人工耳蜗植入患儿围手术期护理经验分析

目的总结人工耳蜗植入息儿围手术期护理经验卉法对108例人工耳蜗植入患儿进行术前术后护理,术前护理包括心理护理、协助医生完成各项术前检查及术前准备;术后护理包括观察患者意识、呼吸情况,观察是否有伤口感染、面瘫、眩晕恶心呕吐、脑膜炎等并发症的发生,以保证及时处理结果108例患儿人工耳蜗植入手术全部一次成功结论术前术后认真精心的护理,是保证人工耳蜗植入手术成功的关键因素之一。     

小儿人工耳蜗植入术前准备与围手术期护理流程

目的讨论小儿人工耳蜗植入术前准备与围手术期护理的效果,为达到提高手术质量、手术效率和手术安全性提供临床经验,为制定小儿人工耳蜗植入围手术期护理标准提供参考。方法2007年4月-2008年10月,我院共接受台湾捐赠项目的人工耳蜗植入患儿106例,术前制定了围手术期的流程,包括患者与家长的心理准备、临床中的术前检查、术前准备、手术流程、麻醉方法、术后并发症的防范及注意事项各项流程,按流程进行澳大利亚Cochlear CA型号人工耳蜗植入手术。结果106例人工耳蜗植入手术全部一次成功,手术当日起使用头孢类抗生素2周,术后6天拆除包扎出院,未见围手术期并发症。结论术前认真严格制定围手术期流程,为规范人工耳蜗植入手术围手术期护理提供了科学的方法,提高了护理质量和水平。     

乙状窦前移小儿人工耳蜗手术方法的探讨

目的:探讨乙状窦前移小儿人工耳蜗植入术式的选择和术中处理的方法,为特殊情况下的人工耳蜗植入手术的顺利完成提供经验。方法:538例行人工耳蜗植入手术的听力障碍患儿,术前进行的常规听力学与影像学检查,术前通过高分辨率CT判断乙状窦是否前移,行人工耳蜗植入手术中证实分为显著前移和轻度前移。结果:538例通过常规术式进行人工耳蜗植入患儿中,乙状窦轻度前移64例,占11.9%,对常规人工耳蜗植入手术无影响。4例患儿乙状窦显著前移,对常规人工耳蜗植入手术带来困难,占0.74%,通过处理骨性外耳道后壁和切除砧骨顺利完成手术。结论:小儿人工耳蜗植入手术患儿中,乙状窦轻度前移者对手术无影响,显著前移者经过适当手术处理,亦能成功进行手术。     

婴幼儿人工耳蜗植入手术的配合与护理

目的总结人工耳蜗手术中婴幼儿的护理配合要点和经验,以提高手术的安全性和术后效果。方法118例小于5岁的婴幼儿接受了人工耳蜗植入手术。均在全麻插管下经面神经隐窝入路手术。选择足内踝上方大隐静脉末端做静脉穿刺。使用可调试微量输液器控制滴速。加强对患儿身体、输液装置及气管插管的固定。做好负极板粘贴、眼部护理及保暖工作。结果118例婴幼儿人工耳蜗植入手术的成功率为100％,术后全部患儿重新获得听觉。结论巡回护士精心调控仪器和对患儿采取的安全防护措施、器械护士对手术器械特性及手术程序的充分了解和密切配合是手术成功的关键。     

人工耳蜗植入围手术期的心理护理探讨

目的探讨心理护理在人工耳蜗植入患儿围手术期的作用。方法对127例患儿父母进行问卷调查,收集基本资料和对焦虑水平进行评分,分别采用导入式游戏、开展健康知识讲座、召开沟通座谈会、成功病例介绍等形式帮助患儿及父母在手术前、术中及术后各期存在负性心理时给予针对性心理护理干预。结果 116名(91.3%)患儿父母存在焦虑,父母文化程度高及职业为干部者焦虑比例高。所有人工耳蜗植入患儿都能顺利地完成手术,术后效果好,同时患儿家长也都愿意积极的配合医护人员做好后期的言语康复训练,提高了患儿及家长对获得听力,提高其语言交流能力的信心。结论系统的心理护理不仅是保证手术成功的重要因素,同时也是提高术后言语康复减轻聋儿及家长负性心理影响的重要手段。     

