Concurrent chemoradiotherapy for T4 patients with hypopharyngeal and laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas

OBJECTIVES: Concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCR) was given for the previously untreated T4 hypopharyngeal and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients and the response and survival rates were evaluated. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 23 patients, namely, 15 for hypopharynx and 8 for larynx were eligible. These patients were given cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil based chemotherapeutic regimens with conventional radiotherapy for a total dose of 66.6-70.2 Gy. RESULTS: Ten out of the 15 hypopharyngeal carcinoma patients and 4 out of the 8 laryngeal carcinoma patients showed a complete response at the primary sites. The 5-year disease-specific survival rate was 59.4% in all the patients, 51.9% in the hypopharyngeal carcinoma patients, and 71.0% in the laryngeal patients. Seven out of the 12 resectable hypopharyngeal carcinoma patients and 4 out of 8 laryngeal carcinoma patients were able to do without total laryngectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, the survival rate in the hypopharyngeal and laryngeal T4 carcinoma patients treated by CCR seems to be satisfactory and the possibility of organ preservation for the advanced patients is indicated.     

p21WAF1/CIP1和抑制增殖细胞核抗原的表达与下咽癌及喉癌的临床关系

目的：探讨p21^WAF1/CIP1和抑制增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)的表达与下咽癌、喉癌的分级、转移及预后的关系,了解p21^WAF1/CIP1在下咽癌、喉癌发生、发展中的作用以及与PCNA的相关性。方法：对45例下咽癌、25例声门上型喉癌、23例声门型喉癌标本,用Envision HIS的方法检测p21^WAF1/CIP1、PCNA的表达情况,并分析p21^WAF1/CIP1表达与下咽癌、喉癌临床病理特征、转移、复发和预后的关系。结果：p21^WAF1/CIP1阳性表达率为51.6％(48／93),PCNA的阳性表达率为97.8％(91／93);p21^WAF1/CIP1表达与下咽癌、喉癌患者的年龄、性别、肿瘤分化、远处转移及复发无显著性相关,与肿瘤的原发部位的T分期有显著性相关;p2^WAF1/CIP1的表达还与肿瘤的预后有显著性相关;而PCNA与肿瘤的临床分期及淋巴转移有显著性相关,p21^WAF1/CIP1与PCNA的表达具有相关性。结论：p21^WAF1/CIP1、PCNA是预测肿瘤浸润范围及转移的良好指标,p21^WAF1/CIP1对预后的判定具有一定的指导意义。     

Alterations in T-lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with head and neck cancer. Correlations with prognosis

Impaired cell-mediated immunity has been consistently demonstrated in patients with advanced head and neck squamous cancer (HNSC); however, the results of prior studies of correlations of cellular immune parameters with treatment outcome have been inconsistent, and routine assessment of immune parameters has been of limited clinical use. To determine the prognostic importance of alterations in the proportions of various T-lymphocyte subpopulations in the peripheral blood of patients with HNSC, levels of T3, T4, T6, T8, T9, T10, T11, and Leu 7 cells were quantitated by flow cytometry in 80 previously untreated patients and prospectively correlated with tumor characteristics and clinical course (median length of follow-up, 27 months). The mean helper/suppressor cell ratio (T4/T8) increased progressively with increasing tumor stage and was significantly elevated among patients with cancer as a group and in patients with advanced (stage III or IV) disease compared with 40 normal subjects. Decreased disease-free survival was significantly associated with elevated T4/T8 ratios and low percent T8 and T11 cell levels. The prognostic significance of percent T8 (cytotoxic/suppressor) cell levels persisted even after adjusting for known prognostic factors of tumor stage, T class, N class, and tumor site. These correlations provide new insight into immune alterations in HNSC that may prove useful in identifying patients with early clinical disease who have a poor prognosis.     

