Minimally invasive treatment of urinary tract calculi in children.

OBJECTIVE: To report experience of a broad multimodality approach to the treatment of calculi in children using extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), ureteroscopy/laser lithotripsy, lithoclast and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The treatment and outcome were reviewed in 43 children managed by a range of minimally invasive modalities, either singly or in combination, between 1990 and 1997. These patients represent a selected group deemed suitable for minimally invasive management during a period of developing experience with these techniques. Of this cohort, six children had previously undergone open stone surgery and contributory metabolic abnormalities were identified in seven. ESWL was the sole treatment modality in 24 children (56%). In five children (12%) ureteroscopy/laser lithotripsy was combined with ESWL, eight (18%) underwent ureteroscopy/laser lithotripsy alone, whilst three with bladder stones were treated with the lithoclast. Combined therapy including PCNL was required in three patients. RESULTS: Of the 43 children treated, 38 (88%) were rendered stone-free. Metabolic disorders accounted for three of the five cases of residual calculi. Complications requiring intervention occurred in two children (7%) and three subsequently underwent open pyelolithotomy or ureterolithotomy after unsuccessful minimally invasive treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Used selectively, the range of minimally invasive procedures available for adults, including ureteroscopy and PCNL, can be safely and effectively extended to the treatment of urinary tract calculi in children. The role of open surgery will diminish further with the availability of specialized instruments for paediatric PCNL.     

微创经皮肾取石和经尿道输尿管镜碎石治疗输尿管上段结石的疗效比较

目的 比较微创经皮肾穿刺取石术与经尿道输尿管镜碎石术治疗输尿管上段结石的方法。方法 从1996年6月到2004年6月，对202例单侧输尿管上段结石的患者，92例采用MPCNL进行治疗；110例采用URL治疗后，46例接受辅助的ESWL治疗。结果 MPCNL组术后3d结石清除率为94．6％（87／92），术后1个月结石清除率为100％（92／92）。URL术后3d结石清除率为20．9％（23／110），术后1个月的结石清除率为84．5（93／110），均显著低于MPCNL组（P〈0．05）。结论 微创经皮肾穿刺取石治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石有很高的结石清除率；经尿道输尿管镜手术治疗效果稍差，可以联合体外冲击波碎石来提高疗效。     

上尿路结石的现代治疗方法的探讨(附5178例报告）

目的：探讨上尿路结石的现代治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析2001年2月8日～2002年12月31日收治的5178例上尿路结石患者的临床资料。结果：5178例中，采用体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL)治疗1826例，输尿管镜取石术(URL)2157例，微创经皮肾镜取石术(mini-PCNL)1131例，腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术8例和开放手术56例，分别占总数的35．3％、41．7％、21．8％、0．2％和1．0％。ESWL治疗中，1个月后结石排净率为83．0％，2个月后结石排净率为86．0％，3个月后为86．5％。术后有13例发生输尿管石街，采用URL或PCNL取净。URL对输尿管中、下段结石取净率为100％，上段为76％，术中无输尿管穿孔和撕脱并发症发生。mini—PCNL对肾盂和输尿管上段结石的取净率为100％，鹿角形结石为93％。术中未见肾盂大穿孔和。肾皮质撕裂。术后79例输血，输血率为1．5％。腹腔镜治疗8例全部成功，无并发症发生。结论：上尿路结石可用腔内技术和ESWL治疗，开放手术几乎可避免。     

微创经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石术治疗上尿路结石(附706例报告)

目的:探讨与评价微创经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石治疗肾脏与输尿管上段结石的方法与疗效。方法:采用微创经皮肾镜下气压弹道碎石上尿路结石706例。结果:1999年9月～2005年8月,采用Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期或分步微创经皮肾镜手术成功处理706例上尿路结石,其中包括鹿角形结石、多发性肾结石、ESWL治疗失败、孤立肾结石、开放取石手术后复发、输尿管上段结石,肾结石清除率91.6%,输尿管结石清除率98.4%;随访1～12个月,无严重手术并发症发生。结论:微创经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石术治疗上尿路结石具有微创损伤、恢复快、并发症少、安全高效、结石清除率高的优点。     

