Extended lymph node dissection in gastrointestinal cancer

We reviewed the literature concerning the effect of extended lymph node dissection on survival in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Most retrospective and/or prospective nonrandomized comparative studies have claimed that extended lymph node dissection significantly improves survival rate in patients with esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, and colorectal cancer. However, it is difficult to interpret these results since specialized care provided in trials may itself improve survival. In gastric cancer, several prospective randomized trials have failed to demonstrate a survival advantage of extended dissection, while there are few well-done prospective randomized trials in esophageal or colorectal cancer. Therefore, the therapeutic value of extended lymph node dissection remains to be determined in gastrointestinal cancer. Randomized prospective studies within the bounds of the ethical treatment of patients can and should be done. J. Surg. Oncol. 1997;65:57-65. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

泰兴市食管癌、胃癌和肝癌遗传流行病学调查

目的　研究遗传因素在食管癌、胃癌和肝癌发生中的作用。方法　通过遗传流行病学病例对照研究 ,对泰兴市 489个家系(食管癌先证家系 13 2个 ,胃癌先证家系 79个 ,肝癌先证家系 80个 ,对照家系 198个 ) ,应用Li-Mantel和Falconer方法进行分离比及遗传度的估算。结果　泰兴市食管癌、胃癌和肝癌的分离比分别为 0 0 83 9、0 12 0 6和 0 12 71,明显低于 0 2 5 ;遗传度分别为 18 84%(男性 2 2 6% ,女性 14 69% )、2 1 42 % (男性 18 2 3 % ,女性 3 1 5 3 % )和 3 5 74% (男性 3 0 5 6% ,女性 5 4 90 % )。结论　遗传因素在泰兴市食管癌、胃癌和肝癌的发病中有一定的作用 ,但并非泰兴市癌症高发的主要危险因素     

Trends in best-case,typical and worst-case survival scenarios of patients with non-metastatic esophagogastric cancer between 2006 and 2020: A population-based study

New treatment options and centralization of surgery have improved survival for patients with non-metastatic esophageal or gastric cancer. It is unknown, however, which patients benefitted the most from treatment advances. The aim of this study was to identify best-case, typical and worst-case scenarios in terms of survival time, and to assess if survival associated with these scenarios changed over time. Patients with non-metastatic potentially resectable esophageal or gastric cancer diagnosed between 2006 and 2020 were selected from the Netherlands Cancer Registry. Best-case (20th percentile), upper-typical (40th percentile), typical (median), lower-typical (60th percentile) and worst-case (80th percentile) survival scenarios were defined, and regression analysis was used to investigate the change in survival time for each scenario across years. For patients with esophageal cancer (N = 24 352) survival time improved on average 12.0 (until 2011), 1.5 (until 2018), 0.7, 0.4 and 0.2 months per year for the best-case, upper-typical, median, lower-typical and worst-case scenario, respectively. For patients with gastric cancer (N = 9993) survival time of the best-case scenario remained constant, whereas the upper-typical, median, lower-typical and worst-case scenario improved on average with 1.0 (until 2018), 0.5, 0.2 and 0.2 months per year, respectively. Subgroup analyses showed that, survival scenarios improved for nearly all patients across treatment groups and for patients with squamous cell carcinomas or adenocarcinomas. Survival improved for almost all patients suggesting that in clinical practice the vast majority of patients benefitted from treatment advances. The clinically most meaningful survival advantage was observed for the best-case scenario of esophageal cancer.     

进展期食管胃结合部癌多学科协作诊疗1 例

食管胃结合部（esophageal gastric junction ,EGJ）癌的生物学特性不同于胃癌和食管癌,其初始治疗的选择尤为重要。本文介绍了1 例进展期食管胃结合部癌病例,试图通过多学科协作的方式指导治疗,对放化疗的治疗模式进行总结,以期给患者带来更好的预后,并对胃上部癌治疗模式提出新的策略,以助于制定规范的临床路径及治疗指南。      

Incidence,Survival and Prevalence of Esophageal and Gastric Cancer in Linzhou City from 2003 to 2009

