Involvement of ion channels in human eosinophil respiratory burst

BACKGROUND: Human eosinophils possess a variety of ion channels that play a crucial role in the regulation of cellular activity. During eosinophil respiratory burst, efflux of H(+) ions through H(+) channels provides an efficient mechanism of H(+) extrusion and charge compensation. Interestingly, recent studies suggest that other ion channels may also be involved in this process. OBJECTIVE: We sought to investigate the role of ion channels in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced superoxide (O(2)(*-)) generation by human eosinophils. METHODS: O(2)(*-) production was measured by using the superoxide dismutase-inhibitable reduction of cytochrome c. Ion channel expression and function were studied by using RT-PCR and the patch clamp technique, respectively. RESULTS: O(2)(*-) generation was affected by several ion channel blockers, especially 4,4-diisothio-cyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid. The involvement of Cl(-) channels in this process was confirmed by replacement of Cl(-) with gluconate or other anions. The halide dependence of O(2)(*-) production could be described by the sequence Cl(-)> or =Br(-)>I(-), which is similar to the selectivity sequence of several members of the chloride channel (ClC) family. RT-PCR studies performed with primers for ClC-2, ClC-3, ClC-4, ClC-5, ClC-6, and the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator showed only the expression of ClC-3. The presence of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-sensitive Cl(-) channels in human eosinophils with biophysical properties similar to the ClC-3 channel has been studied. CONCLUSION: Cl(-) channels play an important role in the regulation of O(2)(*-) production by human eosinophils.     

Activation of phagocytic cell NADPH oxidase by norfloxacin: a potential mechanism to explain its bactericidal action

The mechanisms underlying the bactericidal power of fluoroquinolones against intracellular parasites in host macrophages remain poorly understood. We have analyzed the effect of norfloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, on the production of reactive oxygen intermediates (O(2)(*-) and H(2)O(2)) and NADPH oxidase activity in mouse macrophages. The generation of anion superoxide (O(2)(*-)) was found to be significantly greater in macrophages incubated with norfloxacin than in untreated controls. This enhancing effect of norfloxacin was dose-dependent and reached maximal values within 10 min after its addition. The O(2)(*-) generated was mainly intracellular, as determined by the use of specific dyes, such as lucigenin and luminol, and able to diffuse freely through the cell membrane. Also, the production of H(2)O(2) was increased in macrophages in response to norfloxacin. The positive effect of norfloxacin was associated to an enhanced mobilization of NADPH oxidase subunits p47(phox) and p67(phox) from the cytosol to the plasma membrane in phagocytic cells. The effect of the antibiotic persisted in vivo for several hours. These data support the notion that norfloxacin inhibits mycobacterial growth within phagocytic cells by enhancing intracellular production of O(2)(*-) and other reactive oxygen species.     

CRP诱导单核细胞表达CD11b和CCR2并影响脂蛋白对CD11b和CCR2表达的观察

目的探讨C反应蛋白(CRP)对单核细胞表达CC趋化因子受体2(CCR2)和CD11b的作用以及与脂蛋白之间的相互作用。方法以不同浓度的CRP和／或脂蛋白处理THP-1单核细胞,应用流式细胞仪检测细胞表面CCR2、CD11b蛋白的表达,并应用半定量RT-PCR方法检测CCR2的mRNA表达,同时检测处理后的单核细胞与内皮细胞的黏附率以及培养液中NO含量。结果CRP以剂量依赖性方式增加单核细胞表达CCR2和CD11b,RT-PCR结果显示CRP在转录水平上诱导CCR2的表达。不同脂蛋白对CCR2和CD11b的表达作用不同:氧化的低密度脂蛋白(OX-LDL)诱导CCR2和CD11b的表达(P<0．01),而高密度脂蛋白(HDL)抑制此二者的表达(P<0．01),天然低密度脂蛋白(LDL)则对其无显著影响(P<0．01)。CRP抑制OX-LDL所诱导的CCR2(115．7±6．40比99．0±3．65, P<0．01)和CD11b(121．3±4．79比98．5±4．90,P<0．01)的表达增加;但与LDL显著地协同上调CCR2(LDL 50μg/ml比LDL 50μg/ml+CRP 10μg／ml;CRP 10μg/ml比LDL 50μg/ml+CRP 10μg/ml,均P <0．01)和CD11b(LDL 50μg/ml比LDL 50μg/ml+CRP 10μg／ml;CRP 10μg／ml比LDL 50μg/ml+CRP 10μg/ml,均P<0．01)的表达;CRP削弱HDL对CCR2和CD11b表达的抑制作用。培养液中的NO含量与CCR2和CD11b密切相关。结论CRP诱导单核细胞表达CCR2和CD11b,并调节脂蛋白对CCR2和CD11b的作用;NO可能是此过程中的信使之一。     

