罗格列酮对2型糖尿病患者C反应蛋白的影响

目的观察罗格列酮（RSG）治疗2型糖尿病（T2DM）前后血清高敏C反应蛋白（hsC-RP）的变化。方法采用随机、双盲、安慰剂平行对照法将120例已合用磺脲类和双胍类药物的T2DM患者随机分为安慰剂组和RSG组,治疗12周。结果安慰剂组的HbA1c明显下降（P〈0.05）,其他指标均无显著变化;RSG组与基线比较FPG、2hPG、HbA1c、胰岛素抵抗指数、hsC-RP均明显下降（P均〈0.01）。结论RSG治疗T2DM,除能改善胰岛素抵抗,降低血糖,还有明显的抗炎症作用,使hsC-RP下降。     

血清基质金属蛋白酶9、白细胞计数与2型糖尿病及其大血管病变的相关研究及干预治疗

目的评价血清基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)、外周血白细胞(WBC)计数与2型糖尿病(DM)及其大血管病变的关系,并探讨罗格列酮(RSG)血管保护作用的机制。方法用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定30名健康对照者和80例2型DM患者(其中单纯DM者40例,合并大血管病变者40例)血清MMP-9水平,并同时测定外周血WBC计数和其他临床指标。32例2型DM患者用RSG(4 mg qd)干预治疗,于治疗4周(17例患者)和12周(所有患者)复查各指标,观察治疗前、中、后MMP-9、WBC以及各代谢指标的变化。结果与健康对照组相比,DM患者外周血MMP-9、WBC明显升高,合并大血管病变者[579(440-949)μg/L,(7．51±1．47)×10~9/L]明显高于无合并症者[324(275-423)μg/L,(6．22±0．79)×10~9/L](P＜0．05或P＜0．01)。两指标呈高度正相关(r=0．874,P＜0．01)。MMP-9、收缩压(SBP)是2型DM大血管病变的独立危险因素,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)是保护因素。RSG治疗12周后MMP-9、WBC水平分别由6．20±0．59(ln MMP-9)、(7．03±1．39)×10~9/L降至6．01±0．50,(6．18±1．18)×10~9/L,差异有统计学意义(均P＜0．01),同时血糖、SBP、HOMA-IR等水平也明显下降,HDL-C升高。在治疗4周时,MMP-9、WBC水平即明显下降,但是各代谢指标的变化尚无统计学意义。MMP-9、WBC的下降幅度相关(r=0．762,P＜0．01),且两者的降低均与HbA_(1C)的降低(P＜0．01)、HDL-C的升高呈正相关(P＜0．05)。结论血清MMP-9是2型DM大血管病变的独立危险因素；以WBC升高为表征的亚临床炎症与胰岛素抵抗、2型DM发病及其大血管病变的形成之间存在一定关系。RSG能明显降低血MMP-9、WBC水平,发挥抗炎、抗动脉粥样硬化作用,在抗血管病变上起有益作用。     

罗格列酮对2型糖尿病大鼠主动脉内皮依赖性血管舒张功能的影响

目的观察2型糖尿病（T2DM）大鼠胸主动脉内皮依赖性血管舒张功能和一氧化氮（NO）、一氧化氮合酶（eNOS）的变化及罗格列酮（RSG）治疗对其内皮功能的影响。方法SD大鼠经高糖高脂喂养6周后予小剂量链脲佐菌素腹腔注射建立T2DM大鼠模型，糖尿病大鼠又分为对照（DM）组和RSG治疗组，RSG组用RSG干预8周，另选正常大鼠为正常对照（NC）组。实验终止时用正常葡萄糖高胰岛素钳夹技术的葡萄糖输注率（GIR）评价胰岛素抵抗，观察大鼠离体主动脉内皮依赖性血管舒张反应和主动脉NO、eNOS的变化。结果T2DM大鼠GIR、胸主动脉内皮依赖性血管舒张反应、主动脉NO含量及eNOS阳性表达较NC组显著降低（P〈0、01），RSG治疗后上述指标均显著升高（P〈0．05）。结论T2DM大鼠存在内皮依赖性血管舒张功能紊乱，RSG治疗可改善内皮功能，增强NO水平和eNOS的活性。     

