Study of glue extrusion after endoscopic N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate injection on gastric variceal bleeding

AIM: To investigate glue extrusion after endoscopic N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate injection on gastric variceal bleeding and to evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of this therapy.METHODS: A total of 148 cirrhotic patients in our hospital with esophagogastric variceal bleeding (EGVB) were included in this study. N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate was mixed with lipiodol in a 1:1 ratio and injected as a bolus of 1-3 mL according to variceal size. Patients underwent endoscopic follow-up the next week, fourth week, second month, fourth month, and seventh month after injection and then every 6 mo to determine the cast shape. An abdominal X-ray film and ultrasound or computed tomographic scan were also carried out in order to evaluate the time of variceal disappearance and complete extrusion of the cast. The average follow-up time was 13.1 mo.RESULTS: The instantaneous hemostatic rate was 96.2%. Early re-bleeding after injection in 9 cases (6.2%) was estimated from rejection of adhesive. Late re-bleeding occurred in 12 patients (8.1%) at 2-18 mo. The glue cast was extruded into the lumen within one month in 86.1% of patients and eliminated within one year. Light erosion was seen at the injection position and mucosa edema in the second week. The glue casts were extruded in 18 patients (12.1%) after one week and in 64 patients (42.8%) after two weeks. All kinds of glue clumping shapes and colors on endoscopic examination were observed in 127 patients (86.1%) within one month, including punctiform, globular, pillar and variform. Forty one patients (27.9%) had glue extrusion after 3 mo and 28 patients (28.9%) after six months. The extrusion time was not related to the injection volume of histoacryl. Obliteration was seen in 70.2% (104 cases) endoscopically. The main complication was re-bleeding resulting from extrusion. The prognosis of the patients depended on the severity of the underlying liver disease.CONCLUSION: Endoscopic injection of cyanoacrylate is highly effective for gastric varices bleeding. The glue clump shape is correlated with anatomic structure of vessels. The time of extrusion was not related to dosage of the glue.     

应用正丁基-2-氰丙烯酸盐经门静脉硬化治疗胃底静脉曲张

目的 探讨应用正丁基-2-氰丙烯酸盐(NBCA)经门静脉硬化治疗胃底静脉曲张(GFV)的临床疗效及安全性. 方法经胃镜确诊为GFV的21例门静脉高压症患者接受了经门静脉硬化治疗,所有患者采取经皮经肝或经脾穿刺门静脉造影及供血静脉造影,然后用微导管插管到曲张静脉内,注入硬化剂NBCA和碘化油混合乳剂(NBCA LP).对8例伴有高流量胃肾分流者,治疗前经股静脉、左肾静脉放置阻塞球囊导管于分流道,治疗时扩张球囊阻塞分流道.随访评价包括血清肝功能指标变化、内镜复查及再出血情况. 结果 20例GFV成功进行硬化治疗(95.2%);未成功的1例,为高流量胃肾分流者,术中因未有阻塞球囊导管,未能进行治疗.5例少量NBCA-LP进入到肺动脉,2例出现一过性刺激性咳嗽,2例发生门静脉分支栓塞.术后6个月,血清ALT、白蛋白、凝血酶原时间明显改善,血清总胆红素变化不明显.15例患者3个月胃镜复查,GFV消失10例,好转4例,有效率93.3%(14/15),3例食管静脉曲张较术前加重(20.0%).平均随访(16.7±8.8)个月,再出血4例,1年累积再出血率为9.52%.结论 应用NBCA经门静脉硬化治疗是控制GFV破裂出血的安全有效方法,微导管技术、球囊逆行阻塞胃肾分流道技术是提高疗效、防止肺栓塞的关键.     