This study describes recent trends in incidence, survival and prevalence of subgroups of esophageal and gastriccancer in Linzhou city between 2003 and 2009. Data of esophageal and gastric cancer for the period of interestwere extracted from the Linzhou Cancer Registry. Using information on tumor morphology or anatomical site,data were divided into six groups; esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, esophageal adenocarcinoma, otherand unspecified types of esophageal cancer, and cardia, non-cardia, and unspecified anatomical site of stomachcancer. Incidence, survival and prevalence rates for each of the six cancer groups were calculated. The majorityof esophageal cancers were squamous cell carcinomas (82%). Cardiac cancer was the major gastric cancer group(64%). The incidence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and gastric cardiac cancer increased between 2003and 2009. Both esophageal and gastric cancer had a higher incidence in males compared with females. Overallsurvival was poor in all sub-groups with 1 year survival ranging from 45.9 to 65.6% and 5 year survival rangingfrom 14.7 to 30.5%. Prevalence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and gastric cardiac cancer was high(accounting for 80% overall). An increased focus on prevention and early diagnosis, especially in esophagealsquamous cell carcinoma and gastric cardiac cancer, is required.     

食管及贲门癌术后并发症再手术治疗（附17例分析）

目的：分析对食管及贲门癌术后几种常见并发症施再手术治疗的临床意义。方法：对１７例食管及贲让癌术后发生吻合口瘘、乳糜胸、胃穿孔等并发症的患者进行再次开胸分别施行吻合口重建,胸导管结扎及胃穿也修补术,并对再手术治疗的治愈率,死亡率进行统计分析。结果：经再手术治疗的１７例中因乳糜胸行胸导管结扎术７例,治愈４例,死亡３例。因吻合口瘘行吻理建术５例。治愈３例,死亡１例,１例自动出院;因胸内胃穿孔行胃穿孔修补     

Quality of Life for Patients with Esophageal/Gastric Cardia Precursor Lesions or Cancer: A One-year Prospective Study

Background: The current study examined health-related quality of life (QoL) for patients with esophageal/gastric cardia precursor lesions or cancer before and after treatment to facilitate improved prevention andtreatment. Materials and Methods: Patients with different stages of esophageal/gastric cardia lesions completedtwo QoL questionnaires, EORTC QLQ-C30 and supplemental QLQ-OES 18, before primary treatment, and at 1,6 and 12 months after treatment. Results: Fifty-nine patients with precursor lesions, 57 with early stage cancer,and 43 with advanced cancer responded to our survey. Patients with precursor lesions or early stage cancerreported better QoL overall than those with advanced cancer before treatment (p<0.01). Global QoL scores beforetreatment and at 1 month after treatment were 71±9 versus 69±9 (p>0.01), 71±8 versus 61±11 (p<0.01), 67 ± 11versus 62 ± 9 (p<0.01) for three stages of lesions. At 6 months after treatment, some QoL measures recoveredgradually in precursor lesion and early cancer patients, while some continuously deteriorated in advancedcancer patients. At 12 months, all QoL scores were comparable to baseline for patients with precursor lesions(p>0.01), while global QoL, social, pain, and insomnia scores for early stage and advanced cancer were inferior tocorresponding baseline levels (difference between means>5, p<0.01). At this time point, compared with patientswith early stage cancer, those with advanced cancer showed worse QoL with all function and most symptommeasures (p<0.01). Conclusions: Patients with precursor lesions or early stage esophageal/gastric cardia cancershow better QoL than those with advanced cancer. This indicates that screening, early diagnosis and treatmentmay improve the QoL for esophageal/gastric cardia cancer patients. Target intervention and counseling shouldbe given by health care providers during treatment and follow-up to facilitate QoL improvement.     

Comparison of characteristics of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma associated with head and neck cancer and those with gastric cancer

In ongoing reviews of 339 patients with surgically treated primary squamous cell carcinoma, there were 19 (5.6%) with concurrent gastric cancer and 11 (3.2%) with head and neck cancer. The incidences of intra-esophageal multiple occurrence of esophageal cancer are 27.3% and 26.3% in those with associated head and neck cancer and gastric cancer, respectively, and higher than 7.1% in those without such a concurrent cancer. There was no difference in the clinicopathological characteristics of those with concurrent head and neck and gastric cancers, except for the higher incidence of metachronous occurrence in the former. These findings suggest that, in cases of esophageal cancer associated with concurrent head and neck cancer and gastric cancer, intraesophageal multiplicity of the esophageal carcinoma is frequent and that preoperative serial evaluations is most important to design treatment and estimate the prognosis.     