基质金属蛋白酶9表达和活性与2型糖尿病大鼠大血管病变的相关性研究

目的探讨基质金属蛋白酶9（MMP-9）表达和活性与2型糖尿病（T2DM）大鼠大血管病变的关系。方法高脂饲料加小剂量链脲佐菌素（Streptozotocin，STZ）建立T2DM大鼠模型，0、4、8和12周末取大鼠主动脉。免疫组化和RT-PCR分别检测MMP-9蛋白和mRNA表达；含明胶的SDS-PAGE检测MMP-9的活性；病理图像分析主动脉相对病变面积。结果T2DM组主动脉病变逐渐加重，各时间点主动脉壁MMP-9表达及活性随病程延长而增加。结论T2DM大血管病变形成过程中伴有MMP-9表达和活性的变化，MMP-9在T2DM大血管病变的发生与发展过程中起一定作用。     

罗格列酮对2型糖尿病患者血管内皮功能和高敏C反应蛋白的影响

目的 探讨罗格列酮(RGZ)对2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血管内皮功能和高敏C反应蛋白(hsC-RP)的影响.方法 选择40例T2DM患者(DM组)给予口服RGZ 12周.观察治疗前后FPG、FIns、HbA1c、hsC-RP、血管性假血友病因子(vWF)和血栓调节蛋白(TM)水平.另设30名健康正常人为对照(NC)组.结果 DM组给药前与NC组比较,血浆vWF、TM和hsC-RP均明显升高;经RGZ治疗12周后,患者FPG、FIns、HbA1c和胰岛素敏感指数均明显改善,且血浆vWF、TM和hsC-RP均明显下降.结论 RGZ在降低血糖和提高胰岛素敏感性同时,能改善患者血管内皮功能,降低炎症反应.     

罗格列酮治疗2型糖尿病合并脂肪肝疗效观察

对2型糖尿病（T2DM）合并脂肪肝的患者122例,分成RSG治疗组和对照组。观察6个月。RSG治疗组在改善脂肪肝程度、降低空腹胰岛素及改善肝功能等方面明显优于对照组。     

2型糖尿病患者血清L-选择素与大血管病变的相关性研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者大血管病变与L-选择素（CD62L）的关系。方法将T2DM患者分为合并大血管病变（A组）60例、无大血管病变（B组）65例,采用ELISA测定其血清CD62L、血糖、血脂等,并与55例正常对照组比较。结果A组血清CD62L显著高于B组和对照组;CD62L与超敏C反应蛋白（hsC-RP）、纤维蛋白原、甘油三酯、胆固醇及低密度脂蛋白呈显著正相关,且收缩压、hsC-RP和CD62L与T2DM大血管病变呈独立正相关。结论早期检测CD62L对预防及诊断糖尿病大血管病变具有重要意义。     

2型糖尿病患者血清高敏C反应蛋白水平与代谢综合征的相关性研究

目的通过对以不同的代谢综合征（MS）的组分出现的2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者的血清高敏C-反应蛋白（hsC-RP）水平的比较，探讨T2DM患者hsC-RP水平与MS的关系。方法共计调查了病例组（MS组）96例，T2DM对照组（T2DM组）104例，正常对照组80例。比较了以上三组及合并不同数量、不同种类MS组分的各组间hsC-RP水平，并进行各指标之间的相关分析。结果MS组患者hsC-RP水平明显高于正常对照组及T2DM组，且差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），T2DM患者中hsC-RP水平与合并MS所含组分的数量呈正相关（P〈0．01），与合并MS所含组分的种类无关（P〉0．05）。吸烟、BMI、WHR、胰岛素抵抗、高TG血症、血糖、高血压与hsC-RP呈正相关。结论T2DM患者hsC-RP水平与MS有相关性，炎症反应可能在MS的发病机制中起重要作用。     

2型糖尿病合并外周血管病变相关危险因素探讨

目的探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者发生外周血管病变（PVD）的危险因素。方法选取180例T2型DM患者,其中合并PVD80例,无PVD100例,检测相关临床指标。结果T2DM合并PVD组糖尿病病程、血清肌酐、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高血压、脑梗死史、高敏C反应蛋白（hsC-RP）和白细胞介素6（IL-6）水平显著高于无PVD组。多因素回归分析显示hsC-RP和糖尿病病程与T2DM并发PVD正相关。结论hsC-RP是促使T2DM并发PVD的独立危险因素。     