Definite vs adjuvant radiotherapy. Comparative effects on lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with head and neck squamous carcinoma

The recent association of alterations in T-lymphocyte subpopulations and impaired cellular immunity prompted an investigation of the effects of radiotherapy (RT) on serial levels of lymphocyte subsets in 30 patients with head and neck squamous carcinoma. Percentage and absolute levels of T3, T4, T6, T8, T10, T11, and Leu 7 cells were measured before, during, and after RT at monthly intervals for six months and compared with levels in 40 normal subjects. Sixteen patients received curative and 14 postoperative adjuvant RT. Before treatment, mean subset levels were similar among the patient and normal groups except for elevated Leu 7 (natural killer) cells in patients with stage I and II disease. There were profound decreases in absolute levels of each subpopulation during and after RT. The percentage of T4 (helper/inducer) cells decreased, whereas that of T8 (cytotoxic/suppressor) and Leu 7 cells tended to increase. Compared with normal values, the mean T4/T8 ratio decreased significantly by six months after RT, when absolute levels of the subsets had rebounded to pretreatment levels in the definitive RT group but remained profoundly decreased in the adjuvant group. The differing recovery patterns suggest that factors other than RT may contribute to persistent immunosuppression following RT.     

Total pharyngolaryngectomy for squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx: a review

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate our experience with total pharyngolaryngectomy in the treatment of hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of consecutively treated patients in an academic otolaryngology, head and neck department. METHODS: One hundred eighty patients who had total pharyngolaryngectomy performed for hypopharyngeal carcinoma were included in this study. Patients with a history of previous head and neck cancer were excluded. Clinicopathologic parameters were recorded and survival calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: One hundred sixty-two (90%) of the patients were male, and the patients had a mean age of 62 years. The majority (91%) of patients had advanced overall clinical stage disease (stage 3,4). Thirty-one (17.8%) and 43 (24%) patients developed locoregional and metastatic disease recurrence, respectively. The 2- and 5-year disease-specific survival rates were 72% and 52%, respectively. Advanced nodal stage, perineural invasion, lymphovascular invasion, and positive margins were predictors of poor survival on univariate analysis, and lymphovascular invasion was an independent prognostic factor on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Surgery and postoperative radiotherapy remains the treatment against which other modalities should be compared for advanced stage hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.     

Natural killer cell response to regional lymph node metastases

A determination of natural killer cell activity was performed in 67 individuals with advanced head and neck cancer. The mean activity of 28 patients clinically staged T3 NO or T4 NO was 81 +/- 11 lytic units (LU), significantly higher than 39 patients with palpable lymph node metastases (54 +/- 5 LU). Assessing patients by extent of nodal disease revealed that activity actually increased, though not significantly, with progressive N-staging. A major determinate of increased natural killer cell cytotoxicity in patients with lymph node metastases was extranodal cancer within the neck. The mean activity of nine patients whose tumor was fixed to underlying structures or adherent to skin was 87 +/- 15 LU, significantly higher than the 45 +/- 4 LU mean value of the remaining patients with clinically determined regional nodal disease. The potential clinical implications of these findings are discussed.     

Selective neck dissection for node-positive necks in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a word of caution