微创经皮肾取石术(附92例报告)

目的 探讨微创经皮肾取石术治疗上尿路结石的疗效。方法 从2000年1月至2004年11月期间采用微创经皮肾取石术共治疗92例上尿路结石病人，其中单发肾盂结石47例（51％），多发性结石37例（40％）。输尿管上段结石8例（9％），有开放手术史11例。结果 一期穿刺取石86例（95％），一期造瘘、二期取石5例（5％）。单通道取石79例，多通道取石13例。12例术后复查KUB仍有残石，结石清除率87％。手术时间平均140min，术中、术后有明显出血6例（6．5％），均经保守治疗治敷，平均住院时间9d。结论 微创经皮肾取石术治疗上尿路结石安全、有效的方法，对病人创伤小，术后恢复时间短。     

超声引导下斜仰卧截石位微通道经皮肾输尿管镜碎石取石术临床分析

目的探讨超声引导下斜仰卧截石位微通道经皮肾输尿管镜碎石取石术的疗效和安全性。方法分析超声引导下斜仰卧截石位经皮肾输尿管镜碎石取石治疗上尿路结石56例的临床资料,男38例,女18例,平均（44±16.7）（23～70）岁;输尿管上段结石10例,肾结石46例（包括单个肾盂结石26侧、多发结石16侧、铸形结石11侧）。结果全部成功获得经皮肾穿刺通道。手术时间60～190min,平均（98±40.1）min。输尿管上段结石10例单次清除率100%;肾结石单次结石清除率71.70%,结石总清除率为92.45%;平均出血量（125±44.5）mL,术中术后均无输血;无胸膜、腹腔脏器、结肠损伤。结论超声引导下斜仰卧截石位微通道经皮肾输尿管镜碎石取石术中患者舒适、安全,可较好耐受手术,结石清除率较高,可同时处理各种异常情况,值得临床推广应用。     

Open stone surgery: Is it still a preferable procedure in the management of staghorn calculi?

We reviewed 43 patients with staghorn calculi to determine the effectiveness of various treatment modalities such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) monotherapy, ESWL and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) combined therapy, and open stone surgery. While ESWL monotherapy and ESWL+PCNL were performed in 25 and 8 patients, respectively, 10 patients underwent open stone surgery. Of the 25 patients treated with ESWL, 8 were stone-free, whereas 4 out of 8 patients treated with ESWL+PCNL and 8 out of 10 patients treated with open surgery were stone-free. The complications of ESWL monotherapy consisted of pyelonephritis in one patient, and stone street formations in three. In the group of ESWL+PCNL, one patient developed pyonephrosis, and another perinephritic abscess. No serious complication was noted in patients who underwent open surgery, but an average of 525 ml of blood transfusion was required. We conclude that open stone surgery, although invasive, is still beneficial in the treatment of staghorn calculi. Presented at the 10th Congress of the European Association of Urology, July 1992, Genoa.     

3种不同术式治疗复杂输尿管上段结石的疗效比较--随机对照研究

目的比较体外冲击波碎石（extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy，ESWL）、逆行输尿管镜取石（ureteroscope lithtripsy，URL）联合ESWL、微创经皮肾镜取石（minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy，MPCNL）治疗复杂输尿管上段结石的疗效。方法分析2002年12月-2003年12月我院治疗复杂输尿管上段结石234例，其中ESWL治疗76例，URL联合ESWL治疗78例．MPCNL治疗80例。结果ESWL组一次碎石成功率56，6％（43／76），术后1个月结石清除率46，l％（35／76），平均费用912元，术后并发症发生率15，8％（12／76）；URL联合ESWL组碎石成功率100％（78／78），术后1个月结石清除率83．3％（65／78），平均费用7720元，术后并发症发生率15，4％（12／78）；MPCNL组碎石成功率100％（80／80），术后1个月结石清除率100％（80／80），平均费用10253元，术后并发症发生率13．8％（11／80）。MPCNL组手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间、术后1个月结石清除率和费用明显高于ESWL和URL联合ESWL组；一次碎石成功率MPCNL组与URL联合ESWL组相比无明显差异，均明显高于ESWL组；3组术后并发症发生率比较无明显差异。结论MPCNL治疗复杂输尿管上段结石安全有效，可成为治疗复杂输尿管上段结石的首选治疗方法。     