Pedunculated gastric tube interposition in an esophageal cancer patient with prepyloric adenocarcinoma

Gastric carcinoma is one of the malignancies that are most frequently associated with esophageal carcinoma.We describe herein our device for advanced esophageal cancer associated with early gastric cancer in the antrum.A 57-year-old man presenting with dysphagia and upper abdominal pain was admitted to our hospital.Preoperative examinations revealed locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the middle thoracic esophagus (T3N0M0 Stage ⅡA) and mucosal signetring cell carcinoma of the gastric antrum (T1N0M0 Stage ⅠA).Although the gastric tumor appeared to be an intramucosal carcinoma,its margin was obscure,so endoscopic en-bloc resection was considered inadequate.We chose surgical resection of the gastric tumor as well as the esophageal SCC after neoadjuvant chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin for advanced esophageal cancer.Following transthoracic esophagectomy with three-field lymph node dissection,the gastric carcinoma was removed by gastric antrectomy,which preserved the right gastroepiploic vessels,and a pedunculated short gastric tube was used as the esophageal substitute.Twenty-eight months after the surgery,the patient is well with no evidence of cancer recurrence.Because it minimizes surgical stress and organ sacrifice,gastric tube interposition is a potentially useful technique for esophageal cancer associated with localized early gastric cancer.     

中国4个食管癌高发区上消化道癌的流行现状

[目的]描述我国食管癌高发区食管癌和胃癌亚部位的流行特征,为高发区上消化道癌的病因研究提供依据。[方法]对河北省磁县、涉县、河南省林州和山东省肥城4个食管癌高发区2006~2008年的登记资料进行重新复核,分析食管癌、胃癌的亚部位分布及流行趋势。[结果]4个肿瘤登记处2006~2008年食管癌新发病例7025例,男性4267例(60.7%),女性2758例(39.3%);胃癌新发病例共计5473例,其中男性3778例(69.0%),女性1695例(31.0%)。食管癌亚部位以食管中段较多,共2707例,占38.5%;胃癌亚部位以贲门癌发病为主,共2935例,占全部胃癌新发病例的53.6%。食管癌、胃癌3年的发病变化相对稳定;而亚部位发病中,贲门癌在胃癌中所占的比例逐年升高。[结论]贲门癌在食管癌高发区比例较高,且发病有上升趋势,应加强对高发区贲门癌病因学的研究。肿瘤亚部位提供重要信息,应在肿瘤登记处加强对亚部位的收集。     

The Role of Immunotherapy in Esophageal and Gastric Cancer

Upper gastrointestinal tract tumors historically have a poor prognosis. The decision to treat esophageal or gastric cancers by surgery, radiotherapy, systemic therapy, or a combination of these treatment modalities should always be discussed multidisciplinary. The introduction of immunotherapy has drastically transformed the treatment landscape of multiple solid malignancies. Emerging data from early and late phase clinical trials suggests that the use of immunotherapies that target immune checkpoint proteins such as PD-1/PD-L1 result in superior overall survival in advanced, metastatic, or recurrent esophageal and gastric cancer, whether or not with specific molecular characteristics such as PD-L1 expression level or microsatellite instability. This review offers an overview of the most recent advances in the field of immunotherapy treatment in esophageal and gastric cancer.     

Multiple and metachronous esophageal intramural metastases from a gastric adenocarcinoma

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is often accompanied by intramural metastases, and it has been reported to carry a poor prognosis. Intramural metastasis from gastric cancer to the esophageal wall, however, has rarely been reported. We herein report a rare case of a 46-year-old man with an elevated esophageal lesion, resembling a 0-IIa-type esophageal cancer, which was discovered 13 months after a total gastrectomy performed for gastric cancer. The esophageal tumor, resected by endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), was an adenocarcinoma with the same histology as the previously resected primary gastric cancer, and it showed massive lymphatic permeation. Soon after the EMR, other similar lesions emerged on the esophageal wall. We therefore considered the esophageal tumor to be a systemic expansion of the primary gastric cancer, and we administered the anticancer drug, S-1. Esophageal intramural metastases from a gastric cancer imply a systemic expansion of the gastric cancer, and portend a poor prognosis.     