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the regional recurrence (RR) rate in a consecutive series of patients with node-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (N(+) HNSCC) who underwent selective neck dissection (SND) as part of their treatment in a single institution. DESIGN: Retrospective case series with 2 years of follow-up. SETTING: Tertiary care university hospital. PATIENTS: One hundred ninety-one patients with N(+) HNSCC underwent 256 neck dissections (NDs) between 1999 and 2002. Of these, 17 had unilateral SNDs and 11 had bilateral NDs (6 patients, bilateral SND; 5 patients, radical ND and SND). There were 22 men and 6 women, ranging in age from 37 to 79 years (median age, 53 years), with 17 laryngeal, 5 hypopharyngeal, 4 oral cavity, 1 oropharyngeal, and 1 nasopharyngeal primary tumors, which were classified as follows: T1 (n=2 [7.1%]), T2 (n=2 [7.1%]), T3 (n=7 [25.0%]), and T4 (n=17 [60.8%]). The neck stages were N1 (n=8 [28.6%]), N2a (n=2 [7.1%]), N2b (n=7 [25.0%]), and N2c (n=11 [39.3%]). Most patients had tumors that were stage III (14.3%) or stage IV (85.7%) and had undergone postoperative radiotherapy. The minimum follow-up period was 2 years (median follow-up period, 36 months). Two patients (7.1%) died of postoperative complications, and 2 became unavailable for follow-up before 12 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The RR rate. RESULTS: There were 4 RRs (11.8%) among 34 patients who underwent SND, and 2 RRs (40%) among 5 patients who underwent radical ND. None of the patients with T1 or T2 tumors had recurrences; 1 (14.3%) of 7 patients with T3 tumors and 3 (17.6%) of 17 patients with T4 disease had RRs. One (12.5%) of 8 patients with N1 stage cancer, none of 2 patients with N2a stage cancer, 2 (28.6%) of 7 patients with N2b stage cancer, and 1 (9.1%) of 11 patients with N2c stage cancer had RRs. CONCLUSIONS: The RR rate was acceptable in patients with T1/T2 tumors and N1 nodal stage disease. However, it was higher in those with advanced T tumors and/or N2b stage cancer.     

Risk factors for distant metastases in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the frequency of distant metastases (DM) and to determine the ability of certain clinical and pathologic factors to predict the development of distant metastases. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENTS: A total of 1972 patients with oral, oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal, and laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas who were treated from 1981 to 1998 and who were not diagnosed as having DM at the time of initial treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We evaluated the frequency of DM and the influence of different variables in their appearance. RESULTS: A total of 181 patients (9.2%) (95% confidence interval, 7.9%-10.5%) developed DM. Younger age (<45 years), hypopharyngeal localization, an advanced T stage and/or N stage tumor according to the TNM staging system, high histologic grade, and locoregional control were found to be significantly associated with the risk of DM at both univariate and multivariate analyses. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of DM in subjects with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is relatively low. The risk of DM is influenced by age, site of primary cancer, local and/or regional extension, grading, and achievement of locoregional control.     

Involvement of level I neck lymph nodes and submandibular gland in laryngeal and/or hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of level I neck lymph node metastases or submandibular nodal metastases in laryngeal and/or hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred fifty consecutive neck dissection specimens from 100 patients with laryngeal and hypopharyngeal SCC, who were treated at our institution between 1992 and 2002, were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: The tumour stage was T1-T4, and the neck stage was N0-N3. Metastases were never found in level I (Ia + Ib) or in the submandibular gland. Metastases were concentrated within the jugular chain (levels II-IV in 92.2% of the N-positive necks). CONCLUSION: Metastases of level I of the neck and the submandibular gland are extremely rare in cases of laryngeal and/or hypopharyngeal carcinoma. The risk of facial or hypoglossal nerve injury does not justify the dissection of level I and of the submandibular gland in this type of tumour.     

64例下咽癌病人临床疗效的回顾分析

目的 :探讨下咽癌外科切除与修复手术的治疗效果。方法 :分析 1989年 1月～ 1995年 9月 6 4例下咽癌切除患者的手术方法、并发症、生存率等 ,其中保留喉功能的下咽癌切除患者 2 6例 ,未保留喉功能的下咽癌切除患者 38例。结果 :6 4例下咽癌患者手术后全部恢复了吞咽功能 ,并发症发生率 40 .6 % (2 6 / 6 4) ,以咽瘘最常见。2 6例保留喉功能的下咽癌切除术后拔管率 5 3.8% (14/ 2 6 ) ,3年和 5年生存率分别为 6 5 .4% (17/ 2 6 )和 5 0 % (13/ 2 6 )。38例喉全切除下咽癌患者 3年和 5年生存率分别为 5 2 .6 % (2 0 / 38)和 44 .7% (17/ 38)。保留喉功能和未保留喉功能两者 3、5年生存率比较没有显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :保留喉功能下咽癌手术适用于 T1 、T2 期的肿瘤及经过仔细选择部分 T3期肿瘤患者 ,不影响患者的长期生存率 ,同时可有效的提高患者的生存质量     