人工耳蜗植入在Waardenburg综合征Ⅱ型患儿中的应用

目的:探讨Waardenburg综合征(WS)患者人工耳蜗植入方法及手术前后听力评估和术后言语康复效果。方法:回顾性分析2000-2008年确诊的12例WSⅡ型行人工耳蜗植入患儿的临床资料,所有患儿均经乳突面隐窝进路行人工耳蜗植入,将患儿植入后听力情况与12例内耳发育正常的人工耳蜗植入者(对照组)进行比较。结果:12例WS患儿术中电极植入鼓阶顺利,术后无面瘫及脑脊液漏现象发生,术后听阈与对照组无明显区别。经过超过0.5年的言语康复训练,患儿的听力及言语能力均有不同程度提高。结论:人工耳蜗适用于WS患儿,术前应进行全面的听力学及影像学评估。     

多导人工耳蜗植入病人的心理护理

目的分析总结人工耳蜗植入病人的心理特点,探索相应的心理护理方法以促进术后听力言语康复。方法对37例多导人工耳蜗植入病人在手术前、后进行有计划的、系统的心理护理,并总结护理体会。结果37例病人均积极配合手术和术后听力言语康复训练,所有病人恢复至应用听力。结论恰当的心理护理促进了人工耳蜗植入病人术后的听力言语康复。     

经耳道皮下径路人工耳蜗植入术

目的:探讨经耳道皮下径路爱益声人工耳蜗植入手术的可能性.方法:40例双耳重度或极重度聋患儿采用经耳道皮下径路行爱益声人工耳蜗植入,术中行电极阻抗测试和电诱发听性脑干反应,术后拍耳蜗位X线片,术后4周开机验证电极植入位置及工作情况.结果:所有患儿电极全部顺利植入耳蜗内,人工耳蜗装置工作状态正常,术后随访6个月无电极脱出或其它严重并发症发生.结论:爱益声人工耳蜗可以安全地经耳道皮下径路植入.     

经耳道皮下径路人工耳蜗植入术

目的:探讨经耳道皮下径路爱益声人工耳蜗植入手术的可能性.方法:40例双耳重度或极重度聋患儿采用经耳道皮下径路行爱益声人工耳蜗植入,术中行电极阻抗测试和电诱发听性脑干反应,术后拍耳蜗位X线片,术后4周开机验证电极植入位置及工作情况.结果:所有患儿电极全部顺利植入耳蜗内,人工耳蜗装置工作状态正常,术后随访6个月无电极脱出或...     

人工耳蜗植入术前听神经完整性的评估

目的 探讨、评估人工耳蜗植入候选者术前听神经完整性的检查方法;在对侧耳人工耳蜗植入术前,客观检查耳蜗发育及病变状态的检查方法。方法 对12例人工耳蜗植入候选者进行检查,根据本小组建立的人工耳蜗植入术前耳蜗影像学检查方法、术前听神经完整性检查方法及评估标准、以及术后植入电极位置的早期检查方法,结合11例人工耳蜗植入术后听觉康复疗效进行分析。结果 11例患儿满足本小组制定的人工耳蜗植入遴选标准而接受了多导人工耳蜗植入,包括1例对侧耳(第2耳)人工耳蜗植入。一例患儿因评估结果为听神经发育障碍,未作人工耳蜗植入。所有人工耳蜗植入患儿术后听觉能力皆明显改善。结论 MRI头轴位及听神经轴位和颞骨CT薄层扫描、膜迷路表层实时三维重建及膜迷路实时重建等影像学方法,结合听力学及外耳道电刺激测听反应阈与不适阈差值的电生理方法来评估听神经的完整性,对术前预测人工耳蜗植入后患儿听觉康复的可能疗效,有非常重要的意义。术后早期反斯氏位X线摄片观察蜗内植入电极部位及植入电极形态,可作为人工耳蜗电极植入成功性直观、简捷的评估方法。     