Nitric oxide and superoxide radical production by human mononuclear leukocytes

Human mononuclear cells (90% lymphocytes, 9% monocytes, and 1% polymorphonuclear leukocytes) produced spontaneously in resting state 0.11+/-0.01 nmol of nitric oxide (NO)/min/10(6) cells and 0.25+/-0.02 nmol of superoxide anion (O2-)/min/10(6) cells, as primary products. When these cells were stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), the NO and O2- production increased by 82% and 204% to 0.25+/-0.02 nmol of NO/min/10(6) cells and 0.76+/-0.12 nmol of O2-/min/10(6) cells, respectively. Oxygen uptake reasonably accounted for the sum of the rates of NO and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the latter calculated as 0.5 O2- production, in nonstimulated and in PMA-stimulated cells. H2O2 and peroxynitrite formation were detected and measured as secondary products of the primary products O2- and NO. An original assay to determine H2O2 steady-state concentration and production rates is described. The determined production rates of the involved reactive species are in good agreement with known chemical equations. It is apparent that NO and O2- production by human mononuclear cells may constitute the basis of intercellular signaling and cell toxicity.     

睾酮对雄性家兔血管损伤后内皮功能及内膜增生的影响

目的:探讨睾酮对雄性家兔腹主动脉球囊损伤后内皮功能及内膜增生的影响。方法:选择健康雄性新西兰白兔24只随机分成3组:对照组(假去势)、低睾酮血症组(去势)及睾酮替代组(去势1周后加用长效十一酸睾酮单次肌注,14mg/kg),每组8只。去势10d后对所有动物行腹主动脉球囊损伤术。损伤后两周测血浆睾酮、血脂、一氧化氮代谢产物(NO₂^-/NO₃^-)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及丙二醛(MDA)水平,并截取腹主动脉进行图像分析。结果:睾酮替代组和对照组的血浆总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白及MDA水平和新生内膜面积明显低于低睾酮血症组(P＜0.01或P＜0.05),睾酮替代组和对照组的NO₂^-/NO₃^-及对照组的SOD水平高于低睾酮血症组(P均＜0.05),替代组和对照组两组间比较各数据无差异。结论:生理水平的睾酮(内源性或外源性替代)具有保护雄性家兔血管内皮,抑制动脉损伤后内膜增生的作用。     

Dietary tomato and grape pomace in rats: effect on lipids in serum and liver, and on antioxidant status

Addition of tomato and grape pomace to the cholesterol (0.3%) diet of male Wistar rats produced a dose-dependent effect. During the eight-week experiment, 5% pomace showed no effect; however, 15% pomace reduced serum cholesterol levels from 4.4 mmol/L to 2.5 mmol/L (tomato) and 2.0 mmol/L (grape). At a concentration of 15%, both tomato and grape pomace induced a redistribution of cholesterol in lipoproteins, resulting in a pronounced anti-atherogenic profile: reduced cholesterol concentration in very-low-density lipoprotein (VDL) (24% [tomato], 50% [grape]) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (3-fold, 3.6-fold). In addition, grape pomace increased cholesterol concentration in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) by 26%. Both types of pomace reduced the VLDL and LDL contribution to cholesterol transport in favour of HDL. Grape pomace (15%) produced a significant reduction in cholesterol and triacylglycerols in the liver and serum respectively. Diets containing tomato and grape pomace reduced plasma levels of conjugated dienes by 30-50%, and showed a tendency towards higher superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity in the liver.     