Blood transfusions and phenotypic immune profile in head and neck cancer patients undergoing surgical resection

Recent papers in the general surgery and otolaryngology literature have shown a positive correlation between blood transfusion and decreased survival in cancer patients. This is felt to be due to immunosuppression (not yet defined) induced by the transfusion. We prospectively analyzed the peripheral blood immune profiles of patients undergoing surgery for control of their squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract. Pre- and postoperative profiles were examined. T4, T8, natural killer cells, and interleukin 2 receptor-positive T cell subsets were analyzed by flow cytometry. Statistical analysis indicated a significant difference between the non-transfused and transfused subgroups, with the transfused group having a decrease in their T helper cell and interleukin 2 receptor positive helper cell populations. This supports other literature which shows an increased recurrence rate in the transfused patient population. The patients were analyzed comparing blood transfusions, immune status, initial stage of disease, the nodal status of the disease, tumor differentiation, and patient's age yielding transfusion as the greatest single contributing factor to the observed immunological changes.     

Contemporary therapeutic management of locally advanced hypopharyngeal cancer: oncologic and functional outcomes – a report on 100 cases

Conclusion: A significant proportion of patients with locally advanced hypopharyngeal cancer could not be managed by larynx-sparing therapy. T4 stage is one of the main predictive factors of oncologic and functional outcomes. Objectives: To analyze the therapeutic management of patients with locally advanced hypopharyngeal cancer in clinical practice and to report oncologic and functional outcomes. Methods: This was a retrospective study of all patients treated for a locally advanced hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma between 2001 and 2012 at our institution. Results: A total of 100 patients were included in this study. Induction chemotherapy (CT) followed by radiotherapy (RT) ± CT, primary RT + CT, and primary total pharyngolaryngectomy (TPL) comprised the initial therapeutic management for 54, 24, and 20 patients, respectively. Two patients received only supportive care. Overall survival (OS) and cause-specific survival (SS) were 50% and 60% at 3 years, respectively. In the group of patients referred for induction CT, the 3-year OS and SS were 58% and 70%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, T stage (p = 0.05) and ASA score (p = 0.02) were significant predictive factors of OS. T4 tumor stage had a pejorative impact on swallowing function after therapy (p = 0.006). The rate of patients alive, disease-free, and with a functional larynx at 2 years was 23%.     

结肠上徙代食管在下咽、食管疾病中的治疗体会

目的 :探讨在保留喉功能的基础上结肠上徙代食管治疗晚期下咽癌、颈段食管癌及严重食管狭窄的可行性及疗效。方法 :1989～ 1996年共进行结肠上徙代食管手术 2 5例 ,晚期下咽癌 9例 ,其中 T3期 7例 ( N0 1例 ,N1 4例 ,N2 2例 ) ,T4 N1 M0 2例 ( U ICC1997) ;颈段食管癌 13例 ,其中 T1 N0 M0 2例 ,T2 期 11例 ( N0 4例 ,N1 7例 ) ;严重食管狭窄 3例 (狭窄长度 3～ 5 cm)。术后肿瘤患者给予放疗。结果 :2 5例患者 3、5年生存率分别为5 4 .5 % ( 12 / 2 2 )和 4 2 .9% ( 6/ 14 ) ,其中晚期下咽癌、颈段食管癌 3年生存率分别为 4 4 .4 % ( 4 / 9)和 61.5 % ( 8/ 13 )。结论 :结肠上徙代食管符合生理功能 ,只要手术适应证选择合适 ,术中精细操作 ,可以减少并发症 ,提高患者的生存质量。     

