.在培养开始加用HCSS可明显降低TNF-α水平,而培养4 h后加用HCSS不能明显降低TNF-α水平.在培养开始加用GH可进一步升高TNF-α水平,而联合给予HCSS后可降低TNF-α水平.结论预防性给予大鼠药物干预可明显减轻肝损伤,而在造模4 h后使用HCSS则无明显效果.联合使用合理剂量的HCSS和GH仍能较好的减轻肝损伤.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.