Treatment of patients with gastric variceal hemorrhage: Endoscopic N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate injection versus balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration

Background and Aim:  Our study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic results of endoscopic N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate injection (EBC) and balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (BRTO) in patients with gastric variceal hemorrhage (GVH) and/or high-risk gastric varices (GV).
Methods:  Twenty-seven patients with GVH and/or high-risk GV (≥ 5 mm in diameter, those with red spots, and a Child–Pugh grading of B or C liver cirrhosis) who were treated with either EBC or BRTO from April 2005 to December 2007 were included in our study.
Results:  EBC or BRTO was initially used for the treatment of GVH in 14 and 13 patients, respectively. Technical success was achieved in all 14 patients (100%) initially treated with EBC, and 10 of 13 patients (76.9%) initially treated with BRTO. Significant rebleeding occurred in 10 patients (71.4%) of the EBC group, and two patients (15.4%) of BRTO group ( P  < 0.01). Five of six patients (83.3%) treated with rescue BRTO due to rebleeding after initial EBC achieved technical success, and all six patients who were treated with rescue BRTO had no rebleeding during the median follow up of 17 (range: 2–37) months. The cumulative survival rate of the EBC with the BRTO rescue group/BRTO group was significantly higher than the EBC group.
Conclusion:  The therapeutic efficacies of EBC and BRTO for the treatment of active GVH and/or high-risk GV appeared to be similar. However, EBC might be associated with a higher rebleeding rate than BRTO. BRTO could be an effective rescue treatment for patients with GVH after initial treatment of EBC.     

N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate,iso-amyl-2-cyanoacrylate and hypertonic glucose with 72% chromated glycerin in gastric varices

AIM: To compare n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate, iso-amyl-2-cyanoacrylate and a mixture of 72% chromated glycerin with hypertonic glucose solution in management of gastric varices. METHODS: Ninety patients with gastric varices presented to Endoscopy Unit of Ain Shams University Hospital were included. They were randomly allocated into three groups; each group included 30 patients treated with intravariceal sclerosant injections in biweekly sessions till complete obturation of gastric varices; Group I(n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate; Histoacryl), Group II(iso-amyl-2-cyanoacrylate; Amcrylate) and Group III(mixture of 72% chromated glycerin; Scleremo with glucose solution 25%). All the procedures were performed electively without active bleeding. Recruited patients were followed up for 3 mo. RESULTS: 26% of Scleremo group had bleeding during puncture vs 3.3% in each of the other two groups with significant difference,(P 0.05). None of Scleremo group had needle obstruction vs 13.3% in each of the other two groups with no significant difference,(P 0.05). Rebleeding occurred in 13.3% of Histoacryl and Amcrylate groups vs 0% in Scleremo group with no significant difference. The in hospital mortality was 6.6% in both Histoacryl and Amcrylate groups, while it was 0% in Scleremo group with no significant difference. In the first and second sessions, the amount of Scleremo needed for obturation was significantly high, while the amount of Histoacryl was significantly low. Scleremo was the less costly of the two treatments. CONCLUSION: All used sclerosant substances showed efficacy and success in management of gastric varices with no significant differences except in total amount, cost and bleeding during puncture.     

组织黏合剂注入成兔动脉与静脉内的组织病理学研究

目的探讨组织黏合剂注入成兔血管后的组织病理学改变，阐明其止血机制及作用过程，指导临床应用。方法在42只新西兰成兔的颈外静脉和股动脉内注入组织黏合剂0．2ml，分别在注射后3天、7天、2周、3周和4周、2月和3月取材进行组织病理学研究。结果①成兔血管内注入组织黏合剂可即刻有效闭塞血管；②组织病理学主要表现3天～2周为急性炎症反应，3周逐渐发展为亚急性血管炎、4周为慢性肉芽肿异物反应，2月～3月胶块基本消失，取代为纤维组织，部分血管再通；③3周时动脉管壁弹力纤维明显增生，管腔变小闭塞，而静脉管壁仍表现为炎症坏死，未发现弹力纤维增生；④静脉与动脉均出现排胶现象，静脉更明显。结论成兔静脉与动脉注射后的组织病理学表现相似，不同在于2～3周时动脉管壁弹力纤维明显增生，静脉仍为炎症坏死；静脉与动脉均出现排胶现象。     

Long-term result of endoscopic Histoacryl （N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate）injection for treatment of gastric varices