人工耳蜗植入术前助听器试戴的意义

对拟行人工耳蜗植入手术的双侧极重度耳聋患者进行助听器试戴和语言训练，并定期作言语识别记分（ＳＤＳ）。结果：３例患者戴助听器ＳＤＳ较未戴助听器时无明显提高，分值改变＜４０％，选择人工耳蜗植入且术后听觉效果好；另５例戴助听器后可进行一般交谈，以助听器为听力康复的最佳选择。对人工耳蜗植入术前助听器试戴的意义进行了讨论。     

Monitoring residual hearing during cochlear implantation by intra-operative brainstem audiometry

OBJECTIVE: Aim of this paper is to prove the applicability of intra-operative recordings of auditory brainstem responses during cochlear implantation. METHODS: The clinical practicability of intra-operative monitoring of hearing thresholds (Notched-Noise BERA, Amplitude Modulation Following Response [AMFR]) is presented in the respective case. The recordings were performed prior to the cochlear implantation and were compared with those obtained during and after cochlear implantation. RESULTS: It is demonstrated that the patient's cochlear function can be monitored; residual hearing is available after surgery. CONCLUSION: The possibility of monitoring of hearing thresholds may add some security to the concept of electric-acoustic stimulation.     

Molecular mechanisms and roles of inflammatory responses on low-frequency residual hearing after cochlear implantation

Preservation of low-frequency residual hearing is very important for combined electro-acoustic stimulation after cochlear implantation.However,in clinical practice,loss of low-frequency residual hearing often occurs after cochlear implantation and its mechanisms remain unclear.Factors affecting lowfrequency residual hearing after cochlear implantation are one of the hot spots in current research.Inflammation induced by injury associated with cochlear implantation is deemed to be significant,as it may give rise to low-frequency residual hearing loss by interfering with the blood labyrinth barrier and neural synapses.Pathological changes along the pathway for low-frequency auditory signals transmission may include latent factors such as damage to neuroepithelial structures,synapses,stria vascularis and other ultrastructures.In this review,current research on mechanisms of low-frequency residual hearing loss after cochlear implantation and possible roles of inflammatory responses are summarized.     

伴有听力障碍的多残儿童人工耳蜗疗效分析

目的 探讨多残儿童人工耳蜗植入手术的经验及问题。方法 我院近年来开展多导人工耳蜗植入术600余例，对其中8名多残儿童开展了多导人工耳蜗植入手术。8名患者中，深度感音性聋同时合并智障与脑瘫者1例，余合并智障者2例，其中一例智障患者合并Mondini畸形，合并脑瘫者3例，Usher’s综合症2例。对这8例患者进行回顾性分析，随访3～5年。就术后开机调试特点，术后听力言语康复效果以及存在的问题等进行讨论。结果 （1）术后无面瘫、脑脊液漏、脑膜炎等手术并发症；（2）手术后护理比常规人工耳蜗术后病人复杂：病人哭闹、卧床困难、输液困难、不配合医护人员工作等；（3）开机调试后所有术后多残儿童都有听觉反应，除1例听到声音后极为恐惧外，其余患者都非常兴奋，但调试比较困难，患者配合程度差，有时一个病人需要多次调试才能获得结果，增加了调机人员的工作难度；（4）经过艰苦的康复训练，言语辨别率比术前明显提高，家长对此很满意。结论 伴有多种残疾的深度感音性聋患者可以行人工耳蜗植入，术后增加了一个全新的康复手段，从而为整个康复计划起到了推动作用，减轻了患者家庭和社会的负担，但增加了医护人员术后护理、调机以及康复上的工作难度。     