喉癌和下咽癌颈淋巴结转移临床对比分析

目的：探讨喉癌、下咽癌患者颈淋巴结转移的特点和分布规律。方法：对全喉切除术同期及复发后第1次行颈淋巴结清扫的129例喉癌、下咽癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性对比分析，研究不同类型的喉癌、下咽癌患者颈淋巴结的转移情况。结果：声门上型喉癌、下咽癌患者易发生早期淋巴结转移；下咽癌患者的转移淋巴结融合率高，颈静脉下区出现阳性淋巴结的比率高；声门上型喉癌、下咽癌患者原发病灶分化差的比率相对偏高；同期与复发后行颈淋巴结清扫的患者原发病灶分期差异无显著性意义。结论：对T2期及以上的声门上型喉癌及下咽癌患者，尤其当细胞分化比较差时，即使颈淋巴结阳性体征不明显亦应积极考虑颈淋巴结清扫问题，对下咽癌患者行颈淋巴结清扫时应考虑彻底清扫颈静脉下区的淋巴结。     

Conservation surgery for laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer

The charts of 173 patients treated by conservation laryngectomy and pharyngolaryngectomy were retrospectively reviewed. The patients treated by endoscopic laser resection were excluded of this study. Glottic carcinoma was diagnosed in 101 patients, supraglottic carcinoma in 44 patients, hypopharyngeal carcinoma in 24 patients and oropharyngeal carcinoma in 4 patients. The median follow-up period was 44 months, 84/101 glottic cancer, 34/44 supraglottic cancer, 23/24 hypopharyngeal cancer and 2/4 oropharyngeal cancer were staged as T1 and T2. A voice-sparing external approach was carried on in 20 patients with locally advanced tumor (T3-T4). At time of the last follow-up, 132 patients (77%) were alive when 41 patients (23%) died. Overall survival rates for patients treated for T1-T2 glottic cancer at 3, 5 and 10 years were 90, 90 and 78% respectively. Overall survival rates for patients treated for T1-T2 supralottic cancer at 3, 5 and 10 years were 73, 68 and 48% respectively. Overall survival rates for patients treated for T1-T2 hypopharyngeal cancer at 3 and 5 years were 74 and 37% respectively. The site of the primary tumor (glottic versus supraglottic or hypopharynx) showed significant impact on survival (P = 0.0025)). Regarding survival, T stage and N stage were not found statistically significant.     

Clinical characteristics and risk factors of central lymph node and thyroid metastasis in patients with hypopharyngeal carcinoma

ObjectiveOur study sought to analyze the clinical characteristics and risk factors of central lymph node and thyroid metastasis in patients with hypopharyngeal carcinoma.MethodsThe current study included a total of 152 patients who suffered from hypopharyngeal cancer in our hospital from January 2019 to December 2020. Univariate/multivariate Logistic regression analyses were applied to analyze the risk factors of both central lymph nodes and thyroid metastasis in patients with hypopharyngeal cancer.ResultsSignificant differences were found in tobacco use, drinking history, PS score, site of tumor, pT and pN stage, pathological stage, differentiation degree, postoperative calcium ion level and postoperative FT3 level between the thyroid metastasis group and the non-thyroid metastasis group, and between the central lymph node metastasis group and the non-central lymph node metastasis group (P < 0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors of thyroid metastasis in patients with hypopharyngeal cancer were pathological stage and differentiation degree.ConclusionsPatients with hypopharyngeal cancer complicated by thyroid metastasis or central lymph node metastasis may be associated with tobacco use, drinking history, PS score, site of tumor, pT and pN stage, pathological stage, differentiation degree, postoperative calcium ion level, and postoperative FT3 level. Moreover, the risk factors responsible for central lymph node and thyroid metastasis in hypopharyngeal cancer patients were thought related to pathological stage and differentiation degree.     