AIM: To evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of endoscopic obliteration with Histoacryl^® for treatment of gastric variceal bleeding and prophylaxis.METHODS: Between January 1994 and March 2010 at SoonChunHyang University Hospital, a total of 127 patients with gastric varices received Histoacryl^® injections endoscopically. One hundred patients underwent endoscopic Histoacryl^® injections because of variceal bleeding, the other 27 patients received such injections as a prophylactic procedure.RESULTS: According to Sarin classification, 56 patients were GOV1, 61 patients were GOV2 and 10 patients were IGV. Most of the varices were large (F2 or F3, 111 patients). The average volume of Histoacryl^® per each session was 1.7 ± 1.3 cc and mean number of sessions was 1.3 ± 0.6. (1 session-98 patients, 2 sessions-25 patients, ≥ 3 sessions-4 patients). Twenty-seven patients with high risk of bleeding (large or fundal or RCS+ or Child C) received Histoacryl^® injection as a primary prophylactic procedure. In these patients, hepatitis B virus was the major etiology of cirrhosis, 25 patients showed GOV1 or 2 (92.6%) and F2 or F3 accounted for 88.9% (n = 24). The rate of initial hemostasis was 98.4% and recurrent bleeding within one year occurred in 18.1% of patients. Successful hemostasis during episodes of rebleeding was achieved in 73.9% of cases. Median survival was 50 mo (95% CI 30.5-69.5). Major complications occurred in 4 patients (3.1%). The rebleeding rate in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma or GOV2 was higher than in those with other conditions. None of the 27 subjects who were treated prophylactically experienced treatment-related complications. Cumulative survival rates of the 127 patients at 6 mo, 1, 3, and 5 years were 92.1%, 84.2%, 64.2%, and 45.3%, respectively. The 6 mo cumulative survival rate of the 27 patients treated prophylactically was 75%.CONCLUSION: Histoacryl^® injection therapy is an effective treatment for gastric varices and also an effective prophylactic treatment of gastric varices which carry high risk of bleeding.     

Bacteremia after endoscopic injection of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate for gastric variceal bleeding

BACKGROUND: Cyanoacrylate may form a barrier that prevents bacterial invasion when used in tissue. Because cyanoacrylate polymerizes within seconds on contact with aqueous media, it is used worldwide to arrest gastric variceal bleeding. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of bacteremia after endoscopic cyanoacrylate injection for gastric variceal bleeding. METHODS: Patients with cirrhosis who underwent endoscopic cyanoacrylate injection for gastric variceal bleeding were included. Patients with cirrhosis who underwent upper endoscopy for nonvariceal upper GI bleeding were recruited as controls. Patients with infection before endoscopy were excluded. Blood was cultured in both groups. Injection needles and endoscope accessory channels were cultured in the cyanoacrylate injection group. RESULTS: More patients injected with cyanoacrylate had positive blood cultures in comparison with the control group (15/47 vs. 1/47, p < 0.0001). In the cyanoacrylate injection group, the volume of blood transfused and Child-Pugh score were factors associated with the occurrence of bacteremia. Most episodes of bacteremia were transient, except for 1 patient who died of sepsis. Most of the microorganisms cultured from blood samples were identical to those cultured from injection needles (65%) and accessory channels (90%). CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic cyanoacrylate injection for gastric varices does not limit the spread of bacteria. The endoscope accessory channel was the major source of bacteria. Most episodes of bacteremia were transient and uneventful.     

经皮经肝α-氰基丙烯酸正丁酯胶和生物蛋白胶联合栓塞治疗食管胃底静脉曲张20例

目的介绍经皮经肝α-氰基丙烯酸正丁酯(NBCA胶,n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate)和生物蛋白胶联合栓塞食管胃底静脉曲张的应用。方法采用经皮经肝NBCA胶和生物蛋白胶联合栓塞胃冠状静脉和胃短静脉为主的方法治疗门静脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张患者20例,生物蛋白胶以栓塞胃部曲张静脉的流出端为主,NBCA胶栓塞胃部曲张静脉的主体和输入段,部分加用弹簧圈栓塞减慢血流。15例患者同时行部分性脾动脉栓塞。结果栓塞成功16例(80%),术后即刻食管胃底曲张静脉血流消失而且出血控制。随访1~11个月(平均4.3个月),成功栓塞的16例患者无1例发生再出血,其中胃镜复查11例,5例曲张静脉基本消失,4例明显减轻,2例稍有减轻。4例患者曲张静脉内NBCA充填不充分,致使栓塞不彻底,其中2例发生再出血。无1患者发生异位栓塞和胃黏膜的过度栓塞。结论经皮经肝NBCA胶和生物蛋白胶联合栓塞食管胃底静脉曲张可有效防止异位栓塞及过度栓塞,安全而且疗效确切,可作为治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂急性出血的重要治疗手段之一。能否彻底栓塞是决定疗效的主要因素。     