单侧人工耳蜗植入术前后双耳残余听力变化的初步研究

目的 通过观察单侧人工耳蜗植入术后儿童双耳残余听力情况,分析其变化趋势,探讨各种可能的影响因素。 方法 将29例单侧人工耳蜗植入的重度极重度感音神经性耳聋儿童纳入研究,根据术前颞骨CT分为A组(有大前庭导水管综合征)和B组(非大前庭导水管综合征),分别于术前、术后1周、开机时、术后半年定期进行裸耳纯音测听,比较植入耳残余听力保存情况及非植入耳残余听力的变化。 结果 患儿术前双耳均不同程度存在残余听力,术后均定期行纯音测听或行为测听,各频率仍部分存有残余听力,主要分布在低频区,且随频率升高其残余听力保留率逐渐下降,各频率残余听力保留率之间差异有统计学意义(Wald χ2=16.980, P=0.001);植入耳与非植入耳各频率残余听力保留率之间差异有统计学意义(Wald χ2=10.031, P=0.002);术前后各时间节点残余听力保留率之间差异无统计学意义(Wald χ2=3.384, P=0.336); AB两组之间残余听力保留率之间差异无统计学意义(Wald χ2=0.906, P=0.341)。 结论 人工耳蜗植入对植入耳残余听力的保留主要分布在低频区;随着植入时间的延长,残余听力可以基本保持;少部分患儿行单侧植入后对非植入耳残余听力有影响;前庭导水管扩大症患儿行单侧耳蜗植入术后,非植入耳残余听力在短期内可有波动。     

Loss of residual hearing after cochlear implantation

Many cochlear implant recipients have some measurable hearing prior to implantation. Animal studies have demonstrated some loss of viable neural elements resulting from both mechanical insertion trauma and long-term electrical stimulation. The effect of implantation of a long intracochlear multichannel electrode array and subsequent electrical stimulation on residual hearing was evaluated. Forty consecutive cochlear implant recipients were assessed by audiometry at the Colorado Ear Clinic between July 1985 and June 1988. Twelve of these patients (30%) had some measurable residual hearing before implantation, although all had profound hearing loss, with no understanding of speech. All patients received a multichannel cochlear implant with all 22 electrodes inserted in each patient by an experienced cochlear implant surgeon. Audiometric testing was repeated between 2 and 24 months after implantation. Pure-tone threshold responses in the implanted ear were significantly reduced postimplant, while puretone threshold responses in the nonimplanted ear were stable.     

人工耳蜗植入术295例语言康复临床分析

目的 研究耳蜗植入术后听觉言语康复效果及其影响因素。 方法 采用听觉行为分级(CAP)、言语可懂度分级(SIR)及视频和录音言语清晰度分析法分别对295例人工耳蜗植入术后患者进行听觉言语康复效果评估。 结果 2例蜗神经细小合并内耳畸形患者开机听阈为45 dB,其余听阈为25~40 dB。单因素分析结果显示:术前助听器的佩戴、植入年龄、植入后时间、术前残余听力、内耳畸形程度、脑白质病变对CAP及SIR差异有统计学意义;手术方法、中耳炎、Waardenburg综合征对CAP、SIR差异无统计学意义。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示:植入后时间、脑白质病变与CAP、SIR显著相关。 结论 大部分患者可从人工耳蜗植入术中获得满意效果,其听觉言语康复程度受多种因素的影响。     

小儿专科医院开展人工耳蜗植人手术的优势

目的通过本组6家小儿专科医院开展人工耳蜗植入手术的临床工作,讨论小儿专科医院开展人工耳蜗植入手术的优势。方法从1998年5月-2009年3月11年间,本组6家小儿专科医院耳鼻咽喉科共开展了103例人工耳蜗植入手术。术前信息：全部为双耳重度和极重度感音神经性聋,年龄8．5个月-10．2岁,平均年龄为3．8岁,全部为语前聋患儿。术前进行听力学评估、发育和智力评估、影像学评估、人工耳蜗植入适应证的评估。术前进行全麻风险的评估。进行与综合性医院开展人工耳蜗植入手术的优势比较,包括：①术前评估水平,②术中麻醉风险,③人工耳蜗植入手术结果,④围手术期护理和并发症处理水平。结果①术前评估：术前视觉强化行为测听检查：103例查出有残留听力49例,平均听力98dB,余54例无残留听力。畸变产物耳声发射检查：103例均未引出耳声发射。听觉脑干诱发电位、40Hz、多频稳态诱发电位检查：引出波形41例,未引出波形62例。术前影像学检查：颞骨CT检查103例中正常颞骨形态84例,内耳畸形19例,其中双耳大前庭导水管畸形ll例、Mondini畸形7例、前庭与外半规管共同腔畸形1例。脑常规MRI检查,正常98例、脑白质轻度异常5例。行为和智力测试：格雷费斯智力测试〉86分99例、〈86分4例。术前检查结果与综合性医院检查结果比较,无显著差异。②术中麻醉风险：全麻插管、拔管中出现心电、氧、二氧化碳监测问题、气管支气管痉挛并发症0例,综合性医院发生率为0．37％,有明显的安全优势。③人工耳蜗植入手术结果：103例手术均成功,与综合性医院比较,无明显差异。④围手术期护理与并发症的处理：103例术前常规静脉采血、术中,术后常规建立静脉通道未出现失败,综合性医院出现静脉采血、建立静脉通道失败率约5%右,?     