Delayed regional metastases, distant metastases, and second primary malignancies in squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx and hypopharynx

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of delayed regional metastases, distant metastases, and second primary tumors on the therapeutic outcomes in squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx and hypopharynx. STUDY DESIGN: Chart review and statistical analysis. METHODS: A retrospective tumor registry analysis was made of patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx and hypopharynx who were treated with curative intent in the Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and the Radiation Oncology Center of the Washington University School of Medicine (St. Louis, MO) between January 1971 and December 1991 and developed delayed regional metastases (2 y after treatment), distant metastases, and second primary malignancies. RESULTS: In 2550 patients, the mean age (59.8 y), sex (8.5 male patients and 1 female patient), and tumor differentiation did not affect the incidence of delayed distant, regional, or second primary malignancies. The overall incidence of delayed regional metastases was 12.4% (317/2550 patients); distant metastases, 8.5% (217/2550); and second primary tumors, 8.9% (228/2550), with a 5-year disease-specific survival of 41%, 6.4%, and 35%, respectively. Second primary malignancies were not statistically related to the origin of the primary tumor, tumor staging, or delayed regional and distant metastases (P =.98). Delayed regional metastases and distant metastases were related to advanced primary disease (T4 stage), lymph node metastases (node positive [N+]), tumor location (hypopharynx), and locoregional tumor recurrence (P < or =.028). Advanced regional metastases at initial diagnosis (N2 and N3 disease) increased the incidence of delayed and distant metastases threefold (P =.017). These two metastatic parameters were significantly greater in hypopharyngeal tumors than in laryngeal tumors (P =.037). The incidences of delayed regional metastases by anatomical location of the primary tumor were as follows: glottic, 4.4%; supraglottic, 16%; subglottic, 11.5%; aryepiglottic fold, 21.9%; pyriform sinus, 31.1%; and posterior hypopharyngeal wall, 18.5%. The incidences of distant metastases were as follows: glottic, 4%; supraglottic, 3.7%; subglottic, 14%; aryepiglottic fold, 16%; pyriform fossa, 17.2%; and posterior hypopharyngeal wall, 17.6%. Seventeen hypopharyngeal tumors (2%) presented with M1 disease. Delayed regional metastases to the ipsilateral treated neck had a significantly worse survival prognosis than delayed metastases to the contralateral nontreated neck (P =.001). CONCLUSIONS: Conclusions are as follows: 1) The incidence of second primary tumors is independent from the primary tumor staging and distant and delayed regional metastases. The highest incidence occurred in patient groups with the highest disease-free survival rates (P =.0378). 2) Highest incidence of delayed and distant metastases occurred in hypopharyngeal tumors and was three times greater than in laryngeal cancers (P =.028). 3) Salvage therapeutic rates were poor for delayed metastases to the ipsilateral treated nodes and distant metastases as compared with contralateral neck metastases and second primary tumors (P =.001). 4) Delayed and distant lymph node metastases were significantly higher in advanced primary disease (T4 stage), locoregional recurrences, and regional disease (N2 and N3) (P =.028) in both the larynx and hypopharynx. 5) The higher incidence of delayed and distant metastatic disease was related to more advanced initial tumor presentation in hypopharyngeal cancer as compared with laryngeal cancer (P =.039). 6) Incidence of distant metastases was greatest between 1.5 and 6 years after initial treatment with a mean incidence being less than or equal to 3.2 years.     

Clinicopathological features of Epstein-Barr virus-associated nasal T/NK cell lymphomas in southern Japan