2型糖尿病大鼠心肌组织MMP-2、MMP-9、TIMP-1的表达与胶原代谢的关系

目的 了解2型糖尿病（T2DM）大鼠模型心肌组织基质金属蛋白酶2（MMP-2）、基质金属蛋白酶9（MMP-9）及其组织抑制物1（TIMP-1）的mRNA表达变化、蛋白水平及组织定位，探讨MMPs／TIMPs在T2DM心肌病变发生发展中的作用。方法 Masson染色观察心肌胶原含量变化；RT-PCR方法观察心肌MMP-、MMP-9和TIMP-1mRNA表达；免疫组化方法测定MMP-2、MMP-9、TIMP-1的蛋白表达和组织定位。结果 T2DM大鼠心肌胶原纤维明显增多；MMP-2mRNA表达明显下调，蛋白水平下降；MMP-9、TIMP-1的mRNA表达均增加，MMP-9、TIMP-1的蛋白水平也升高，但MMP-9／TIMP-1的比值下降。结论 T2DM大鼠心肌组织胶原聚集，心肌纤维化。MMPs／TIMP-1比例失衡可能与T2DM心肌病变的发生有关。     

Control of intraabdominal hemorrhage and shock: a comparison of fluid resuscitation, MAST, and balloon occlusion

Our study examined the efficacy of four treatment modalities in controlling hemorrhage and achieving hemodynamic stabilization in hemorrhagic shock: intravenous fluid replacement (IV); military antishock trousers used concomitantly with fluids (MAST); balloon occlusion at the level of the diaphragm with concomitant fluid replacement (balloon); and a combination of MAST inflation, balloon occlusion, and fluid resuscitation (MAST and balloon). Twenty-eight mongrel dogs were anesthetized, and the spleen was exposed and completely crushed. The abdomen was closed, and treatment was initiated and continued for four hours or until the dog died. For all conditions the hematocrit dropped during the course of the experiment; balloon occlusion was effective at slowing this drop (P less than .0001), but MAST had no statistically significant effect. Animals with balloons bled more slowly into the abdominal cavity than did animals in the other two groups (P less than .0001). MAST also were effective at slowing the bleeding (P less than .05). Of the balloon and the MAST and balloon dogs, all except one survived the entire four hours; this difference between balloon and nonballoon dogs is significant (P = .002). MAST did not have a statistically significant effect on survival. Perfusion pressure (PP) declined during the course of the experiment, and the balloon was effective at slowing this decline (P less than .0001); none of the other comparisons was statistically significant.     

陕西省新型结核病防治管理模式实施前后能力建设与诊治效果分析

目的 分析陕西省新型结核病防治管理模式实施前后结核病防治能力建设及诊治效果,为进一步完善我省结核病防控政策和措施提供参考。方法 本研究采用描述性研究,对全省10个地级市、108个县(区)结核病防治能力建设情况,以及患者发现、治疗管理等指标变化情况进行对比分析。能力建设情况以2014年和2017年数据作对比,分别来源于《陕西省“十二五”结核病防治规划》评估和2017年全省结核病防治工作联合大检查。患者发现、治疗管理指标来源于《结核病信息管理系统》,以实施前3年(2012—2014年)与实施后3年(2015—2017年)的数据作对比。运用SPSS 19.0处理数据,率和构成比的比较采用χ ²检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。 结果 2014年和2017年全省设有结核病定点医院的数量分别为20家和107家,2017年较2014年增加了87家。2014年全省共有结核病防治人员923名,其中疾病预防控制中心(CDC)656名,定点医院267名。2017年全省共有结核病防治人员1200名,其中CDC 403名,定点医院797名;与2014年相比,CDC人员减少了38.57%,定点医院人员增加了198.50%。2014年全省有3个地级市开展了分子生物学耐药检测,5.56%(6/108)的县(区)开展了分子生物学检测,12.04%(13/108)的县(区)开展了痰培养。2017年全省有8个地级市开展了分子生物学耐药检测,49.07%(53/108)的县(区)开展了分子生物学检测,55.56%(60/108)的县(区)开展了痰培养。新型防治模式实施前3年全省初诊查痰率为98.50%(329981/335014),发现肺结核患者63892例(其中结核性胸膜炎患者4089例),发现病原学阳性患者14087例,病原学阳性率为23.56%(14087/59803)。实施后3年全省初诊查痰率为95.00%(312503/328948),发现肺结核患者61583例(其中结核性胸膜炎5295例),病原学阳性患者10588例,病原学阳性率为18.81%(10588/56288)。新型防治模式实施前后初诊查痰率降低(χ ²=6484.178,P=0.000),病原学阳性率降低(χ ²=390.104,P=0.000)。实施前3年因症就诊发现肺结核患者占29.43%(18805/63892),转诊发现患者占43.90%(28047/63892)。实施后3年因症就诊发现肺结核患者占25.38%(15628/61583),转诊发现患者占57.79%(35586/61583)。转型后因症就诊发现患者的构成比下降(χ ²=259.002,P=0.000),转诊发现患者的构成比上升(χ ²=2419.762,P=0.000)。新模式实施前后3年非结核病防治机构报告患者总体到位率分别为93.18%(62177/66726)和89.96%(61323/68169),实施后总体到位率下降(χ ²=453.550,P=0.000)。新模式实施前后患者治疗成功率分别为95.04%(60464/63619)和94.97%(57872/60939),实施前后比较差异无统计学意义(χ ²=0.356,P=0.551)。 结论 我省新型结核病防治管理模式推进顺利,防治能力加强,但部分患者诊治及管理指标有所下滑,实施质量仍需提升。     