Cochlear implantation outcome in prelingually deafened young adults. A speech perception study

The outcome of cochlear implantation in patients with deafness of prelingual onset is largely unpredictable due to high individual variability. This study evaluated speech perception performances in a group of 18 prelingually deafened subjects (aged 13-30 years) which was homogeneous with respect to duration of deafness, hearing aid use before cochlear implantation, mode of communication and administration of auditory-oral speech therapy. Word discrimination length, word and sentence identification, phoneme identification and word and sentence recognition were tested before cochlear implantation and at 6 months, 1, 2 and 3 years of cochlear implant use. Scores on all tests significantly improved after cochlear implantation, although mean values were lower compared to those achieved by postlingually deafened patients. Speech performances on both word and sentence recognition continued to increase over time also beyond 1 year after cochlear implantation. Moreover, scores on sentence recognition tests were significantly higher compared to disyllabic words at 3 years of cochlear implant use. The presence of an auditory input delivered by hearing aids before cochlear implantation associated with auditory-oral therapy and a good level of education may positively influence the cochlear implant outcome in prelingually deafened adults.     

Exploring factors that affect the age of cochlear implantation in children

Objective

Early access to sound through early cochlear implantation has been widely advocated for children who do not derive sufficient benefit from acoustic amplification. Early identification through newborn hearing screening should lead to earlier intervention including earlier cochlear implantation when appropriate. Despite earlier diagnosis and the trend towards early implantation, many children are still implanted well into their preschool years. The purpose of this study was to examine the factors that affected late cochlear implantation in children with early onset permanent sensorineural hearing loss.

Methods

Data were examined for 43 children with cochlear implants who were part of a group of 71 children with hearing loss enrolled in a Canadian outcomes study. Eighteen (41.9%) of the 43 children were identified through newborn screening and 25 (58.1%) through medical referral to audiology. Medical chart data were examined to determine age of hearing loss diagnosis, age at cochlear implant candidacy, and age at cochlear implantation. Detailed reviews were conducted to identify the factors that resulted in implantation more than 12 months after hearing loss confirmation.

Results

The median age of diagnosis of hearing loss for all 43 children was 9.0 (IQR: 5.1, 15.8) months and a median of 9.1 (IQR: 5.6, 26.8) months elapsed between diagnosis and unilateral cochlear implantation. The median age at identification for the screened groups was 3.3 months (IQR: 1.4, 7.1) but age at implantation (median 15.8 months: IQR: 5.6, 37.1) was highly variable. Eighteen of 43 children (41.9%) received a cochlear implant more than 12 months after initial hearing loss diagnosis. For many children, diagnosis of hearing loss was not equivalent to the determination of cochlear implant candidacy. Detailed reviews of audiologic profiles and study data indicated that late implantation could be accounted for primarily by progressive hearing loss (11 children), complex medical conditions (4 children) and other miscellaneous factors (3 children).

Conclusions

This study suggests that a substantial number of children will continue to receive cochlear implants well beyond their first birthday primarily due to progressive hearing loss. In addition, other medical conditions may contribute to delayed decisions in pediatric cochlear implantation.