复杂性输尿管上段结石的微创治疗方法比较

目的:比较体外冲击波碎石(ESWL)、逆行输尿管镜碎石(URL)、微创经皮肾镜取石(MPCNL)、后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石(RLU)治疗复杂输尿管上段结石的疗效,探讨复杂性输尿管上段结石的最佳治疗方法.方法:回顾性分析、比较四种微创方法治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石患者232例的临床资料.结果:一次治疗成功率ESWL 43%,URL 71.8%,MPCNL 85.7%,RLU 96.7%.术后3个月结石清除率ESWL 81%,URL 85.9%,MPCNL96.4%,RLU 100%.效率商为ESWL 0.50,RLU 0.65,MPCNL 0.84,RLU 0.97.结论:对于复杂性输尿管上段结石的微创治疗,应根据患者临床情况及实际要求制定治疗方案.     

微创经皮肾穿刺取石术治疗上尿路结石

目的：探讨微创经皮肾穿刺取石术(PCNL)治疗上尿路结石的安全性及有效性。方法：对接受微创经皮肾取石术治疗的858例上尿路结石患者进行了回顾性分析。其中单发肾盂、肾盏结石213例，输尿管上段结石111例，手术后残留结石129例，肾铸型或鹿角形结石391例；双侧肾结石14例。结果：所有患者均行一期穿刺取石，共行1015次手术。其中单通道穿刺取石672侧肾，二通道186侧肾，三通道13侧肾，四通道1侧肾，结石清除率90．18％，平均手术时间98min，肾造瘘管留置时间平均6d，平均住院14d，其中2例需要输血，仅1例术后10d并发大出血，经高选择性肾动脉栓塞止血治愈，其余未出现大的并发症。结论：微创经皮肾取石术治疗上尿路结石是有效的。它与开放手术及传统经皮肾取石术相比，能减少术中、术后出血及并发症，明显提高结石的清除率，具有对患者创伤小、恢复快、缩短住院时间等优点，并对残留结石和复发结石的再次手术治疗有较大优越性。     

体外冲击波碎石治疗儿童尿路结石的疗效观察(附62例报告）

目的：探讨体外冲击波碎石(ESWL)治疗儿童尿路结石的有效性和安全性。方法：采用ESWL治疗儿童尿路结石患者62例，其中肾盂肾盏结石35例，输尿管结石22例，膀胱结石4例，移植肾结石1例。结果：62例随访3个月，结石排净59例(95．2％)，结石残留2例(3．2％)，1例无效(1．6％)，改用手术治疗。结论：ESWL治疗儿童尿路结石安全、有效，是儿童尿路结石的首选治疗方法。     

微创经皮肾穿刺取石治疗小儿上尿路结石

目的探讨微创经皮肾穿刺取石术（minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy,MPCNL）治疗小儿上尿路结石的效果。方法回顾分析35例MPCNL治疗小儿上尿路结石的临床资料,男29例,女6例,平均年龄8.5岁（4～13岁）。输尿管上段结石7例,肾结石28例,均为一侧上尿路结石。伴肾盂输尿管连接部（ureteropelvic junction obstruction,UPJ）梗阻2例。结果MPCNL治疗成功31例,成功率88.6%（31/35）,其中一期结石完全清除率87.1%（27/31）,二期结石完全清除率75%（3/4）。2例结石位于UPJ致结石下方狭窄,2例皮肾穿刺失败,改开放手术。结论MPCNL是治疗小儿肾结石和输尿管上段结石安全、有效的方法。     

输尿管结石ESWL失败后腔内手术治疗的选择

目的:探讨输尿管结石体外冲击波碎石(ESWL)失败后行腔内手术治疗的选择。方法:回顾分析153例输尿管结石ESWL失败后接受腔内手术治疗的患者,其中微创经皮肾镜碎石术(MPCNL)20例,输尿管镜碎石术(URL)133例。结果:20例MPCNL患者碎石成功率100%(20/20);133例URL患者碎石成功率81.2%(108/133),3例中转开放手术取石,22例结石上移或残留而再次行ESWL。结论:对于ESWL失败的输尿管结石,选择腔内手术是安全而有效的治疗手段,适应症的掌握、手术方式及时机的选择是治疗成功的关键。     