Comparison of VO2max and disease risk factors between perimenopausal and postmenopausal women

OBJECTIVE: This study determines whether maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) is higher in perimenopausal women compared with similarly aged postmenopausal women and whether the lower VO2 max in postmenopausal women is associated with a higher total and visceral fat mass, less favorable lipid and glucose metabolism, and lower bone mineral density (BMD). DESIGN: Participants were 18 perimenopausal women (mean +/- SD; irregular menstrual cycle in the past 6 months) aged 49 +/- 4 years and 18 postmenopausal women (no menstrual cycle in the past year) aged 52 +/- 2 years who were matched for body mass index and race. Women were sedentary, and none were on hormone replacement therapy. Body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and CT), VO2 max, fasting concentrations of sex steroid hormones, lipoproteins, insulin, and glucose were determined. RESULTS: VO2 max was 17% lower (22 +/- 3 v 27 +/- 7 mL.kg.min; P 相似文献   

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol is positively associated with hypertension in apparently healthy Japanese men and women

Among five components of metabolic syndrome, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is unique because it is not significantly associated with blood pressure. This study looks at cross-sectional relationships between HDL cholesterol and hypertension using medical check-up data from 1803 apparently healthy Japanese men aged 49.9 +/- 9.0 years, and 1150 Japanese women aged 49.5 +/- 9.0 years. Pearson's correlation coefficients between systolic blood pressure (SBP)/diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and HDL cholesterol were -0.01 (ns)/-0.01 (ns) in men and -0.04 (ns)/-0.01 (ns) in women. The standardised partial regression coefficient of HDL cholesterol for SBP/DBP (mmHg) controlling for age, body mass index (BMI), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), triglycerides, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were 0.15 (P < 0.0001)/0.15 (P < 0.0001) in men and 0.10 (P < 0.0001)/0.12 (P < 0.0001) in women. The odds ratio (OR; 95% confidence interval [CI]) of a 1 mg/dL increment of HDL cholesterol for hypertension controlling for age, BMI, FPG, triglycerides, hs-CRP, LDL cholesterol, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, exercise status, drinking status, and smoking status was 1.03 (1.02-1.04; P < 0.001) in men and 1.03 (1.01-1.05; P = 0.002) in women. Thus, HDL cholesterol was independently positively associated with hypertension in apparently healthy Japanese men and women.     

Profile of Toll-like receptor expressions and induction of nitric oxide synthesis by Toll-like receptor agonists in chicken monocytes

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a major role in the innate immune system for initial recognition of microbial pathogens and pathogen associated components. Nitric oxide (NO) is generated in immune cells in response to microbial stimulation and is involved in pathogenesis and control of infection. We used RT-PCR analysis to examine the TLR expression profile on chicken monocytes and demonstrated these cells express chicken TLR2, 3, 4, 6, and 7. TLR5 was not detected by the TR-PCR. We also investigated the differential induction of NO synthesis in chicken monocytes by TLR agonists, including flagellin (FGN, from Salmonella typhimurium), synthetic lipoprotein Pam3CSK4 (PAM), lipopolysaccharide (LPS, from Salmonella enteritidis), lipoteichoic acid (LTA, from Staphylococcus aureus), the synthetic double stranded RNA analog (poly I:C), the guanosine analog, loxoribine (LOX), and synthetic CpG oligodeoxydinucleotide (CpG-ODN). Our results indicate that there was a vast difference among these agonists for their ability to induce NO production. CpG-ODN and LPS were the most potent stimuli and induced significant quantities of NO in cultured monocytes, whereas LTA stimulated significant NO production only at high concentrations. Other agonists such as FGN and poly I:C stimulated very little NO, while PAM, LOX, and nCpG-ODN (control ODN) did not induce NO production. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that LPS, LTA, and CpG-ODN induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in monocytes; whereas the other agonists did not. The presence of TLRs on chicken monocytes and the differential induction of NO production in chicken monocytes by various TLR agonists suggest the differentiation of signaling pathways downstream of individual TLRs.     