晚期食管癌的姑息治疗

食管癌是常见的恶性肿瘤之一,手术治疗仍是首选的治疗手段,但多数病例属于进展期食管癌,只能采用姑息性治疗,以解决进食困难,维持营养,延长生存。近年来,随着食管支架的出现和发展以及新的再次造管治疗技术的应用,食管癌的姑息治疗方法越来越丰富,本文将对的各种方法进行综述。      

Body mass index and esophageal and gastric cancer: A pooled analysis of 10 population-based cohort studies in Japan

The effect of body mass index (BMI) on esophageal and gastric carcinogenesis might be heterogeneous, depending on subtype or subsite. However, findings from prospective evaluations of BMI associated with these cancers among Asian populations have been inconsistent and limited, especially for esophageal adenocarcinoma and gastric cardia cancer. We performed a pooled analysis of 10 population-based cohort studies to examine this association in 394,247 Japanese individuals. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate study-specific hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), then pooled these estimates to calculate summary HRs with a random effects model. During 5,750,107 person-years of follow-up, 1569 esophageal cancer (1038 squamous cell carcinoma and 86 adenocarcinoma) and 11,095 gastric (728 cardia and 5620 noncardia) cancer incident cases were identified. An inverse association was observed between BMI and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (HR per 5-kg/m² increase 0.57, 95% CI 0.50–0.65), whereas a positive association was seen in gastric cardia cancer (HR 1.15, 95% CI 1.00–1.32). A nonsignificant and significant positive association for overweight or obese (BMI ≥25 kg/m²) relative to BMI <25 kg/m² was observed with esophageal adenocarcinoma (HR 1.32, 95% CI 0.80–2.17) and gastric cardia cancer (HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.05–1.46), respectively. No clear association with BMI was found for gastric noncardia cancer. This prospective study—the largest in an Asian country—provides a comprehensive quantitative estimate of the association of BMI with upper gastrointestinal cancer and confirms the subtype- or subsite-specific carcinogenic impact of BMI in a Japanese population.     

PFC方案治疗晚期食管贲门癌的临床观察

目的：观察PFC方案（紫杉醇联合氟尿嘧啶和顺铂）治疗晚期不能手术或手术未能完全切除及术后复发的食管癌和贲门癌患者的疗效和毒性。方法：41例患者分别接受PFC方案化疗2～6周期,按WHO标准评价疗效及毒副反应。结果：41例均可评价,其中完全缓解（CR）3例7．3％,部分缓解（PR）18例43．9％,稳定（SD）15例36．6％,进展（PD）5例12.2％。中位疾病进展时间为7．9个月,中位生存时间为11．3个月。结论：PFC方案治疗晚期食管贲门癌患者安全有效,毒副反应较轻。     

Intakes of folate,methionine, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 with risk of esophageal and gastric cancer in a large cohort study

Background:

Nutrients in the one-carbon metabolism pathway may be involved in carcinogenesis. Few cohort studies have investigated the intakes of folate and related nutrients in relation to gastric and esophageal cancer.

Methods:

We prospectively examined the association between self-reported intakes of folate, methionine, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 and gastric and esophageal cancer in 492 293 men and women.

Results:

We observed an elevated risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with low intake of folate (relative risk (95% confidence interval): Q1 vs Q3, 1.91 (1.17, 3.10)), but no association with high intake. Folate intake was not associated with esophageal adenocarcinoma, gastric cardia adenocarcinoma, or non-cardia gastric adenocarcinoma. The intakes of methionine, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 were not associated with esophageal and gastric cancer.

Conclusion:

Low intake of folate was associated with increased risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.     

Helicobacter pylori infection,chronic atrophic gastritis and risk of stomach and esophagus cancer: Results from the prospective population-based ESTHER cohort study

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is considered as principal cause of gastric cancer. It is further associated with a reduced risk of esophageal adenocarcinomas. In a large prospective population-based cohort study including 9,949 subjects with average observation time of 13.8 years, we assessed the risk of invasive gastric and esophageal cancer according to H. pylori infection and presence of chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG). Incidence rates and hazard ratios (HR) derived by Cox proportional hazards models and adjusted for relevant confounders were derived by seroprevalence of H. pylori and cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) antibodies and presence of CAG based on serological markers at baseline, respectively. During follow-up, 30 cases of noncardia gastric cancer and 33 cases of esophageal cancer were observed. Infection by H. pylori without and with expression of CagA was associated with a 5.2-fold (95% confidence interval 1.00–27.1) and an 18.2-fold (4.3–77.4) increase of noncardia gastric cancer incidence. A 0.65-fold decreased risk of esophageal adenocarcinomas (HR 0.35, 0.12–0.97) was observed among H. pylori-infected individuals. In participants infected with CagA expressed H. pylori, the presence of mild/moderate and severe CAG was associated with a 6.4-fold (1.3–31.0) and an 11.8-fold (3.1–45.4) increase of gastric cancer incidence, respectively. The results of this prospective population-based cohort study may contribute relevant evidence to the ongoing research of H. pylori-related cancers. The results may furthermore enhance the empirical basis for risk stratification among H. pylori-infected people and for recommendations regarding H. pylori screening and treatment among older adults in a Western population.     