微创经皮肾穿刺取石术52例报告

目的探讨微创经皮肾穿刺取石术 (minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy,MPCNL)的疗效.方法 52例肾或输尿管结石患者,在C形臂机和(或)B超定位下行MPCNL.结果除1例术中因肾盂穿孔转开放性手术外,Ⅰ期取净结石33例,l周后经造瘘管再行MPCNL取净结石15例,两次手术结石总取净率为92.3%,手术时间1.5～4 h,平均2.5 h.术中无输血.结论 MPCNL安全、疗效好,易在基层医院推广.     

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for distal ureteral calculi: what a powerful machine can achieve

PURPOSE: We assessed the efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL, Dornier Medical Systems, Inc., Marietta, Georgia) for distal ureteral calculi with the HM3 (Dornier Medical Systems, Inc.) lithotriptor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 585 consecutive patients with distal ureteral calculi were treated with ESWL using an unmodified HM3 lithotriptor. Of these patients 67 referred for treatment only for whom no followup was available were excluded from further analysis. The remaining 518 cases were followed until they were radiologically documented to be stone-free or considered treatment failures. Before ESWL additional procedures were performed in 144 patients, including stone push back, ureteral catheter or Double-J (Medical Engineering Corp., New York, New York) stent placement, percutaneous nephrostomy, ureteral endoscopic maneuvers or stone basket manipulation. A total of 374 patients needed no preliminary treatment before ESWL. RESULTS: Of the 518 patients 469 (91%) were successfully treated with 1 ESWL session, while 49 (9%) needed 2 or 3. Manipulation after ESWL was performed in 22 cases, including stent placement, percutaneous nephrostomy, ureteral endoscopic stone removal and a stone basket procedure. On day 1 after ESWL 327 patients (63%) were stone-free, 158 (30%) had less than 5 mm. fragments and 33 (7%) had more than 5 mm. fragments. At 3 months the stone-free rate increased to 97%. CONCLUSIONS: These data show that ESWL for distal ureteral calculi with the powerful unmodified HM3 lithotriptor has a high success rate with a low rate of minimally traumatic manipulations before and after intervention. Results in terms of the re-treatment and stone-free rates are superior to those of any other second or third generation lithotriptor and comparable to the results of the best ureteroscopic series.     

微创治疗输尿管上段结石258例报告

目的 探讨经尿道输尿管镜取石术（transurethral ureteroscope lithotripsy，URL）与微创经皮肾穿刺取石术（minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy，MPCNL）治疗输尿管上段结石的疗效及影响因素。方法 回顾性分析2001年1月～2004年12月我院258例输尿管上段结石的临床资料，225例采用URL治疗，33例采用MPCNL治疗。结果 URL单次碎石成功率73．8％（166／225），失败率26．2％（59／225）。失败原因：结石返回肾内18．7％（42／225）；操作失败6．2％（14／225）；因术中并发输尿管穿孔1例、断裂2例改开放手术1．3％（3／225）。MPCNL单次碎石成功率100％（33／33）。结论 输尿管狭窄、扭曲变形等是影响URL治疗的因素。MPCNL适应合并有继发病变、同侧肾结石的嵌顿性输尿管结石，有更高的结石取净率，且并发症少，安全性高。     

微创经皮肾碎石与经尿道输尿管镜碎石治疗输尿管上段结石的比较

目的比较微创经皮’肾镜取石术（MPCNL）与输尿管镜取石术（URL）治疗输尿管上段结石的疗效。方法从2003年1月至2005年12月，对240例单侧输尿管上段结石患者，123例采用MPCNL治疗，117例采用URL治疗后，40例接受辅助ESWL治疗。结果MPCNL组临床治疗成功率为100％（123／123），一次结石清除率为96％（119／123）。URL组临床治疗成功率为58．1％（68／117），术后一次结石清除率47％（56／117），术后辅助体外冲击波碎石，一个月结石清除率为84％（99／117），均显著低于MPCNL组（P〈0．05）。结论微创经皮肾穿刺碎石治疗输尿管上段结石，有较高的临床治疗成功率、结石清除率，虽然经尿道输尿管镜碎石治疗效果较差，但联合体外冲击波可提高疗效。     