Serum CA125 concentration has inverse correlation with metabolic syndrome

Serum carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA-125) is a marker of ovarian cancer and obesity that is related with an increased risk of ovarian cancer. Obesity is a key factor of metabolic syndrome. We evaluated the relationship between CA-125 concentration and metabolic syndrome. The data from subjects who had any cancer and chronic infection were excluded. The data of 12,196 healthy Korean women were analyzed. After CA-125 concentration was divided by quartiles, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components were compared. The lowest quartile of CA-125 compared with the highest quartile showed elevated values of most of metabolic parameters. In addition, as the quartile of CA-125 increased, metabolic derangement decreased. Increased numbers of metabolic syndrome components showed an inverse association with CA-125 levels (P < 0.001). The odds ratio (OR) for the lowest CA-125 quartile vs the highest CA-125 quartile significantly increased in the presence of metabolic syndrome (OR = 1.202, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.013-1.423), elevated triglyceride (OR = 1.381, 95% CI 1.167-1.633), and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR = 1.168, 95% CI 1.039-1.312). The presence of metabolic syndrome, elevated triglyceride, or low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol negatively correlates with CA-125 concentration.     

Seasonal changes in blood lipids, adrenaline, noradrenaline, glucose and insulin in Norwegian reindeer

Plasma concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol, adrenaline, noradrenaline, glucose and insulin, as well as serum concentrations of triacylglycerols, total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein (HDL)-bound cholesterol, were measured at intervals during a I-year period in Norwegian reindeer. Free fatty acids and glycerol were high in January-March, low in April-July, and high again in August-September. Glucose was low in November-February and high but variable in March-October. Triacylglycerols, total and HDL-bound cholesterol were all low in November-March, but increasing in April and reaching a peak in August-September. Plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline did not change significantly throughout the year. Plasma insulin was low in October-April, increasing significantly from June-August/September. The seasonal changes in the serum concentrations of triacylglycerols, total and HDL-bound cholesterol, as well as the plasma concentration of glucose, coincided with the seasonal changes in food intake. Free fatty acids and, to some extent, glycerol were, in contrast, inversely related to feed intake. It is suggested that insulin may play an important role in the long-term regulation of fat mobilization, while the importance of catecholamines in this respect is questionable.     

Monocyte adherence to endothelial cells in vitro is increased by beta-VLDL.

The adherence of blood monocytes to the arterial endothelium is an early event in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. The possibility was investigated that alterations in the level and composition of plasma lipoproteins may contribute to this phenomenon. The adherence of human mononuclear cells to primary bovine aortic endothelial cells was measured in an in vitro monolayer collection assay. Preincubation of endothelial cells with beta-very low density lipoprotein (beta-VLDL) from cholesterol-fed rabbits or with very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) from cholesterol/saturated fat-fed cebus monkeys resulted in a significant increase in the subsequent adherence of monocytes to the endothelial cells. The effect of beta-VLDL was maximal at 100 micrograms protein/ml. The response increased with time when endothelial cells were incubated with beta-VLDL for 0-120 minutes, then remained maximal for up to 4 hours. The adherence of a human monocytic cell line (U937) to endothelial cells was also increased by beta-VLDL. These results suggest that diet-induced alterations in lipoprotein composition may contribute to the development of atherosclerotic lesions by affecting the adherence of monocytes to the arterial endothelium.     