Comparison of pediatric and adult antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile infections

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea(AAD) and Clostridum difficile infections(CDI) have been well studied for adult cases, but not as well in the pediatric population. Whether the disease process or response to treatments differs between pediatric and adult patients is an important clinical concern when following global guidelines based largely on adult patients. A systematic review of the literature using databases Pub Med(June 3, 1978-2015) was conducted to compare AAD and CDI in pediatric and adult populations and determine significant differences and similarities that might impact clinical decisions. In general, pediatric AAD and CDI have a more rapid onset of symptoms, a shorter duration of disease and fewer CDI complications(required surgeries and extended hospitalizations) than in adults. Children experience more community-associated CDI and are associated with smaller outbreaks than adult cases of CDI. The ribotype NAP1/027/BI is more common in adults than children. Children and adults share some similar risk factors, but adults have more complex risk factor profiles associated with more co-morbidities, types of disruptive factors and a wider range of exposures to C. difficile in the healthcare environment. The treatment of pediatric and adult AAD is similar(discontinuing or switching the inciting antibiotic), but other treatment strategies for AAD have not been established. Pediatric CDI responds better to metronidazole, while adult CDI responds better to vancomycin. Recurrent CDI is not commonly reported for children. Prevention for both pediatric and adult AAD and CDI relies upon integrated infection control programs, antibiotic stewardship and may include the use of adjunctive probiotics. Clinical presentation of pediatric AAD and CDI are different than adult AAD and CDI symptoms. These differences should be taken into account when rating severity of disease and prescribing antibiotics.     

Role of microRNA in regulation of myeloma-related angiogenesis and survival

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant disease caused by clonal proliferation of plasma cells that result in monoclonal gammopathy and severe end organ damage. Despite the uniform clinical signs, the disease is very diverse in terms of the nature and sequence of the underlying molecular events. Multiple cellular processes are involved in helping the malignant cells to remain viable and maintain proliferative properties in the hypoxic microenvironment of the bone marrow. Specifically, the process of angiogenesis, triggered by the interactions between the malignant MM cells and the stroma cells around them, was found to be critical for MM progression. In this review we highlight the current understanding about the epigenetic regulation of the proliferation and apoptosis of MM cells and its dependency on angiogenesis in the bone marrow that is carried out by different microRNAs.     

Efficacy and safety of donepezil,galantamine, and rivastigmine for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Pharmacologic treatments for Alzheimer’s disease include the cholinesterase inhibitors donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine. We reviewed their evidence by searching MEDLINE^®, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and the International Pharmaceutical Abstracts from 1980 through 2007 (July) for placebo-controlled and comparative trials assessing cognition, function, behavior, global change, and safety. Thirty-three articles on 26 studies were included in the review. Meta-analyses of placebo-controlled data support the drugs’ modest overall benefits for stabilizing or slowing decline in cognition, function, behavior, and clinical global change. Three open-label trials and one double-blind randomized trial directly compared donepezil with galantamine and rivastigmine. Results are conflicting; two studies suggest no differences in efficacy between compared drugs, while one study found donepezil to be more efficacious than galantamine, and one study found rivastigmine to be more efficacious than donepezil. Adjusted indirect comparison of placebo-controlled data did not find statistically significant differences among drugs with regard to cognition, but found the relative risk of global response to be better with donepezil and rivastigmine compared with galantamine (relative risk = 1.63 and 1.42, respectively). Indirect comparisons also favored donepezil over galantamine with regard to behavior. Across trials, the incidence of adverse events was generally lowest for donepezil and highest for rivastigmine.     

Comparison of intravenous and oral routes of theophylline loading in acute asthma

In a prospective, randomized clinical trial, 19 patients with an acute exacerbation of asthma were given a loading dose of aminophylline by the IV (n = 10) or oral route (n = 9) of administration following treatment with epinephrine. Plasma concentrations of theophylline were measured prior to giving the loading dose, and one, two, three, and 24 to 48 hours later. Therapeutic effectiveness was evaluated by analyzing spirometric measurements prior to giving the loading dose, and one, three, and 24 to 48 hours later. Side effects also were recorded. In the IV group, the mean peak plasma theophylline concentration was 15.1 micrograms/mL one hour after loading, and in the oral group the mean peak serum theophylline concentration was 14.2 micrograms/mL three hours after loading. There was no correlation between theophylline concentrations and normalized change in spirometric values. There was no significant difference in spirometric values between the IV and oral groups. Nausea was slightly more common in the IV group. We conclude that there is no therapeutic advantage to giving a loading dose of aminophylline by the IV route rather than orally in patients with mild-to-moderate exacerbation of asthma initially treated with epinephrine.     

Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Challenges and Uncertainties

Over the past two decades, several advances have been made in the management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) from both evaluative and therapeutic perspectives. This review discusses the medical advancements that have recently been made as the standard of care for managing patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn''s Disease (CD) and to identify the challenges associated with implementing their use in clinical practice. A comprehensive literature search of the major databases (PubMed and Embase) was conducted for all recent scientific papers (1990–2013) giving the recent updates on the management of IBD and the data were extracted. The reported advancements in managing IBD range from diagnostic and evaluative tools, such as genetic tests, biochemical surrogate markers of activity, endoscopic techniques, and radiological modalities, to therapeutic advances, which encompass medical, endoscopic, and surgical interventions. There are limited studies addressing the cost-effectiveness and the impact that these advances have had on medical practice. The majority of the advances developed for managing IBD, while considered instrumental by some IBD experts in improving patient care, have questionable applications due to constraints of cost, lack of availability, and most importantly, insufficient evidence that supports their role in improving important long-term health-related outcomes.     

A comparison of stapled and handsewn anastomoses in patients undergoing resection for Dukes' B and C colorectal cancer

This study was to assess the effect of stapled colorectal anastomoses on local recurrence, disease-free survival, and survival following curative resection for Dukes' B and C adenocarcinoma. Data were derived from two randomized prospective trials of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project designed to evaluate the efficacy of adjuvant therapy in colorectal cancer. Of 1111 patients with colonic anastomoses, 255 were stapled mechanically. There were no significant differences in disease-free survival, survival, or local tumor recurrence among patients subjected to stapled or handsewn anastomoses. Of the 181 patients undergoing anterior resection for rectal cancer, 82 anastomoses were fashioned with staples. No significant disadvantage in disease-free survival, survival, or local recurrence could be attributed to use of the mechanical stapling devices. Twelve percent of patients undergoing stapled rectal anastomoses developed a local recurrence as a first sign of treatment failure compared with 19 percent for the handsewn group. No significant differences in the length of distal margins were detectable. The average time on study was 41 months. The use of stapled anastomoses for carcinoma of the colon or rectum is not associated with an adverse effect on long-term outcome. Read at the meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, San Diego, California, May 5 to 10, 1985. Supported by USPHS NIH-U10-34212 and an American Cancer Society Grant RC-13.     

Physiological and pathological role of local and immigrating colonic stem cells

The latest avenue of research is revealing the existence of and role for the colonic stem cells in the physiological renewal of the mucosa and in pathological circumstances where they have both positive and negative effects. In the case of human colon, different levels of stem cell compartments exist. First, the crypt epithelial stem cells, which have a role in the normal crypt epithelial cell dynamics and in colorectal carcinogenesis. Close to the crypts, the second layer of stem cells can be found; the local subepithelial stem cell niche, including the pericryptic subepithelial myofibroblasts that regulate the epithelial cell differentiation and have a crucial role in cancer progression and chronic inflammation-related fibrosis. The third level of stem cell compartment is the immigrating bone-marrow-derived stem cells, which have an important role in wound healing after severe mucosal inflammation, but are also involved in cancer invasion. This paper focuses on stem cell biology in the context of physiological and pathological processes in the human colon.     

Antiviral Activity of 4'-thioIDU and Thymidine Analogs against Orthopoxviruses

The search for effective therapies for orthopoxvirus infections has identified diverse classes of molecules with antiviral activity. Pyrimidine analogs, such as 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (idoxuridine, IDU) were among the first compounds identified with antiviral activity against a number of orthopoxviruses and have been reported to be active both in vitro and in animal models of infection. More recently, additional analogs have been reported to have improved antiviral activity against orthopoxviruses including several derivatives of deoxyuridine with large substituents in the 5 position, as well as analogs with modifications in the deoxyribose moiety including (north)-methanocarbathymidine, and 5-iodo-4'-thio-2'-deoxyuridine (4'-thioIDU). The latter molecule has proven to have good antiviral activity against the orthopoxviruses both in vitro and in vivo and has the potential to be an effective therapy in humans.