微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗孤立肾肾结石26例报告

目的：探讨微创经皮肾镜取石术（min-PCNL）治疗孤立肾肾结石的安全性及有效性。方法：回顾性分析接受min-PCNL治疗的孤立肾肾结石患者26例的临床资料。结果：26例患者中，并发肾积脓6例，5例先行经皮肾穿刺造瘘术，1周后行二期min-PCNL，其余21例均行一期穿刺取石，均为单通道穿刺取石，一期结石清除率80．5％。1例孤立肾肾结石并肾积脓患者一期取石术后出现中毒性休克。随访3～16个月，肾功能不全的16例患者中，8例肾功能恢复正常，2例发展为尿毒症期行血液透析。其余无重大并发症发生。结论：采用min-PCNL治疗孤立肾肾结石安全可行，疗效确切，具有创伤小、恢复快、可反复操作等优点。     

同侧肾、输尿管多段多发结石的微创治疗

目的 探讨同侧肾、输尿管多段多发结石的微创治疗方法。方法 2005年1～10月我院对21例肾、输尿管多段多发结石采用输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术（ureteroscopic lithotripsy，URSL）联合微创经皮肾穿刺取石术（minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy，MPCNL）治疗。结果 2例合并肾积脓先行经皮肾造瘘，感染控制后行结石处理。余19例输尿管结石一期取净；一期取净肾结石13例，二期经皮肾造瘘结石取净3例，三期经皮肾造瘘取净结石2例，1例患侧输尿管口狭窄，URSL失败改行开放手术。结论 URSL联合MPCNL治疗肾、输尿管多段多发结石有效，具有损伤小、恢复快、并发症少的优点。     

The management of paediatric urolithiasis

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the management of paediatric urolithiasis by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), endoscopic ureterolithotomy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and open nephrolithotomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a 3-year period (1997-1999), 59 children were treated for urolithiasis and underwent a total of 79 procedures. Thirty-two ESWL sessions were performed in 23 children (mean age 7.4 years, median 6.0). PCNL was undertaken in 30 renal units in 25 children (mean age 6.4 years, median 4.0). Eight patients (mean age 7.8 years, median 5) underwent 17 ureteroscopic procedures, six of which involved the use of a holmium laser. Three children with staghorn calculi underwent open nephrolithotomy under conditions of renal ischaemia and hypothermia. RESULTS: Of the 23 children treated using ESWL, 21 (91%) became stone-free; 17 underwent one ESWL session (74%), three had two sessions and three (13%) had three sessions. All eight patients who underwent ureteroscopy became stone-free. Four patients in whom the stone could not be reached by ureteroscopy initially had a JJ stent inserted, and the stone and stent subsequently removed. Stones were cleared using PCNL in 27 of 30 renal units (90%); three patients who had residual stone fragments were rendered stone-free by ESWL. Two of three children undergoing open nephrolithotomy were stone-free after surgery and the remaining one rendered stone-free with ESWL. Metabolic evaluation showed that 25 of 45 children (55%) had a urinary infection, eight (18%) had hyperoxaluria, three (7%) had hypercalciuria, two (4%) had cystinuria, and no identifiable cause was found in seven (16%). Treatment by a single modality rendered 52 of the 59 children (88%) stone-free; when the different modalities were combined, 57 of 59 patients (97%) were cleared of their stones. CONCLUSIONS: Technological advances in ESWL, ureteroscopy and PCNL have had a significant effect on the management of urolithiasis in children, allowing a safe and successful outcome. The comprehensive care of children with urolithiasis should include a full metabolic evaluation. Anatomical anomalies contribute to the complexity of many cases, necessitating a close liaison between adult and paediatric urologists, nephrologists and radiologists to optimize stone management in children.