可溶性Klotho蛋白抑制THP-1源性泡沫细胞形成

目的:探讨可溶性Klotho(KL)蛋白对THP-1源性泡沫细胞形成的影响。方法:THP-1单核细胞与160 nmol/L佛波酯孵育48 h后,诱导分化为THP-1源性巨噬细胞,给予THP-1源性巨噬细胞不同浓度(25、50、100和200μg/L)的可溶性KL蛋白预处理后,再由氧化型低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)诱导其转变为泡沫细胞。油红O染色观察细胞内脂滴形成情况,通过液体闪烁计数法测定THP-1源性泡沫细胞内胆固醇流出情况,酶荧光法检测细胞内游离胆固醇及胆固醇酯的含量,并分别用Western blot法及RT-qPCR法检测酰基辅酶A:胆固醇酰基转移酶1(ACAT1)和ATP结合盒转运体A1(ABCA1)的蛋白及mRNA表达。结果:可溶性KL蛋白能增加THP-1源性巨噬细胞内胆固醇流出,抑制THP-1源性泡沫细胞形成,且可溶性KL蛋白呈一定浓度依赖性地抑制ox-LDL诱导的泡沫细胞形成过程中ACAT1表达的上调和ABCA1表达的下调(P<0.05)。结论:可溶性KL蛋白能够抑制THP-1源性泡沫细胞形成,其机制可能与靶向调控细胞内ACAT1和ABCA1的表达有关。     

Baroreflex sensitivity and oxidative stress in the LDL receptor knockout mice

This study aims at observing the effect of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor deficiency in cholesterol blood levels, baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, and oxidative stress. The lack of LDL receptors in mice significantly increased the cholesterol blood levels (179+/-35 vs. 109+/-13mg/dL) in the knockout (KO) mice compared to control. There was no difference in basal mean arterial pressure and heart rate between the groups. However, in KO mice the BRS was significantly attenuated and the antioxidant enzyme activities, measured in erythrocytes and heart, were significantly decreased. On the other hand, the oxidative damage measured by chemiluminescence and carbonyls was increased, while total plasma nitrate levels were lower in KO mice, indicating a decrease in NO availability. In conclusion, these results indicate that the lack of LDL receptor increased cholesterol blood levels, induced oxidative stress and decreased BRS.     

Lipoprotein (a), low-density,intermediate-density lipoprotein,and blood pressure in a young male population

Summary Both hypercholesterolemia and hypertension are risk factors for atherosclerotic vascular disease, and elevated cholesterol levels occur more frequently than expected in patients with hypertension. Elevated levels of intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) were shown to be atherogenic, and LDL, comprising the major cholesterol-carrying fraction in human plasma, are structurally related to lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)], a further risk factor for atherosclerosis. In the present study we investigated 200 male employees (mean age 26±7 years) to determine whether the relationship of IDL and Lp(a) to systemic blood pressure is similar to the reported correlations between total and LDL cholesterol and systemic blood pressure. To this end blood pressure was measured several times in each individual, and lipids, lipoprotein-cholesterol, apolipoprotein B (apo B), and Lp(a) were determined in fasting serum. IDL cholesterol and apo B, the main protein component of IDL and LDL correlated with blood pressure. However, levels of Lp(a) correlated neither with systolic or diastolic blood pressure nor with lipoprotein cholesterol, body weight, or age. Although IDL and Lp(a) are considered lipoprotein risk factors for atherosclerosis, levels of Lp(a), unlike IDL, are not related to blood pressure, body weight, or age. Our data suggest different metabolic and pathophysiological mechanisms of the risk factors, IDL, LDL, and Lp(a).Abbreviations VLDL very low density lipoprotein - IDL intermediate-density lipoprotein - LDL low-density lipoprotein - ApoB Apolipoprotein B - Lp(a) lipoprotein (a) - BMI body mass index Dedicated to Prof. Dr. N. Zöllner on the occasion of his 70th birthday     

Endogenous nitric oxide in the control of skeletal muscle oxygen extraction during exercise