OBJECTIVE: Nasal T/natural killer cell lymphomas (NTCL) are highly prevalent among Oriental populations. However the characteristic immunophenotype of NTCL is still controversial and it can be difficult to make a firm histologic diagnosis of malignancy. Therefore, 14 cases of NTCL in patients from southern Japan were evaluated for clinicopathological features and immunophenotypic status. Furthermore, the genetic variations in the latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1) gene of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related NTCL were evaluated. METHODS: Biopsy specimens were fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin before examination using in situ hybridization for EBV-encoded RNA-1 (EBER-1) as well as immunohistochemical staining for CD3, CD3epsilon, CD4, CD8, CD43, CD45RA, and CD45RO. To detect genetic variations, single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and DNA sequencing were applied. RESULTS: Clinically, 14 cases were divided into two groups. The first group consisting of eight patients showed good prognosis. The other group consisting of six patients showed poor prognosis. The vast majority of neoplastic cells in NTCL were EBER-1 positive. These cells did not express CD4, CD8, or CD45RA, but often expressed CD43 and CD45RO. In addition, they were negative for CD3 when stained with a mouse monoclonal antibody but stained for CD3epsilon when a rabbit polyclonal was used. The 3'-terminal of LMP-1 gene of seven cases were amplified and all of them have 30 base pair (bp) deletion. CONCLUSION: NTCL are a heterogeneous mix of cell types although EBV-associated NTCL in patients from southern Japan appear to originate from natural killer cells rather than T cells, and also prognosis is variable and not always poor. The ability to make a firm diagnosis can be enhanced through the combined use of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. High prevalence of the 30-bp deletions of the LMP-1 gene in EBV-related NTCL may also reflect the prevalence of the deletion variant in the normal population in Japan.     

梨状窝癌手术前后放疗与喉功能保全

目的探讨梨状窝鳞状细胞癌(简称梨状窝癌)手术前或手术后放疗与喉功能保全治疗的效果。方法回顾性分析1985年9月—2001年7月收治的梨状窝鳞状细胞癌134例。术前放射治疗+手术治疗(简称R+S)100例,手术+术后放疗(简称S+R)34例。随访中位时间38.1个月。结果根据KaplanMeier方法统计R+S组与S+R组3年生存率分别为54.8%、50.1%,5年生存率分别为51.1%、45.9%,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。T1、T2、T3和T4期患者在R+S组与S+R组喉功能保留情况分别为4/5、3/3,66.7%(32/48)、6/6,32.4%(12/37)、0(0/16)和0(0/10)、0/9,其中T3期喉功能保留率R+S组较高,与S+R组的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其喉功能保留与丧失在局部复发、生存率等相关因素差异无统计学意义。R+S组和S+R组术后大体标本切缘阳性率为7.0%(7/100)和20.6%(7/34),两者差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Cox多因素变量分析切缘阳性、临床N分期对预后呈明显相关(P值均<0.05)。结论计划性术前放疗与术后放疗在下咽梨状窝癌的治疗上具有相同疗效。声门旁间隙受侵的T3病例选择R+S治疗可以提高喉功能的保留率,不增加预后的风险。R+S治疗方式切缘阳性率低,对喉功能的保留提供可靠客观依据。临床N分期对预后影响很大,是综合治疗的难点。     

喉及下咽部鳞状细胞癌中血管内皮生长因子-c及其受体FLT-4表达与淋巴结转移的相关研究

目的：研究喉及下咽部鳞状细胞癌组织中血管内皮生长因子-C（VEGF-C）及其受体VEGFR-3（FLT-4）的表达情况,以及它们在肿瘤淋巴转移、微转移中的作用和意义。方法：采用免疫组织化学SP法及图像分析技术,检测49例喉及下咽部痛组织中VEGFC、FLT-4及淋巴结中VEGF-C蛋白表达和相对含量。结果：喉及下咽部癌组织中VEGF-C的表达与病理分级密切相关（均P〈0．05）,与淋巴结转移之间存在相关关系（均P〈0．05）,与临床T分期无关。FLT-4表达与VEGF-C阳性表达呈同向性改变,与淋巴结转移相关（均P〈0．05）;喉及下咽部癌组织中,FLT-4阳性脉管数与病理分级及临床T分期差异无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。喉及下咽部癌组织中淋巴结微转移组,VEGFC、FLT-4表达与无转移组之间的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：VEGFC在喉及下咽部癌组织中,通过其特异性受体FLT-4导致淋巴管增生,促进肿瘤淋巴转移,从而影响患者的预后;检测VEGF-C、FLT-4,对肿瘤诊断、判断患者预后具有重要临床价值。