合并胃肾或脾肾分流道的胃静脉曲张内镜下联合注射治疗

目的探讨胃静脉曲张(GV)合并胃肾或脾肾分流道(SGRS或SSRS)患者经内镜下硬化剂联合组织黏合剂注射治疗的效果。方法选取解放军总医院2008年6月-2013年6月收治的经胃镜及CT检查证实为存在SGRS或SSRS的17例GV患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究,并对内镜下胃静脉曲张硬化剂联合组织黏合剂注射治疗效果进行初步分析。结果 17例患者均因间断呕血、黑便入院。乙肝肝硬化9例,乙肝合并原发性肝癌2例,酒精性肝硬化2例,隐源性肝硬化1例,门脉海绵样变1例,结肠癌术后门静脉系统血栓1例,Wilson氏病1例。胃静脉曲张分型GOV-1型2例,GOV-2型11例,IGV-1型4例,无IGV-2型。胃肾分流道13例,脾肾4例。17例患者均行内镜下硬化剂联合组织黏合剂注射治疗,术后无异位栓塞等并发症发生。结论合并SGRS或SSRS的GV,经内镜下硬化剂联合组织黏合剂注射治疗,在有效治疗GV同时也可最大限度地降低组织黏合剂固化物经分流道致异位栓塞发生的可能性。治疗前应行胃镜及门静脉CT血管成像检查,直观了解胃底静脉曲张情况及其交通支、分流道情况。     

内镜下选择性组织粘合剂注射治疗肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血的探讨

目的 探讨内镜下选择性注射组织粘合剂治疗肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血的近期止血和持续止血效果。方法 将40例肝炎后肝硬化食管静脉曲张破出血患者分为组织粘合剂注射治疗组(A组，20例)和对照组(B组，20例)，A组予组织粘合剂(氰丙烯酸盐)1ml及生理盐水2ml以三明治夹心法选择性注入于破裂血管内，B组予垂体后叶素静脉滴注，持续7天。结果 氰丙烯酸盐治疗组中20例均获立即止血(止血率100％)，3天内再出血1例(成功率95％)，2周内持续止血18例(成功率90％)，B组3日内止血13例(65％)，P＜0．05，2周内持续止血10例(50％)，P＜0．01。结论 内镜下选择性注射组织粘合剂治疗肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血，安全，有效。     

Endoscopic sclerotherapy of gastric variceal bleeding with N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate

BACKGROUND: bleeding from gastric varices is a life-threatening complication of portal hypertension. Fundal and isolated gastric varices are at high risk for variceal bleeding. In this study, we report our experience with n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (BC) in patients with large gastric varices. STUDY: twenty-nine patients (15 male, 14 female) with large fundal varices (active bleed, 5; passive bleed after eradication of esophageal varices, 13; unbled fundal varices with red color sign, 11) underwent endoscopic sclerotherapy with BC. Cirrhosis was present in 13 patients; extrahepatic portal venous obstruction, in 13; and noncirrhotic portal fibrosis, in 3. N-Butyl-2-cyanoacrylate after mixing with lipiodol (1:1) was given to the initial 10 patients and was given in undiluted form to the remaining patients, followed by injection of 0.7 mL of distilled water to rinse the injection catheter. One to three injections (0.5-1 mL) were given until all gastric varices became hard. All patients were on long-term endoscopic sclerotherapy or variceal ligation programs for eradication of esophageal varices. RESULTS: acute variceal bleeding was controlled in all five patients with BC injections. Eradication of gastric varices was achieved in 27 (93.1%) patients (20 patients in 1 session, 4 patients in 2, and 3 patients in 3-6). Rebleeding occurred in three (10.3%) patients who responded to repeat BC injections. Complications related to the procedure occurred in two (6.9%) patients. In one patient, the needle became impacted into the tissue adhesive. This patient died 5 days later because of massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding. In the other patient, there was distal embolization. CONCLUSIONS: sclerotherapy of gastric varices with BC is a safe and an effective treatment for control of bleeding and eradication. The needle should be withdrawn immediately after the BC injection to prevent its impaction into the tissue adhesive.     