Our previous studies uncovered an inhibitory effect of nitric oxide (NO) on leg skeletal muscle respiration in dogs at rest. The role of NO in the modulation of O2 consumption and O2 extraction in hindlimb muscle during elevated metabolic states was investigated in chronically instrumented dogs while walking and at three exercise intensities which markedly increased hindlimb blood flow. Walking resulted in increased O2 consumption by 17 +/- 4 mL min-1 and O2 extraction from 24 +/- 1 to 37 +/- 8%, with no alteration in hindlimb blood flow (BFLeg) and vascular resistance (VRLeg). Running at the highest speed (9.1 mph) resulted in an increase in BFLeg from 0.67 +/- 0.05 to 2.2 +/- 0.1 L min-1, a reduction of VRLeg and elevation of hindlimb O2 consumption from 33 +/- 3 to 226 +/- 21 mL min-1 and O2 extraction from 29 +/- 2 to 61 +/- 5%, with a decrease in leg venous PO2 from 38 +/- 1 to 25 +/- 1 mmHg. After nitro-L-arginine (NLA) (35 mg kg-1, i.v.) to inhibit endogenous NO synthesis, walking caused greater increases in hindlimb O2 consumption (29 +/- 5 mL min-1) and O2 extraction (43 +/- 1 to 60 +/- 3%) (both P < 0.05), with no significant change in BFLeg. During running at the highest speed, BFLeg was 1.9 +/- 0.1 L min-1 (P < 0. 05) and VRLeg was higher, accompanied by increases in hindlimb O2 consumption from 49 +/- 7 to 318 +/- 24 mL min-1 and O2 extraction from 41 +/- 2 to 79 +/- 4% (both P < 0.05), with a greater decrease in leg venous PO2 from 33 +/- 1 to 20 +/- 1 mmHg (P < 0.05). Similar results were found for intermediate levels of exercise. Our results indicate that NO modulates hindlimb skeletal muscle O2 extraction and O2 usage whether blood flow increased or not during exercise.     

Nitric oxide blocks inflammatory cytokine secretion triggered by CD23 in monocytes from allergic, asthmatic patients and healthy controls.

BACKGROUND: In allergic asthma, monocytes/macrophages may be activated to produce inflammatory cytokines through triggering of the low-affinity IgE receptor (CD23). Elevated airway levels of nitric oxide (NO) are associated with asthmatic exacerbations. Our previous work suggested that NO may function in an anti-inflammatory capacity by downregulating endotoxin-stimulated cytokine production by alveolar macrophages and matured monocytes. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of NO on CD23-triggered cytokine production by monocytes from asthmatic patients and healthy controls. METHODS: Monocytes were obtained from normal volunteers (n = 13) and asthmatic patients with atopy (n = 8). Monocyte cultures were treated with interleukin-4 (IL-4) and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) for 24 hours to upregulate CD23 expression. Cultures were stimulated by anti-CD23 and treated with DETA NONOate [2,2-(hydroxynitrosohydrazonon)-bis-ethanamine] releases NO in culture with t(1/2) of 20 hours at 37 degrees C for 24 hours. Cell free culture supernatants were collected and assayed by enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay for macrophage inflammatory protein-1-alpha (MIP-1) and IL-6. RESULTS: NO inhibits MIP-1 secretion triggered by CD23 activation of IL-4- and GM-CSF-matured monocytes (percentage of MIP-1 suppression = 52 +/- 11 of monocytes from asthmatic patients; percentage = 55 +/- 8 healthy controls). The inhibitory effect of NO was not cytokine-specific, as similar results were obtained with IL-6 (50 +/- 9% IL-6 suppression, asthmatic patients; 66 +/- 20%, healthy controls). CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate for the first time an inhibitory effect of NO on cytokine production stimulated by CD23 receptor activation. We suggest that NO may be upregulated as a potent anti-inflammatory agent in the asthmatic lung.     