食管癌高发区上消化道癌整体高发对病因及预防的启示

目的：探讨食管癌高发区食管癌和贲门癌集中高发对病因和预防的启示作用。方法：通过分析涉县、林州、阳城、磁县1988年1月至2002年12月年男女性食管、贲门、非贲门胃癌发病率的分布，揭示太行山南部食管癌高发区上消化道癌整体高发的特点，然后根据既往移民研究的结果、亚硝胺类动物诱癌的特点以及表观遗传流行病学和生物进化论的原理，对该地域上消化道癌的病因形成假说，并探讨通过改良饮水进行病因学预防的重要性。结果：涉县、林州、阳城、磁县食管、贲门、非贲门胃癌三者发病率的合计均占全身恶性肿瘤的70%～80%。纯山区的涉县以贲门和非贲门的胃腺癌多见，占上消化道癌60%以上；而山区、丘陵、平原各1/3的磁县以食管鳞癌多见，占70%以上；林州和阳城大部分为山区，食管鳞癌和胃腺癌各占约50%。高发区这种上消化道癌的部位构成随地势变化的现象与亚硝胺类动物诱癌实验的结果相似，可能与不同地势下亚硝胺的种类或丰度的差别有关。亚硝胺可通过先天启动、后天积累、二次促癌，以片起源或多点起源的方式导致上消化道癌整体高发。结论：太行山南部食管癌高发区存在环境致癌因素，在该地域寻找能标定个体风险或早期事件的生物学指标是一个今后应致力研究的方向，但通过先期改良饮水等病因预防措施也许有助于更快地把超额的发病率降低到国外人群的水平。     

江苏省泰兴市1999～2011年恶性肿瘤

[目的]分析1999~2011年泰兴市恶性肿瘤的发病状况,为制定防治措施提供依据。[方法]利用泰兴市疾病预防控制中心肿瘤登记处登记的1999~2011年新发恶性肿瘤病例资料,年度变化百分比（APC）等指标。[结果]1999~2011年,泰兴市恶性肿瘤新发病例共34 555例,其中男性22 908例,女性11 647例。1999~2011年,泰兴市恶性肿瘤发病率为208.22/10万（男性265.21/10万,女性146.36/10万）,恶性肿瘤发病居前5位的为食管癌、肝癌、胃癌、肺癌、结直肠癌;男性恶性肿瘤发病居前5位的为食管癌、肝癌、胃癌、肺癌、结直肠癌;女性恶性肿瘤发病居前5位的为食管癌、胃癌、肝癌、乳腺癌、肺癌。[结论]泰兴市恶性肿瘤发病呈逐年上升趋势,中老年人群是恶性肿瘤发病的高危人群。     

Neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy for the treatment of esophageal carcinoma

An esophagectomy with three-field lymph node dissection is the standard therapy for esophageal cancer in many countries, including Japan. However, the results of esophagectomy are still unsatisfactory in comparison to the results of surgical treatment for gastric cancer or colon cancer. On the other hand, definitive chemoradiation therapy has recently shown progress as a treatment modality for resectable esophageal cancer, with data indicating the potential efficacy of combination therapy with chemoradiation and an esophagectomy. In fact, preoperative chemoradiotherapy for resectable esophageal cancer is becoming a standard therapy in Europe and North America. The latest metaanalysis concerning neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for resectable esophageal cancer concluded that a significant survival benefit was evident with preoperative chemoradiotherapy. However, there are still no supportive data for neoadjuvant chemoradiation and surgery from a well-designed large-scale randomized control trial (RCT). A well-designed large-scale RCT is needed to determine the utility of neoadjuvant chemoradiation. Future trials based on precise diagnosis and surgical procedures are required for the adequate interpretation of the results of treatment for resectable esophageal cancer. Of course, quality control of the operation is a very important factor, because operative mortality influences these results.