栓塞介入治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的临床观察

我院自1998年至2003年，采用经皮经肝食管胃曲张静脉栓塞术（PTVE）联合部分性脾栓塞（PSE）进行治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血50例，现将观察结果报道如下。[第一段]     

Estimation of usefulness of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate-lipiodol mixture in transcatheter arterial embolization for urgent control of life-threatening massive bleeding from gastric or duodenal ulcer

We estimated the usefulness of a mixture of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA) with lipiodol for transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) used to control massive bleeding from gastric or duodenal ulcer. Thirty patients who had gastric or duodenal ulcers and massive bleeding that was uncontrollable by endoscopic procedures were included in this study. All patients were subjected to TAE (without NBCA in 23 and with NBCA in seven patients). Coils and/or gelfoam were also used. The achievement of haemostasis, occurrence of rebleeding and the time taken for TAE were compared between patients who received TAE without and with NBCA. Eighteen of 23 patients (78.3%) who received TAE without NBCA and six of seven patients (85.7%) who underwent TAE with NBCA achieved complete haemostasis without rebleeding. The time for TAE was significantly shorter in patients who received NBCA compared with those who did not (P= 0.0095). TAE using NBCA or a combination of NBCA and coils achieved a rapid, complete embolization regardless of vascular distribution or arterial diameter. Thus NBCA is considered to be useful as a secondary embolization material in TAE that is urgently conducted to control massive bleeding from gastric or duodenal ulcers.     

An endoscopic injection with N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate used for colonic variceal bleeding: a case report and review of the literature

We report a 64-yr-old patient with liver cirrhosis and bleeding esophageal varices that were obliterated by repeated endoscopic sclerotherapy. Eleven years later, he developed a massive, life-threatening rectosigmoid variceal hemorrhage. An endoscopic injection with N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (Histoacryl), performed over the rectosigmoid varices, achieved temporary hemostasis. The etiology, prevalence, relationship with portal hypertension, diagnosis, and treatment of colorectal varices are discussed.     

Proton pump inhibitor administration delays rebleeding after endoscopic gastric variceal obturation

AIM:To clarify the efficacy of proton pump inhibitors(PPIs)after endoscopic variceal obturation(EVO)with N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate.METHODS:A retrospective study was performed on16 liver cirrhosis patients with gastric variceal bleeding that received EVO with injections of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate at a single center(Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong)from January 2008 to December 2012.Medical records including patient characteristics and endoscopic findings were reviewed.Treatment results,liver function,serum biochemistry and cirrhosis etiology were compared between patients receiving PPIs and those that did not.Furthermore,the rebleeding interval was compared between patients that received PPI treatment after EVO and those who did not.RESULTS:The patient group included nine males and seven females with a mean age of 61.8±11.7years.Following the EVO procedure,eight of the 12patients that received PPIs and three of the four nonPPI patients experienced rebleeding.There were no differences between the groups in serum biochemistry or patient characteristics.The rebleeding rate was not significantly different between the groups,however,patients receiving PPIs had a significantly longer rebleeding interval compared to non-PPI patients(22.2±11.2mo vs 8.5±5.5 mo;P=0.008).The duration of PPI use was not related to the rebleeding interval.A total of six patients,who had ulcers at the injection site,exhibited a shorter rebleeding interval(16.8±5.9 mo)than patients without ulcers(19.9±3.2 mo),though this difference was not statistically significant.CONCLUSION:PPI therapy can extend the rebleeding interval,and should therefore be considered after EVO treatment for gastric varices.