阻断MaxiK 通道对人单核细胞源性巨噬细胞向泡沫细胞分化的抑制作用

目的研究高电导钙离子激活钾通道(MaxiK通道)在人单核细胞源性巨噬细胞向泡沫细胞分化的过程中,其mRNA和蛋白的表达及作用。方法采用密度梯度离心加贴壁黏附法,从男性健康志愿者的外周血中分离单核细胞,经5d培养后分化为巨噬细胞。在建立人巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞模型的基础上,采用免疫细胞化学染色法、RT-PCR及蛋白印迹,研究MaxiK通道α-亚单位的表达,并观察其特异性阻断剂-Paxilline对摄取氧化型低密度脂蛋白(OxLDL)的巨噬细胞中胆固醇代谢的影响。结果将巨噬细胞同30mg/LOxLDL于37℃孵育60h后,细胞体积增大,并有许多红色的脂质颗粒沉积于细胞质内,细胞内的总胆固醇(TC)、游离胆固醇(FC)及胆固醇酯(CE)的含量均显著增加,CE/TC从(14.437±6.781)%提高到(57.946±3.507)%(n=7,P<0.05);而MaxiK通道α-亚单位mRNA及蛋白的表达水平没有明显改变(P>0.05)。5和10μmol/L的Paxilline能显著减少巨噬细胞内TC、FC及CE的含量,CE/TC分别降至(41.217±5.584)%和(18.017±11.559)%(n=7,P<0.05),细胞内沉积的红色脂质颗粒也明显减少。结论阻断MaxiK通道能抑制人单核细胞源性巨噬细胞向泡沫细胞分化。     

Immunomodulating effect of low density lipoprotein on human monocytes.

Low density lipoprotein (LDL) isolated from sera of healthy volunteers in 50 micrograms protein/ml concentration induced an early adenylate cyclase activation in human monocytes followed by elevation of cGMP level. In addition, a rapid 45Ca2+ influx was also detected on addition of 25-100 micrograms protein/ml concentrations. The monocyte activating effect of LDL under in vitro circumstances was characterized by an enhanced O2 consumption, H2O2 generation and by the increased release of lysosomal enzymes such as beta-glucuronidase and elastase like protease (ELP). On the other hand, LDL diminished markedly the Fc gamma receptor (Fc gamma R) mediated rosette formation, phagocytosis and the antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of monocytes without a significant decrease in the IgG binding capability of cells. High levels of serum LDL may play a significant role in the arterial wall injury by elastase like protease as well as biologically active oxygen species released from monocytes of patients suffering from arteriosclerosis.     

Plasma lipoprotein distribution, faecal cholesterol excretion, and activities of lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase in rats fed diets rich in sucrose or sunflower oil

Plasma HDL2 has been suggested to carry cholesterol to the liver for subsequent excretion in the bile and faeces. The enzymes lipoprotein lipase (LPL), hepatic lipase (HL) and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) have been implicated in the centripetal cholesterol transport. Activities of these enzymes, the amount of faecal cholesterol excretion and the level of plasma lipoproteins were determined in male rats fed for 4 weeks on purified diets in which the sunflower oil:sucrose ratio was either 0.03 (group a) or 1.01 (group b). Whole plasma triacylglycerols (TG), unesterified cholesterol (UC) and phospholipids (PL) were highest in group (a). The concentration of cholesteryl esters (CE) was similar in the two groups. Protein, TG and UC of VLDL, and TG, UC, CE and PL of HDL2 were higher in group (a) than in group (b). The HDL3-protein and TG were lowest in group (a). Thus, total weight of VLDL and HDL2 were increased, and HDL3 reduced in group (a), which had also increased activities of HL and adipose tissue LPL. Activity of LCAT was lower, and faecal excretion of cholesterol was reduced by about 50% in group (a) compared to group (b). Accordingly, in the rat increased plasma levels of HDL2 are not necessarily indicative of increased faecal cholesterol excretion.